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Academic articles by Marcel Barnard
Local leadership is crucial in Africa. This article focuses on leadership in African Independent... more Local leadership is crucial in Africa. This article focuses on leadership in
African Independent Churches, more specifically on the leader of a local congregation of the Corinthian Church, Rev Dingani in Phepheni, Eastern Cape. The article is composed of two parts. The first part is a portrait of Dingani, mainly from an emic (inside) point of view. After a biographical sketch, his ministry and liturgical leadership are outlined, followed by a portrait of Rev Dingani as a theologian. The second part, which mainly takes an etic (outside) stance, places this portrait in a wider context of leadership in African Independent Churches and sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. After indicating some general features of African leadership, the article focuses more specifically on two leadership styles: 1. The humane-oriented and harismatic/value-based style. 2. The participative and autonomous style. By distinguishing this emic and etic positions, we confront Western and African epistemologies, without reconciling them in advance.
Papers by Marcel Barnard
Religious Education, 2016
Abstract In this article the authors present the results of their research of cooperation schools... more Abstract In this article the authors present the results of their research of cooperation schools in the Netherlands. These schools are an exception in the dual educational system because they originate from a merger of a religiously neutral public school and a religious school. The data, provided by school principals, show key values of the cooperation schools. These values are compared to characteristics of public education. The authors also focus on the organization of religious education. This study is a first step in a broader research of Dutch experiments concerning the merging of different religious school identities.
Handbook of Disaster Ritual
For more than 22 years Tilburg University hosted the Institute for Ritual and Liturgical Studies ... more For more than 22 years Tilburg University hosted the Institute for Ritual and Liturgical Studies (IRiLiS).1 Since 1 January 2015 the institute has continued its existence in Amsterdam at the Protestant Theological University. The transition was celebrated by means of a symposium on February 18, ‘The Future of Ritual: Spots and Shapes’. Where are we heading with ritual and liturgical studies? What are the research topics? What is the future of ritual? What are its spots and shapes? We welcomed distinguished guests from abroad, of whom Ronald Grimes (Waterloo, Canada) and Martin Stringer (Birmingham, UK) lectured at the symposium. Further, the former academic director of IRiLiS, Paul Post, presented a paper. The papers are published in this section of the Yearbook for liturgical and ritual studies.
This contribution is a short critical reflection on general developments in the field of liturgy ... more This contribution is a short critical reflection on general developments in the field of liturgy and liturgical studies over a period that roughly coincides with the twentieth century. The authors link these critical notes to the Liturgical Movement, as a lens through which the period in question will be examined. It is precisely here that the first problem presents itself. It is high time that a critical balance be drawn up for the Liturgical Movement (which the authors regard as having run its course: we are beyond the Liturgical Movement now), but at the same time most practitioners of liturgical studies are allied with the Liturgical Movement: the Liturgical Movement’s discourse is accepted as a self-evident point of reference, and, even more, employed as the central benchmark. This contribution states that we have to regard it as an anachronism, unzeitgemass, for a researcher to consider his or her own starting point as central, or even normative. The colourful ritual-liturgica...
Journal of Youth and Theology
This article presents the findings from a qualitative study on the religious identity exploration... more This article presents the findings from a qualitative study on the religious identity exploration processes and experiences of emerging adults who grew up in strictly Reformed contexts in the Netherlands. We discuss three forms of exploration that appeared in our data: asking questions, exploring alternatives and rebelling against things that are disallowed or undesirable in the strictly Reformed tradition. We also discuss patterns that emerged from our analysis of exploration related to participants’ current religious identity commitments and a strictly Reformed upbringing. Finally, we discuss our findings and propose directions for further research and implications for those who guide youth in religious identity development.
International Journal of Practical Theology, 2016
The Passion is a musical practice staged in the Dutch public sphere and an example of how large, ... more The Passion is a musical practice staged in the Dutch public sphere and an example of how large, Christian musical forms in late-modern network societies moved from the church to the broader culture. Neither the classical discipline of hymnology nor the emerging discipline of Christian congregational music studies have developed theoretical concepts that serve to understand musical practices outside the ecclesial domain. The authors distinguish the emerging field of fluid ritual musical practices and reinvent the concept of sacro-soundscapes as a notion that contributes to the interpretation of these practices. They claim that, consequentially, the aforementioned disciplines are included in this field and therefore change, as well.
Yearbook for Ritual and Liturgical Studies
The authors of this article, two liturgical scholars and a scholar in dogmatics, engaged in a pub... more The authors of this article, two liturgical scholars and a scholar in dogmatics, engaged in a public discussion of whether or not a Holy Communion should be celebrated online. Speaking about the case afterwards, they found that both the discourse of liturgical studies and of dogmatics introduced comparable normative elements. Barnard and Klomp in liturgical studies speak with Ronald Grimes of ‘ritual criticism’ and with Roy Rappaport of ‘The True Words’ as benchmarks that are established by religions in the infinite field of meanings of the rite. Wisse speaks on the basis of the originally Lutheran distinction of Law and Gospel of therapeutic or irenic and elenctic normativity. The authors advocate this distinction as an instrument that opens the way for a discussion about the mystery of life and of the sacraments.
NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion
The relationship between adolescents and the church is troubled. Recent quantitative research in ... more The relationship between adolescents and the church is troubled. Recent quantitative research in the Netherlands has shown that church membership and church attendance of adolescents are at an all-time low. This article tells the story behind the numbers, based on the results of qualitative research among adolescents in five small groups affiliated in some way with the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. Based on their perspectives, it can be concluded that the relationship between adolescents and the church is indeed problematic, mainly because of the institutional and organisational characteristics of the church. This article suggests that a new, organic approach, beyond the traditional institutional and organisational perspectives, is needed for the Protestant Church and its associated youth organisations.
NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion
Summary In the Netherlands there is a popular practice of Anglican choral evensongs (outside the ... more Summary In the Netherlands there is a popular practice of Anglican choral evensongs (outside the context of the Anglican Church), organised either as worship, a concert or as worship and a concert at the same time. The evensongs are performed either completely in English or partly in English, partly in Dutch. In this article the authors will explore for what reasons the English language as non-vernacular is used. Which qualities do participants attribute to the English language in evensongs in the Netherlands and how should these qualities be interpreted? The use of language will be explored as a possible indicator of transformation of religiosity. The main conclusion is that the English language is used because of the beauty of its sound, the ritual quality of using a non-vernacular, and its power to evoke an experience of sacrality and contrast. Participants, it is found, are critical of the traditional Reformed emphasis on words, and refer instead to unarticulated transcendental ...
NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion
Under the influence of Calvinism, the musical situation in the Protestant churches in the Netherl... more Under the influence of Calvinism, the musical situation in the Protestant churches in the Netherlands was for a long time marked by sobriety, with attention focused on congregational singing. In the 20th century, church music gained importance through a dominant flow of Lutheran influence. Generally, the liturgical movement highlighted the role of music in worship. The Lutheran church musician Willem Mudde successfully called attention to the German church music reform movement. Inspired by the writings of the German theologian Oskar Söhngen, he strived to apply the ideals and practices of this German movement to the Dutch Protestant churches. He succeeded through his zeal and organisational skills, not only in the Lutheran church but also in other Protestant churches. The idealistic character and educational aims of the movement, however, could not offset the growing individualism and the ongoing crisis in the churches.
Local leadership is crucial in Africa. This article focuses on leadership in African Independent... more Local leadership is crucial in Africa. This article focuses on leadership in
African Independent Churches, more specifically on the leader of a local congregation of the Corinthian Church, Rev Dingani in Phepheni, Eastern Cape. The article is composed of two parts. The first part is a portrait of Dingani, mainly from an emic (inside) point of view. After a biographical sketch, his ministry and liturgical leadership are outlined, followed by a portrait of Rev Dingani as a theologian. The second part, which mainly takes an etic (outside) stance, places this portrait in a wider context of leadership in African Independent Churches and sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. After indicating some general features of African leadership, the article focuses more specifically on two leadership styles: 1. The humane-oriented and harismatic/value-based style. 2. The participative and autonomous style. By distinguishing this emic and etic positions, we confront Western and African epistemologies, without reconciling them in advance.
Religious Education, 2016
Abstract In this article the authors present the results of their research of cooperation schools... more Abstract In this article the authors present the results of their research of cooperation schools in the Netherlands. These schools are an exception in the dual educational system because they originate from a merger of a religiously neutral public school and a religious school. The data, provided by school principals, show key values of the cooperation schools. These values are compared to characteristics of public education. The authors also focus on the organization of religious education. This study is a first step in a broader research of Dutch experiments concerning the merging of different religious school identities.
Handbook of Disaster Ritual
For more than 22 years Tilburg University hosted the Institute for Ritual and Liturgical Studies ... more For more than 22 years Tilburg University hosted the Institute for Ritual and Liturgical Studies (IRiLiS).1 Since 1 January 2015 the institute has continued its existence in Amsterdam at the Protestant Theological University. The transition was celebrated by means of a symposium on February 18, ‘The Future of Ritual: Spots and Shapes’. Where are we heading with ritual and liturgical studies? What are the research topics? What is the future of ritual? What are its spots and shapes? We welcomed distinguished guests from abroad, of whom Ronald Grimes (Waterloo, Canada) and Martin Stringer (Birmingham, UK) lectured at the symposium. Further, the former academic director of IRiLiS, Paul Post, presented a paper. The papers are published in this section of the Yearbook for liturgical and ritual studies.
This contribution is a short critical reflection on general developments in the field of liturgy ... more This contribution is a short critical reflection on general developments in the field of liturgy and liturgical studies over a period that roughly coincides with the twentieth century. The authors link these critical notes to the Liturgical Movement, as a lens through which the period in question will be examined. It is precisely here that the first problem presents itself. It is high time that a critical balance be drawn up for the Liturgical Movement (which the authors regard as having run its course: we are beyond the Liturgical Movement now), but at the same time most practitioners of liturgical studies are allied with the Liturgical Movement: the Liturgical Movement’s discourse is accepted as a self-evident point of reference, and, even more, employed as the central benchmark. This contribution states that we have to regard it as an anachronism, unzeitgemass, for a researcher to consider his or her own starting point as central, or even normative. The colourful ritual-liturgica...
Journal of Youth and Theology
This article presents the findings from a qualitative study on the religious identity exploration... more This article presents the findings from a qualitative study on the religious identity exploration processes and experiences of emerging adults who grew up in strictly Reformed contexts in the Netherlands. We discuss three forms of exploration that appeared in our data: asking questions, exploring alternatives and rebelling against things that are disallowed or undesirable in the strictly Reformed tradition. We also discuss patterns that emerged from our analysis of exploration related to participants’ current religious identity commitments and a strictly Reformed upbringing. Finally, we discuss our findings and propose directions for further research and implications for those who guide youth in religious identity development.
International Journal of Practical Theology, 2016
The Passion is a musical practice staged in the Dutch public sphere and an example of how large, ... more The Passion is a musical practice staged in the Dutch public sphere and an example of how large, Christian musical forms in late-modern network societies moved from the church to the broader culture. Neither the classical discipline of hymnology nor the emerging discipline of Christian congregational music studies have developed theoretical concepts that serve to understand musical practices outside the ecclesial domain. The authors distinguish the emerging field of fluid ritual musical practices and reinvent the concept of sacro-soundscapes as a notion that contributes to the interpretation of these practices. They claim that, consequentially, the aforementioned disciplines are included in this field and therefore change, as well.
Yearbook for Ritual and Liturgical Studies
The authors of this article, two liturgical scholars and a scholar in dogmatics, engaged in a pub... more The authors of this article, two liturgical scholars and a scholar in dogmatics, engaged in a public discussion of whether or not a Holy Communion should be celebrated online. Speaking about the case afterwards, they found that both the discourse of liturgical studies and of dogmatics introduced comparable normative elements. Barnard and Klomp in liturgical studies speak with Ronald Grimes of ‘ritual criticism’ and with Roy Rappaport of ‘The True Words’ as benchmarks that are established by religions in the infinite field of meanings of the rite. Wisse speaks on the basis of the originally Lutheran distinction of Law and Gospel of therapeutic or irenic and elenctic normativity. The authors advocate this distinction as an instrument that opens the way for a discussion about the mystery of life and of the sacraments.
NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion
The relationship between adolescents and the church is troubled. Recent quantitative research in ... more The relationship between adolescents and the church is troubled. Recent quantitative research in the Netherlands has shown that church membership and church attendance of adolescents are at an all-time low. This article tells the story behind the numbers, based on the results of qualitative research among adolescents in five small groups affiliated in some way with the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. Based on their perspectives, it can be concluded that the relationship between adolescents and the church is indeed problematic, mainly because of the institutional and organisational characteristics of the church. This article suggests that a new, organic approach, beyond the traditional institutional and organisational perspectives, is needed for the Protestant Church and its associated youth organisations.
NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion
Summary In the Netherlands there is a popular practice of Anglican choral evensongs (outside the ... more Summary In the Netherlands there is a popular practice of Anglican choral evensongs (outside the context of the Anglican Church), organised either as worship, a concert or as worship and a concert at the same time. The evensongs are performed either completely in English or partly in English, partly in Dutch. In this article the authors will explore for what reasons the English language as non-vernacular is used. Which qualities do participants attribute to the English language in evensongs in the Netherlands and how should these qualities be interpreted? The use of language will be explored as a possible indicator of transformation of religiosity. The main conclusion is that the English language is used because of the beauty of its sound, the ritual quality of using a non-vernacular, and its power to evoke an experience of sacrality and contrast. Participants, it is found, are critical of the traditional Reformed emphasis on words, and refer instead to unarticulated transcendental ...
NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion
Under the influence of Calvinism, the musical situation in the Protestant churches in the Netherl... more Under the influence of Calvinism, the musical situation in the Protestant churches in the Netherlands was for a long time marked by sobriety, with attention focused on congregational singing. In the 20th century, church music gained importance through a dominant flow of Lutheran influence. Generally, the liturgical movement highlighted the role of music in worship. The Lutheran church musician Willem Mudde successfully called attention to the German church music reform movement. Inspired by the writings of the German theologian Oskar Söhngen, he strived to apply the ideals and practices of this German movement to the Dutch Protestant churches. He succeeded through his zeal and organisational skills, not only in the Lutheran church but also in other Protestant churches. The idealistic character and educational aims of the movement, however, could not offset the growing individualism and the ongoing crisis in the churches.