Manpal Sridhar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Manpal Sridhar

Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India), 2011

The effect of fermentation on secretion of proteases and lignolytic enzymes was evaluated in non ... more The effect of fermentation on secretion of proteases and lignolytic enzymes was evaluated in non pretreated (UT), steamed for 10 min (ST) and 4% urea treated (UrT) finger millet straw for 5 days in bulk quantities under laboratory conditions with 4 species of white rot fungi, viz. Pleurotus sajorcaju,Pleurotus ostreatus, Voriallae volvoraceae and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Fermentation with V. volvoraceae recorded the minimum increase in protein of 1.99,2.22 and 2.98% respectively in the untreated,steamed and urea treated straw. Dry matter showed a decrease for the 3 treatments upon fermentation with P.chrysosporium while the highest losses ranging between 10.99 for the untreated to 15.75% for the urea treated straw were observed upon fermentation with V.volvoraceae.Though the ash contents increased the difference was not significant. There were also consistent significant decreases in the values obtained for cell wall components (NDF, ADF ADL). In vitro dry matter digestibility increased with all the 3 treatments in the 4 fungi as compared to control value of 40.0 ± 3.65. P.chrysosporium recorded highest values of 76.10±3.86for UT, 82.70±0.45 for ST and 87.20±2.02 for UrT followed by P.ostreatus and P.sajor caju while lowest increase in digestibility values of 58.09±0.54for UT, 59.23 ± 0.64for ST and 62.57 ± 2.6 for UrT was obtained in V.volvoraceae. A concomitant increase in the lignolytic enzymes laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase was obtained for all the 3 treatments up to the fifth day of fermentation. High protease activity was observed during the first 2 days of fermentation with steamed ragi straw fermented with P. chrysosporium recording the highest activity of 2641units on the second day. In conclusion, P.chrysosporium and P. ostreatus proved the most promising strains for improving the digestibility of finger millet straw for ruminants and secretion of these enzymes by these fungi for pretreating lignocellulosics for feeding ruminants can safely be manipulated.

Advances in Applied Research, 2010

Mantis shrimp is available in large quantities as by catch and as it contains protein and chitin ... more Mantis shrimp is available in large quantities as by catch and as it contains protein and chitin desirable for prawn feeds, the efficacy of its incorporation in shrimp feed was evaluated. Ten compounded feeds incorporating 20% - 100% of Mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla nepa), was fermented using B. licheniformis and Beauveria sp. containing 32% to 49% crude protein. This was fed to post larvae of P. indicus (initial average weight 0.19 g ± 0.06 g) for a period of 45 days. A significant (P< 0.05) increase in body weight was recorded in all the B. licheniformis treatment groups as compared to control post larvae. The group of post larvae maintained on the diet with 80% incorporation of mantis shrimp accorded the best growth in terms of average body weight (563.16%). The specific growth rates ranged between 1.47 (± 0.30) for the group fed with 20% Mantis shrimp feeds to as high as 2.38 (± 0.70) for the group fed with 60% Mantis shrimp supplemented feeds (P< 0.05). The FCR for these feeds ranged from 1.56 to 2.08 as compared to a FCR of 5.0 on the control feed (P< 0.05). Survival in all the treatment groups was in the range of 86% to 98% and was significantly different (P< 0.05) from that of the control.

Research Journal of Microbiology, Jul 1, 2010

Indian journal of poultry science, 2013

A study was conducted with a total of 192 day old broiler chicks divided into four dietary treatm... more A study was conducted with a total of 192 day old broiler chicks divided into four dietary treatments consisting of one positive control group, Group T1 without any phytase enzyme (0.45% available P during starter and 0.40% during finisher phase), one negative control group, Group T2 (0.32% available P during starter and 0.28% during finisher phase) and two treatments with negative control diets, supplemented with two different enzymes, Group T3 (laboratory produced phytase) and Group T4 (commercial phytase) to meet the phosphorus requirements. Each treatment had six replicates with eight chicks in each replicate. Experimental duration was of 5 weeks. The body weight of chicks at 5wk of age was significantly higher (P 0.05) observed among different treatments in case of drumstick weight, gizzard, giblet, intestinal and caecal weight. The results indicated that optimum dietary phosphorus level is essential for higher edible and breast yield with lower cost of production.

Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 2016

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of supplementation of carvacrol (CL), a phytochemi... more A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of supplementation of carvacrol (CL), a phytochemical, in ameliorating changes in growth performance and oxidative stress induced by aflatoxin B1 in male broiler chicken fed with maize-soy based diets. The feeding trial of five week duration was conducted with 120 chicks which were divided into 5 dietary treatments with 3 replicates having 8 chicks in each following a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments consisted of: basal diet without any supplement (G1), basal diet supplemented with 1.0% CL (G2), diet contaminated with 1.0 ppm toxin (G3), diet contaminated with 1.0 ppm toxin and supplemented with 1.0% CL (G4), and diet contaminated with 1.0 ppm toxin and supplemented with 0.5% each of CL and HSCAS (G5). The growth performance and FCR of broiler chicken supplemented with CL was poor than birds fed basal diet and AFB1 contaminated feed. The weight of liver in AFB1 group of birds showed an increase while in CL supplemented groups it was comparatively low. Activity of serum enzymes ALT, AST were observed to be high and activity of the oxidative stress marker enzymes CAT, SOD and GSR low in AFB1 group birds. A reverse trend in activity of these enzymes was obtained in CL and binder supplemented groups which was not significant in case of GSR. CL supplemented group of birds recorded higher TAC, protein and glucose and lower MDA, TC and triglyceride compared to AFB1 group birds. The severity and degree of the liver lesions obtained in microscopic observation in CL supplemented birds was far less compared to livers of birds fed aflatoxin contaminated feed. It can be concluded that CL is effective in ameliorating aflatoxin induced changes with regard to oxidative stress in broiler chickens but had no positive impact on growth performance.

Crop residues like maize stover, finger millet straw, wheat straw, rice straw, etc. generally con... more Crop residues like maize stover, finger millet straw, wheat straw, rice straw, etc. generally constitute the main dietary component for animals. The rumen microbial utilization of these crop residues is hindered by the presence of lignin, which limits its overall digestion process and can significantly influence animal performance, because it is resistant to most of the enzymatic hydrolysis by microorganisms. In nature lignin is degraded by lignolytic enzymes of white rot fungi (WRF). These residues can thus be converted into high quality feed by means of fungal delignification improving their nutritive value. Fungal ligninolysis breaks down the cellulose-hemicellulose matrix liberating degradable components utilizable by rumen microflora. Earlier we reported on the enhancement in digestibility of ragi straw with lignolytic enzyme extracts. Laccase is one amongst these lignolytic enzymes holding immense potential in biodelignification of crop residues (Sridhar et al., 2014). However...

Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 2013

A study was conducted to assess the detoxification of the commercially available jatropha cake an... more A study was conducted to assess the detoxification of the commercially available jatropha cake and the feasibility of its use in the diet of lambs. The chemical processing of jatropha cake indicated 3% sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate was effective in reducing the phorbol esters to the extent of 55% level and curcin completely. For experimental feeding, 36 Deccani lambs (BW 11.41±0.312 kg) of 46 months of age were randomly divided into six groups (six lambs in each group) and fed with three rations, viz., control (group 1, 2); raw jatropha cake (group 3, 4), and 3% sodium bicarbonate-treated jatropha cake (group 5, 6) both at 25% level in the concentrate mixture. The feeding of jatripha cake led to appearance of clinical signs, first observed on day 3 or 4, in terms of dullness, inappetence, diarrhoea, moaning and recumbency resulting in the mortality of lambs irrespective of treatment, and within 4–11 days of experimental feeding, there were eight mortalities. The blood bioch...

Advances in Applied Research, 2010

Mantis shrimp is available in large quantities as by catch and as it contains protein and chitin ... more Mantis shrimp is available in large quantities as by catch and as it contains protein and chitin desirable for prawn feeds, the efficacy of its incorporation in shrimp feed was evaluated. Ten compounded feeds incorporating 20% - 100% of Mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla nepa), was fermented using B. licheniformis and Beauveria sp. containing 32% to 49% crude protein. This was fed to post larvae of P. indicus (initial average weight 0.19 g ± 0.06 g) for a period of 45 days. A significant (P< 0.05) increase in body weight was recorded in all the B. licheniformis treatment groups as compared to control post larvae. The group of post larvae maintained on the diet with 80% incorporation of mantis shrimp accorded the best growth in terms of average body weight (563.16%). The specific growth rates ranged between 1.47 (± 0.30) for the group fed with 20% Mantis shrimp feeds to as high as 2.38 (± 0.70) for the group fed with 60% Mantis shrimp supplemented feeds (P< 0.05). The FCR for these fe...

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2014

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of phytase produced by fungal immobilizat... more Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of phytase produced by fungal immobilization in broiler chicken fed with maize–soy based diet. Three fungal isolates, one Aspergillus awamori (NCIM 885) and two species of Aspergillus foetidus sourced from soil samples showing good phytase activity were selected for bulk production employing immobilization technique. A feeding trial of 5-wk duration was conducted involving 192 chicks which were divided into four dietary treatments with six replicates having eight chicks in each following a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments consisted of one positive control (PC) group without any phytase enzyme (4.5 g/kg available/non-phytin phosphorus (P) during starter and 4.0 g/kg during finisher phase), one negative control (NC) group (3.2 g/kg available/non-phytin P during starter and 2.8 g/kg during finisher phase). In the third (lab phytase) and fourth (com phytase) treatment groups, the negative control diet was supplemented with two different enzymes sources, laboratory produced phytase @500 phytase unit FTU/kg and commercial phytase @500 FTU/kg, respectively to meet the P requirements. The results indicated growth performance as well as calcium (Ca) and P utilization of broiler chicken was poor in low P (1.2 g/kg non-phytin P less) fed birds. Supplementation of commercial phytase enzyme @500 FTU/kg diet could replace 1.2 g/kg of available or non-phytin P in broiler diet. However, supplementation of laboratory produced phytase enzyme @500 FTU/kg in diet reduced feed intake with lower body weight gain and similar feed conversion ratio, Ca and P utilization in comparison to commercial phytase. Lower P in diet coupled with high environmental temperature increased the susceptibility to secondary infections. Laboratory phytase and commercial phytase supplementation reduced P excretion by 30%. It could be concluded that the efficacy of the laboratory phytase was inferior to that of commercial phytase.

Microbiology Spectrum

Indigenous white-rot fungal isolates Schizophyllum commune , Phanerochaete chrysosporium , Ganode... more Indigenous white-rot fungal isolates Schizophyllum commune , Phanerochaete chrysosporium , Ganoderma racenaceum , and Lentinus squarrosulus , demonstrating the ability to depolymerize lignin of the crop residues, were studied for their potential to produce ligninolytic enzymes using modified production media under conditions of limiting and excess nitrogen for higher enzymatic expressions. Secretome-rich media on the investigation confirmed the successful production of lignin-depolymerizing enzymes, viz . laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase. Production of laccases and peroxidases was statistically significant in nitrogen-limiting media with and without the substrate, across all white-rot fungal cultures at 95% confidence interval. Nitrogen-limiting media with the substrate on analysis extracellularly expressed 99.27 U of laccase and 68.48 U of manganese peroxidase in Schizophyllum commune , while 195.14 U of lignin peroxidase was produced by Ph...

PLOS ONE, 2015

Antibiotic usage in animals as a growth promoter is considered as public health issue due to its ... more Antibiotic usage in animals as a growth promoter is considered as public health issue due to its negative impact on consumer health and environment. The present study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of herbal residue (ginger, Zingiber officinale, dried rhizome powder) and prebiotic (inulin) as an alternative to antibiotics by comparing fecal microflora composition using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The grower pigs were offered feed containing antibiotic (tetracycline), ginger and inulin separately and un-supplemented group served as control. The study revealed significant changes in the microbial abundance based on operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among the groups. Presumptive identification of organisms was established based on the fragment length of OTUs generated with three restriction enzymes (MspI, Sau3AI and BsuRI). The abundance of OTUs representing Bacteroides intestinalis, Eubacterium oxidoreducens, Selonomonas sp., Methylobacterium sp. and Denitrobacter sp. was found significantly greater in inulin supplemented pigs. Similarly, the abundance of OTUs representing Bacteroides intestinalis, Selonomonas sp., and Phascolarcobacterium faecium was found significantly greater in ginger supplemented pigs. In contrast, the abundance of OTUs representing pathogenic microorganisms Atopostipes suicloacalis and Bartonella quintana str. Toulouse was significantly reduced in ginger and inulin supplemented pigs. The OTUs were found to be clustered under two major phylotypes; ginger-inulin and control-tetracycline. Additionally, the abundance of OTUs was similar in ginger and inulin supplemented pigs. The results suggest the potential of ginger and prebioticsto replace antibiotics in the diet of grower pig.

The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences

Pentose based prebiotic xylooligosaccharides attracts greater attention around the world because ... more Pentose based prebiotic xylooligosaccharides attracts greater attention around the world because it exhibits several beneficial effects to the host. Therefore, an in vivo experiment was carried out to reveal the effects of corn husks derived xylooligosaccharides in broiler chicken. The day-old broiler chickens (96; divided into 2 groups) were raised for 3 weeks on control diet or same diet supplemented with 0.5% xylooligosaccharides (XOS); derived from corn husks. In order to produce the XOS, xylan was extracted from the corn husks by alkaline extraction. The xylan was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at pH 5.8, temperature 44°C, enzyme dose of 5.7U/ml for 17h to yield XOS. The concentrated XOS was supplemented in the diet of broiler chicken during the entire experimental periods. Albeit, no positive influence was noticed on either the live weight or feed conversion efficiency, but 0.5% XOS supplementation resulted in to selective stimulation of Bifidobacteria, coupled with reduct...

Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2018

The present study was aimed to see the faecal bacterial fingerprints of pigs applying terminal re... more The present study was aimed to see the faecal bacterial fingerprints of pigs applying terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Sixteen crossbred (Large White Yorkshire X desi) grower pigs (body weight of 15.8±1.1 kg), were divided into four groups (control, antibiotic, herbal residue and prebiotic) with four in each treatment. T-RFLP analysis revealed comparable bacterial abundance in control - antibiotic and herbal residue - prebiotic groups. Abundance of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (an antibiotic resistant pathogen) was higher in antibiotic supplemented pigs. Number of significantly responded operational taxonomic units (OTU) was higher in herbal residue and prebiotic supplemented pigs than control or antibiotic pigs. Bacterial abundance was significantly higher in pigs supplemented with prebiotic, followed by herbal residue, antibiotic, and control. The abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Sarcina maxima, Bacteroidetes sp., Cetobacterium somerae,...

In nature lignin degrading enzymes of white rot fungi (WRF) degrade lignin, amongst which laccase... more In nature lignin degrading enzymes of white rot fungi (WRF) degrade lignin, amongst which laccase play an important role. Our objective was to isolate hyper laccase secreting indigenous WRF. Culture-dependant and molecular methods were used in combination for identification and characterization. The isolate NI-07, the most potent laccase producing isolate was identified as Schizophyllum commune, strain (MTCC11893). It had pinkish grey split gills, radiating from the attachment point and cylindrical to ellipsoidal smooth white spores. The generative hyphae were thin-walled, having septae and clamp connections, skeletal hyphae were swollen centrally and broad and binding hyphae were comparatively thick-walled and branched. The ITS/5.8S rRNA gene sequence as per phylogenetic tree results showed best matching with Agaricaceae sp. 647 (Sequence ID: gb|JQ312209.1|) as per cladogram while the phylogram showed significant variation and is deposited with GenBank (Bank It 1679236 Schizophyllu...

Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2015

The rumen microbial utilization of energy-rich cell walls of crop residues is hindered by the pre... more The rumen microbial utilization of energy-rich cell walls of crop residues is hindered by the presence of lignin, which limitsits overall digestion process and significantly influences animal performance. In the frame of the development of a bioprocess using the competences of white rot fungi to enhance digestibility of crop residues by delignification, a new strain of Schizophyllum commune NI-07 was isolated. The sole lignolytic activity detected in submerged culture was laccase which increased 3-fold after immobilization of fungus on polyurethane foam cubes. The enzyme was purified 42-fold by employing ammonium sulphate precipitation and size exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-50 to a specific activity of 15930 U/mg of protein and had a molecular mass of 75 kDa. The laccase obtained from submerged culture medium after cul- tivation of immobilized S. commune NI-07, exhibited considerably higher pH and thermostability and affinity for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) compared to those obtained without immobilization of the fungus. Highly significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the in vitro dry matter digestibility was obtained in 5 common crop residues treated with fungal laccases. We prove the potential of laccase obtained from S. commune NI-07 in enhancement of digestibility of crop residues by way of delignification.

Scientific Reports

A laccase-producing hyper performer, Schizophyllum commune, a white-rot fungus, was evaluated for... more A laccase-producing hyper performer, Schizophyllum commune, a white-rot fungus, was evaluated for its ability to selectively degrade lignin of diverse crop residues in vitro. Relative analysis of crop residue treatment using laccase obtained from immobilized cells demonstrated degradation of 30–40% in finger millet straw and sorghum stover, 27–32% in paddy straw, 21% in wheat straw, and 26% in maize straw, while 20% lignin degradation was observed when purified and recombinant laccase was used. Further investigations into in vitro dry matter digestibility studies gave promising results recording digestibility of 54–59% in finger millet straw 33–36% in paddy straw and wheat straw, 16% in maize straw for laccase obtained from cell immobilization method, whereas 14% digestibility was observed when purified and recombinant laccase was used. Sorghum stover recorded digestibility of 13–15% across all straws treated with laccase. The results obtained elucidated the positive influence of la...

Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India), 2011

The effect of fermentation on secretion of proteases and lignolytic enzymes was evaluated in non ... more The effect of fermentation on secretion of proteases and lignolytic enzymes was evaluated in non pretreated (UT), steamed for 10 min (ST) and 4% urea treated (UrT) finger millet straw for 5 days in bulk quantities under laboratory conditions with 4 species of white rot fungi, viz. Pleurotus sajorcaju,Pleurotus ostreatus, Voriallae volvoraceae and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Fermentation with V. volvoraceae recorded the minimum increase in protein of 1.99,2.22 and 2.98% respectively in the untreated,steamed and urea treated straw. Dry matter showed a decrease for the 3 treatments upon fermentation with P.chrysosporium while the highest losses ranging between 10.99 for the untreated to 15.75% for the urea treated straw were observed upon fermentation with V.volvoraceae.Though the ash contents increased the difference was not significant. There were also consistent significant decreases in the values obtained for cell wall components (NDF, ADF ADL). In vitro dry matter digestibility increased with all the 3 treatments in the 4 fungi as compared to control value of 40.0 ± 3.65. P.chrysosporium recorded highest values of 76.10±3.86for UT, 82.70±0.45 for ST and 87.20±2.02 for UrT followed by P.ostreatus and P.sajor caju while lowest increase in digestibility values of 58.09±0.54for UT, 59.23 ± 0.64for ST and 62.57 ± 2.6 for UrT was obtained in V.volvoraceae. A concomitant increase in the lignolytic enzymes laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase was obtained for all the 3 treatments up to the fifth day of fermentation. High protease activity was observed during the first 2 days of fermentation with steamed ragi straw fermented with P. chrysosporium recording the highest activity of 2641units on the second day. In conclusion, P.chrysosporium and P. ostreatus proved the most promising strains for improving the digestibility of finger millet straw for ruminants and secretion of these enzymes by these fungi for pretreating lignocellulosics for feeding ruminants can safely be manipulated.

Advances in Applied Research, 2010

Mantis shrimp is available in large quantities as by catch and as it contains protein and chitin ... more Mantis shrimp is available in large quantities as by catch and as it contains protein and chitin desirable for prawn feeds, the efficacy of its incorporation in shrimp feed was evaluated. Ten compounded feeds incorporating 20% - 100% of Mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla nepa), was fermented using B. licheniformis and Beauveria sp. containing 32% to 49% crude protein. This was fed to post larvae of P. indicus (initial average weight 0.19 g ± 0.06 g) for a period of 45 days. A significant (P< 0.05) increase in body weight was recorded in all the B. licheniformis treatment groups as compared to control post larvae. The group of post larvae maintained on the diet with 80% incorporation of mantis shrimp accorded the best growth in terms of average body weight (563.16%). The specific growth rates ranged between 1.47 (± 0.30) for the group fed with 20% Mantis shrimp feeds to as high as 2.38 (± 0.70) for the group fed with 60% Mantis shrimp supplemented feeds (P< 0.05). The FCR for these feeds ranged from 1.56 to 2.08 as compared to a FCR of 5.0 on the control feed (P< 0.05). Survival in all the treatment groups was in the range of 86% to 98% and was significantly different (P< 0.05) from that of the control.

Research Journal of Microbiology, Jul 1, 2010

Indian journal of poultry science, 2013

A study was conducted with a total of 192 day old broiler chicks divided into four dietary treatm... more A study was conducted with a total of 192 day old broiler chicks divided into four dietary treatments consisting of one positive control group, Group T1 without any phytase enzyme (0.45% available P during starter and 0.40% during finisher phase), one negative control group, Group T2 (0.32% available P during starter and 0.28% during finisher phase) and two treatments with negative control diets, supplemented with two different enzymes, Group T3 (laboratory produced phytase) and Group T4 (commercial phytase) to meet the phosphorus requirements. Each treatment had six replicates with eight chicks in each replicate. Experimental duration was of 5 weeks. The body weight of chicks at 5wk of age was significantly higher (P 0.05) observed among different treatments in case of drumstick weight, gizzard, giblet, intestinal and caecal weight. The results indicated that optimum dietary phosphorus level is essential for higher edible and breast yield with lower cost of production.

Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 2016

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of supplementation of carvacrol (CL), a phytochemi... more A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of supplementation of carvacrol (CL), a phytochemical, in ameliorating changes in growth performance and oxidative stress induced by aflatoxin B1 in male broiler chicken fed with maize-soy based diets. The feeding trial of five week duration was conducted with 120 chicks which were divided into 5 dietary treatments with 3 replicates having 8 chicks in each following a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments consisted of: basal diet without any supplement (G1), basal diet supplemented with 1.0% CL (G2), diet contaminated with 1.0 ppm toxin (G3), diet contaminated with 1.0 ppm toxin and supplemented with 1.0% CL (G4), and diet contaminated with 1.0 ppm toxin and supplemented with 0.5% each of CL and HSCAS (G5). The growth performance and FCR of broiler chicken supplemented with CL was poor than birds fed basal diet and AFB1 contaminated feed. The weight of liver in AFB1 group of birds showed an increase while in CL supplemented groups it was comparatively low. Activity of serum enzymes ALT, AST were observed to be high and activity of the oxidative stress marker enzymes CAT, SOD and GSR low in AFB1 group birds. A reverse trend in activity of these enzymes was obtained in CL and binder supplemented groups which was not significant in case of GSR. CL supplemented group of birds recorded higher TAC, protein and glucose and lower MDA, TC and triglyceride compared to AFB1 group birds. The severity and degree of the liver lesions obtained in microscopic observation in CL supplemented birds was far less compared to livers of birds fed aflatoxin contaminated feed. It can be concluded that CL is effective in ameliorating aflatoxin induced changes with regard to oxidative stress in broiler chickens but had no positive impact on growth performance.

Crop residues like maize stover, finger millet straw, wheat straw, rice straw, etc. generally con... more Crop residues like maize stover, finger millet straw, wheat straw, rice straw, etc. generally constitute the main dietary component for animals. The rumen microbial utilization of these crop residues is hindered by the presence of lignin, which limits its overall digestion process and can significantly influence animal performance, because it is resistant to most of the enzymatic hydrolysis by microorganisms. In nature lignin is degraded by lignolytic enzymes of white rot fungi (WRF). These residues can thus be converted into high quality feed by means of fungal delignification improving their nutritive value. Fungal ligninolysis breaks down the cellulose-hemicellulose matrix liberating degradable components utilizable by rumen microflora. Earlier we reported on the enhancement in digestibility of ragi straw with lignolytic enzyme extracts. Laccase is one amongst these lignolytic enzymes holding immense potential in biodelignification of crop residues (Sridhar et al., 2014). However...

Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 2013

A study was conducted to assess the detoxification of the commercially available jatropha cake an... more A study was conducted to assess the detoxification of the commercially available jatropha cake and the feasibility of its use in the diet of lambs. The chemical processing of jatropha cake indicated 3% sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate was effective in reducing the phorbol esters to the extent of 55% level and curcin completely. For experimental feeding, 36 Deccani lambs (BW 11.41±0.312 kg) of 46 months of age were randomly divided into six groups (six lambs in each group) and fed with three rations, viz., control (group 1, 2); raw jatropha cake (group 3, 4), and 3% sodium bicarbonate-treated jatropha cake (group 5, 6) both at 25% level in the concentrate mixture. The feeding of jatripha cake led to appearance of clinical signs, first observed on day 3 or 4, in terms of dullness, inappetence, diarrhoea, moaning and recumbency resulting in the mortality of lambs irrespective of treatment, and within 4–11 days of experimental feeding, there were eight mortalities. The blood bioch...

Advances in Applied Research, 2010

Mantis shrimp is available in large quantities as by catch and as it contains protein and chitin ... more Mantis shrimp is available in large quantities as by catch and as it contains protein and chitin desirable for prawn feeds, the efficacy of its incorporation in shrimp feed was evaluated. Ten compounded feeds incorporating 20% - 100% of Mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla nepa), was fermented using B. licheniformis and Beauveria sp. containing 32% to 49% crude protein. This was fed to post larvae of P. indicus (initial average weight 0.19 g ± 0.06 g) for a period of 45 days. A significant (P< 0.05) increase in body weight was recorded in all the B. licheniformis treatment groups as compared to control post larvae. The group of post larvae maintained on the diet with 80% incorporation of mantis shrimp accorded the best growth in terms of average body weight (563.16%). The specific growth rates ranged between 1.47 (± 0.30) for the group fed with 20% Mantis shrimp feeds to as high as 2.38 (± 0.70) for the group fed with 60% Mantis shrimp supplemented feeds (P< 0.05). The FCR for these fe...

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2014

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of phytase produced by fungal immobilizat... more Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of phytase produced by fungal immobilization in broiler chicken fed with maize–soy based diet. Three fungal isolates, one Aspergillus awamori (NCIM 885) and two species of Aspergillus foetidus sourced from soil samples showing good phytase activity were selected for bulk production employing immobilization technique. A feeding trial of 5-wk duration was conducted involving 192 chicks which were divided into four dietary treatments with six replicates having eight chicks in each following a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments consisted of one positive control (PC) group without any phytase enzyme (4.5 g/kg available/non-phytin phosphorus (P) during starter and 4.0 g/kg during finisher phase), one negative control (NC) group (3.2 g/kg available/non-phytin P during starter and 2.8 g/kg during finisher phase). In the third (lab phytase) and fourth (com phytase) treatment groups, the negative control diet was supplemented with two different enzymes sources, laboratory produced phytase @500 phytase unit FTU/kg and commercial phytase @500 FTU/kg, respectively to meet the P requirements. The results indicated growth performance as well as calcium (Ca) and P utilization of broiler chicken was poor in low P (1.2 g/kg non-phytin P less) fed birds. Supplementation of commercial phytase enzyme @500 FTU/kg diet could replace 1.2 g/kg of available or non-phytin P in broiler diet. However, supplementation of laboratory produced phytase enzyme @500 FTU/kg in diet reduced feed intake with lower body weight gain and similar feed conversion ratio, Ca and P utilization in comparison to commercial phytase. Lower P in diet coupled with high environmental temperature increased the susceptibility to secondary infections. Laboratory phytase and commercial phytase supplementation reduced P excretion by 30%. It could be concluded that the efficacy of the laboratory phytase was inferior to that of commercial phytase.

Microbiology Spectrum

Indigenous white-rot fungal isolates Schizophyllum commune , Phanerochaete chrysosporium , Ganode... more Indigenous white-rot fungal isolates Schizophyllum commune , Phanerochaete chrysosporium , Ganoderma racenaceum , and Lentinus squarrosulus , demonstrating the ability to depolymerize lignin of the crop residues, were studied for their potential to produce ligninolytic enzymes using modified production media under conditions of limiting and excess nitrogen for higher enzymatic expressions. Secretome-rich media on the investigation confirmed the successful production of lignin-depolymerizing enzymes, viz . laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase. Production of laccases and peroxidases was statistically significant in nitrogen-limiting media with and without the substrate, across all white-rot fungal cultures at 95% confidence interval. Nitrogen-limiting media with the substrate on analysis extracellularly expressed 99.27 U of laccase and 68.48 U of manganese peroxidase in Schizophyllum commune , while 195.14 U of lignin peroxidase was produced by Ph...

PLOS ONE, 2015

Antibiotic usage in animals as a growth promoter is considered as public health issue due to its ... more Antibiotic usage in animals as a growth promoter is considered as public health issue due to its negative impact on consumer health and environment. The present study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of herbal residue (ginger, Zingiber officinale, dried rhizome powder) and prebiotic (inulin) as an alternative to antibiotics by comparing fecal microflora composition using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The grower pigs were offered feed containing antibiotic (tetracycline), ginger and inulin separately and un-supplemented group served as control. The study revealed significant changes in the microbial abundance based on operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among the groups. Presumptive identification of organisms was established based on the fragment length of OTUs generated with three restriction enzymes (MspI, Sau3AI and BsuRI). The abundance of OTUs representing Bacteroides intestinalis, Eubacterium oxidoreducens, Selonomonas sp., Methylobacterium sp. and Denitrobacter sp. was found significantly greater in inulin supplemented pigs. Similarly, the abundance of OTUs representing Bacteroides intestinalis, Selonomonas sp., and Phascolarcobacterium faecium was found significantly greater in ginger supplemented pigs. In contrast, the abundance of OTUs representing pathogenic microorganisms Atopostipes suicloacalis and Bartonella quintana str. Toulouse was significantly reduced in ginger and inulin supplemented pigs. The OTUs were found to be clustered under two major phylotypes; ginger-inulin and control-tetracycline. Additionally, the abundance of OTUs was similar in ginger and inulin supplemented pigs. The results suggest the potential of ginger and prebioticsto replace antibiotics in the diet of grower pig.

The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences

Pentose based prebiotic xylooligosaccharides attracts greater attention around the world because ... more Pentose based prebiotic xylooligosaccharides attracts greater attention around the world because it exhibits several beneficial effects to the host. Therefore, an in vivo experiment was carried out to reveal the effects of corn husks derived xylooligosaccharides in broiler chicken. The day-old broiler chickens (96; divided into 2 groups) were raised for 3 weeks on control diet or same diet supplemented with 0.5% xylooligosaccharides (XOS); derived from corn husks. In order to produce the XOS, xylan was extracted from the corn husks by alkaline extraction. The xylan was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis at pH 5.8, temperature 44°C, enzyme dose of 5.7U/ml for 17h to yield XOS. The concentrated XOS was supplemented in the diet of broiler chicken during the entire experimental periods. Albeit, no positive influence was noticed on either the live weight or feed conversion efficiency, but 0.5% XOS supplementation resulted in to selective stimulation of Bifidobacteria, coupled with reduct...

Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2018

The present study was aimed to see the faecal bacterial fingerprints of pigs applying terminal re... more The present study was aimed to see the faecal bacterial fingerprints of pigs applying terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Sixteen crossbred (Large White Yorkshire X desi) grower pigs (body weight of 15.8±1.1 kg), were divided into four groups (control, antibiotic, herbal residue and prebiotic) with four in each treatment. T-RFLP analysis revealed comparable bacterial abundance in control - antibiotic and herbal residue - prebiotic groups. Abundance of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (an antibiotic resistant pathogen) was higher in antibiotic supplemented pigs. Number of significantly responded operational taxonomic units (OTU) was higher in herbal residue and prebiotic supplemented pigs than control or antibiotic pigs. Bacterial abundance was significantly higher in pigs supplemented with prebiotic, followed by herbal residue, antibiotic, and control. The abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Sarcina maxima, Bacteroidetes sp., Cetobacterium somerae,...

In nature lignin degrading enzymes of white rot fungi (WRF) degrade lignin, amongst which laccase... more In nature lignin degrading enzymes of white rot fungi (WRF) degrade lignin, amongst which laccase play an important role. Our objective was to isolate hyper laccase secreting indigenous WRF. Culture-dependant and molecular methods were used in combination for identification and characterization. The isolate NI-07, the most potent laccase producing isolate was identified as Schizophyllum commune, strain (MTCC11893). It had pinkish grey split gills, radiating from the attachment point and cylindrical to ellipsoidal smooth white spores. The generative hyphae were thin-walled, having septae and clamp connections, skeletal hyphae were swollen centrally and broad and binding hyphae were comparatively thick-walled and branched. The ITS/5.8S rRNA gene sequence as per phylogenetic tree results showed best matching with Agaricaceae sp. 647 (Sequence ID: gb|JQ312209.1|) as per cladogram while the phylogram showed significant variation and is deposited with GenBank (Bank It 1679236 Schizophyllu...

Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2015

The rumen microbial utilization of energy-rich cell walls of crop residues is hindered by the pre... more The rumen microbial utilization of energy-rich cell walls of crop residues is hindered by the presence of lignin, which limitsits overall digestion process and significantly influences animal performance. In the frame of the development of a bioprocess using the competences of white rot fungi to enhance digestibility of crop residues by delignification, a new strain of Schizophyllum commune NI-07 was isolated. The sole lignolytic activity detected in submerged culture was laccase which increased 3-fold after immobilization of fungus on polyurethane foam cubes. The enzyme was purified 42-fold by employing ammonium sulphate precipitation and size exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-50 to a specific activity of 15930 U/mg of protein and had a molecular mass of 75 kDa. The laccase obtained from submerged culture medium after cul- tivation of immobilized S. commune NI-07, exhibited considerably higher pH and thermostability and affinity for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) compared to those obtained without immobilization of the fungus. Highly significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the in vitro dry matter digestibility was obtained in 5 common crop residues treated with fungal laccases. We prove the potential of laccase obtained from S. commune NI-07 in enhancement of digestibility of crop residues by way of delignification.

Scientific Reports

A laccase-producing hyper performer, Schizophyllum commune, a white-rot fungus, was evaluated for... more A laccase-producing hyper performer, Schizophyllum commune, a white-rot fungus, was evaluated for its ability to selectively degrade lignin of diverse crop residues in vitro. Relative analysis of crop residue treatment using laccase obtained from immobilized cells demonstrated degradation of 30–40% in finger millet straw and sorghum stover, 27–32% in paddy straw, 21% in wheat straw, and 26% in maize straw, while 20% lignin degradation was observed when purified and recombinant laccase was used. Further investigations into in vitro dry matter digestibility studies gave promising results recording digestibility of 54–59% in finger millet straw 33–36% in paddy straw and wheat straw, 16% in maize straw for laccase obtained from cell immobilization method, whereas 14% digestibility was observed when purified and recombinant laccase was used. Sorghum stover recorded digestibility of 13–15% across all straws treated with laccase. The results obtained elucidated the positive influence of la...