Marcin Gruchala - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Marcin Gruchala
Folia Cardiologica, 2017
Autorzy oświadczają, że nie zachodzi żaden konflikt interesów w związku z publikowaną pracą.
Arterial Hypertension, 1999
Cardiology Journal, Jan 11, 2022
This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Deri... more This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.
Forum Nefrologiczne, 2017
Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). ... more Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Effective method for prevention of thromboembolic complications in the general population of patients with atrial fibrillation is oral anticoagulation, however, in a substantial proportion of patients with end-stage CKD this therapy is not effective and is associated with numerous bleeding complications, it also contributes to the development of calcifications in the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study is to summarize the knowledge of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation and CKD and to provide an alternative method of treatment-transcatheter closure of left atrial appendage.
Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej-polish Archives of Internal Medicine, Jan 31, 2017
Renal Disease and Transplantation Forum, 2017
Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). ... more Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Effective method for prevention of thromboembolic complications in the general population of patients with atrial fibrillation is oral anticoagulation, however, in a substantial proportion of patients with end-stage CKD this therapy is not effective and is associated with numerous bleeding complications, it also contributes to the development of calcifications in the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study is to summarize the knowledge of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation and CKD and to provide an alternative method of treatment-transcatheter closure of left atrial appendage.
Poster: "ESCR 2016 / P-0036 / Aortic valve calcium score in patients with low density lipopr... more Poster: "ESCR 2016 / P-0036 / Aortic valve calcium score in patients with low density lipoprotein receptor gene mutation" by: "D. K. Galaska, R. Galaska, J. Fijalkowska, M. Fijalkowski, A. Wegrzyn, E. Szurowska, M. Gruchala; Gdansk/PL"
American Heart Journal, Dec 1, 2019
Background There is a paucity of data on the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in patie... more Background There is a paucity of data on the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) as compared to the general population. The aim of the study was to compare cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of FH patients to the representative sample of adults in Poland who represent a high-cardiovascular risk European region. Methods We compared the distribution of risk factors in 1,382 individuals with FH phenotype referred for genetic testing between 2006 and 2014 to the National Centre of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Gdansk, Poland. The cohort was comprised of 637 positive FH(+) and 745 negative FH(−) patients who were compared to a nationally representative sample of 2,413 adults age 18-79, standardized by age and sex, from the NATPOL 2011 study (NATPOL). We analyzed patients' distribution of history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and standard risk factors including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), body mass index, smoking, and diabetes. Results FH(+) patients (mean age 45.6 years) had the highest LDL-C of 241.7 mg/dL (95% CI 234.8-248.5) compared to 206.1 mg/dL (200.5-211.7) in FH(−) patients (mean age 48.2) and 126.2 mg/dL (124.8-127.6) in NATPOL. Mean SBP was the lowest in FH(+) patients at 128.7 mm Hg (126.7-130.7) compared to 133.4 mm Hg (132.6-134.3) in NATPOL and 134.4 mm Hg (132.3-136.5) in FH(−). No differences were found in the prevalence of diabetes and body mass index. Smoking was less common in FH(+) at 12.4% (9.4-15.4) compared to both FH(−) and NATPOL: 20.4% (16.6-24.1) and 28.4% (26.6-30.2), respectively. The prevalence of individuals with a history of ASCVD in both FH(+) and FH(−) was nearly 3fold higher compared to NATPOL: 26% (21.8-30.1) and 26.6% (22.2-30.9) versus 9.5% (8.3-10.7), respectively. Conclusions The FH(+) patients had significantly higher mean LDL-C, but the levels of nonlipid factors were lower or similar compared to the other groups. Both FH(+) and FH(−) were characterized by a heavy burden of ASCVD. This suggests that cholesterol, and no other risk factors, is a key contributor to cardiovascular risk in patients with FH, especially those with genetic mutation.
Renal Disease and Transplantation Forum, 2017
Hemodialysis, as well as the end-stage renal disease are the main factors predisposing to atrial ... more Hemodialysis, as well as the end-stage renal disease are the main factors predisposing to atrial fibrillation. Serious concerns exist regarding the use of anticoagulation in patients with end-stage renal disease and atrial fibrillation. This is due to a particularly high risk of bleeding and the adverse effect of vitamin K antagonist therapy on arterial calcification process. An alternative option in these patients may be interventional treatment, namely transcatheter closure of left atrial appendage. The following article describes the case of 68 year old man with end-stage renal disease and chronic atrial fibrillation who underwent transcatheter closure of left atrial appendage. Additionally, the adverse effect of arteriovenous fistula on the cardiovascular system in patients with end-stage renal disease and concomitant heart failure was discussed.
Life, Jan 10, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Europace, May 1, 2021
Funding Acknowledgements: Type of funding sources: None. Background: New-onset atrial fibrillatio... more Funding Acknowledgements: Type of funding sources: None. Background: New-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is a significant complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated with a poor prognosis. The knowledge and understanding of risk factors of this arrhythmia are still the subjects of interest. Purpose: We aimed to investigate which clinical, routinely checked parameters could have the most predictive power on NOAF occurrence in AMI patients.
Cardiology Journal
This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Deri... more This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.
Cardiology Journal, 2022
This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Deri... more This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.
Zabiegi hemodializy, a takze sama schylkowa niewydolnośc nerek są czynnikami predysponującymi do ... more Zabiegi hemodializy, a takze sama schylkowa niewydolnośc nerek są czynnikami predysponującymi do wystąpienia migotania przedsionkow. W grupie pacjentow ze schylkową niewydolnością nerek i migotaniem przedsionkow istnieją powazne wątpliwości co do zasadności wdrazania leczenia przeciwkrzepliwego w ramach prewencji udarow mozgu. Jest to spowodowane szczegolnie wysokim w tej grupie chorych ryzykiem powiklan krwotocznych oraz niekorzystnym wplywem stosowania antagonistow witaminy K na proces wapnienia tetnic. Alternatywą dla leczenia przeciwkrzepliwego moze byc leczenie interwencyjne, czyli przezcewnikowe zamkniecie uszka lewego przedsionka. Ponizej opisano przypadek 68-letniego chorego ze schylkową niewydolnością nerek i migotaniem przedsionkow, u ktorego wykonano zabieg przezcewnikowego zamkniecia uszka lewego przedsionka. Dodatkowo na podstawie przypadku omowiono niekorzystny wplyw przetoki tetniczo-zylnej na uklad sercowo-naczyniowy u chorych ze schylkową niewydolnością nerek i wspo...
Mimo ciąglego postepu nauk medycznych czestośc wystepowania chorob ukladu sercowo-naczyniowego (C... more Mimo ciąglego postepu nauk medycznych czestośc wystepowania chorob ukladu sercowo-naczyniowego (CVD) stale sie zwieksza. Warto podkreślic, ze obserwowane w ostatnich dwoch dekadach zmniejszenie o polowe śmiertelności z powodu tej grupy chorob jest glownie skutkiem odpowiedniej prewencji wtornej. W tym kontekście poprawa stopnia przestrzegania zalecen terapeutycznych ( adherence ) pozostaje kluczowym wyzwaniem dla badan i praktyki klinicznej, co podkreślono w wytycznych European Society of Cardiology/American Heart Association w zakresie zapobiegania CVD. W świetle ostatnio opublikowanych badan polypill jest przydatnym narzedziem zwiekszającym stopien przestrzegania zalecen terapeutycznych. Z punktu widzenia technologii farmaceutycznej opracowanie akceptowalnej formulacji dla polypill to zadanie zlozone, trudne i kosztochlonne. W istocie szeroka popularyzacja stosowania polypill moze przynieśc wymierne korzyści systemowi ochrony zdrowia, rowniez polskim pacjentom. Uzytecznośc takie...
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020
Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) treatment results in a substantial reduction of low-density lipoprotei... more Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) treatment results in a substantial reduction of low-density lipoprotein- (LDL-) cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) concentrations, which consequently decreases the rate of cardiovascular events. The additional benefit of LA may be associated with its impact on the composition and quality of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, inflammation, and oxidative stress condition. To verify the effects of LA procedure, the current study is aimed at analyzing the effect of a single apheresis procedure with direct hemadsorption (DALI) and cascade filtration (MONET) on oxidative stress markers and HDL-related parameters. The study included eleven patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipoproteinemia(a) treated with regular LA (DALI or MONET). We investigated the pre- and postapheresis concentration of the lipid-related oxidative stress markers 8-isoPGF2, oxLDL, TBARS, and PON-1. We also tracked potential changes in the main HDL apolipoproteins (ApoA-I,...
Nutrients, 2020
Being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is thought to be abl... more Being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is thought to be able to decrease lipid levels and dampen inflammation. In this pilot study, we aimed to determine whether flaxseed supplementation could improve the profiles of lipids and inflammatory mediators in patients with severe hyperlipidemia resistant to conventional lipid-lowering pharmacotherapy and requiring lipoprotein apheresis. To this end, six patients received, blindly—in addition to their normal lipoprotein apheresis regimen—a 10-week dietary supplementation with flaxseed (28 g/d) administered in biscuits. This was followed by a 10-week washed out-period and a 10-week supplementation phase with whole wheat placebo. Blood samples were collected at the end of each phase, before the lipoprotein apheresis session. The primary endpoint was the lipid profile and the secondary endpoints were the concentrations of inflammatory mediators and tolerability. Flaxseed supplementation was well-tolerated...
European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, 2020
INTRODUCTION Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a congenital cardiac defect which may contribute to a... more INTRODUCTION Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a congenital cardiac defect which may contribute to aortic stenosis (AS) and regurgitation (AR), aortopathy, endocarditis or in some group of patients remains without echocardiographic deviations. Prognosis of BAV population is hardly predictable. Nevertheless, the population of BAV requires regular medical control. PURPOSE The aim of our study was to assess the BAV appearance and characteristics in the Single Center Registry. METHODS All patients with recognition of BAV admitted to First Department of Cardiology at Medical University of Gdansk in years 2012-2018 were enrolled to analysis. Echocardiographic data were collected. Anthropometrics and comorbidities were recorded. Patents were categorized depending on BAV phenotype: coronary cusps fusion (Type 1), right-noncoronary cusps fusion (Type 2), left-noncornary cusps fusion (Type 3) and BAV without raphe (True Type). RESULTS 323 (25,7% female) patients were enrolled into the Registry. ...
Folia Cardiologica, 2017
Autorzy oświadczają, że nie zachodzi żaden konflikt interesów w związku z publikowaną pracą.
Arterial Hypertension, 1999
Cardiology Journal, Jan 11, 2022
This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Deri... more This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.
Forum Nefrologiczne, 2017
Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). ... more Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Effective method for prevention of thromboembolic complications in the general population of patients with atrial fibrillation is oral anticoagulation, however, in a substantial proportion of patients with end-stage CKD this therapy is not effective and is associated with numerous bleeding complications, it also contributes to the development of calcifications in the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study is to summarize the knowledge of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation and CKD and to provide an alternative method of treatment-transcatheter closure of left atrial appendage.
Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej-polish Archives of Internal Medicine, Jan 31, 2017
Renal Disease and Transplantation Forum, 2017
Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). ... more Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Effective method for prevention of thromboembolic complications in the general population of patients with atrial fibrillation is oral anticoagulation, however, in a substantial proportion of patients with end-stage CKD this therapy is not effective and is associated with numerous bleeding complications, it also contributes to the development of calcifications in the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study is to summarize the knowledge of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation and CKD and to provide an alternative method of treatment-transcatheter closure of left atrial appendage.
Poster: "ESCR 2016 / P-0036 / Aortic valve calcium score in patients with low density lipopr... more Poster: "ESCR 2016 / P-0036 / Aortic valve calcium score in patients with low density lipoprotein receptor gene mutation" by: "D. K. Galaska, R. Galaska, J. Fijalkowska, M. Fijalkowski, A. Wegrzyn, E. Szurowska, M. Gruchala; Gdansk/PL"
American Heart Journal, Dec 1, 2019
Background There is a paucity of data on the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in patie... more Background There is a paucity of data on the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) as compared to the general population. The aim of the study was to compare cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of FH patients to the representative sample of adults in Poland who represent a high-cardiovascular risk European region. Methods We compared the distribution of risk factors in 1,382 individuals with FH phenotype referred for genetic testing between 2006 and 2014 to the National Centre of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Gdansk, Poland. The cohort was comprised of 637 positive FH(+) and 745 negative FH(−) patients who were compared to a nationally representative sample of 2,413 adults age 18-79, standardized by age and sex, from the NATPOL 2011 study (NATPOL). We analyzed patients' distribution of history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and standard risk factors including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), body mass index, smoking, and diabetes. Results FH(+) patients (mean age 45.6 years) had the highest LDL-C of 241.7 mg/dL (95% CI 234.8-248.5) compared to 206.1 mg/dL (200.5-211.7) in FH(−) patients (mean age 48.2) and 126.2 mg/dL (124.8-127.6) in NATPOL. Mean SBP was the lowest in FH(+) patients at 128.7 mm Hg (126.7-130.7) compared to 133.4 mm Hg (132.6-134.3) in NATPOL and 134.4 mm Hg (132.3-136.5) in FH(−). No differences were found in the prevalence of diabetes and body mass index. Smoking was less common in FH(+) at 12.4% (9.4-15.4) compared to both FH(−) and NATPOL: 20.4% (16.6-24.1) and 28.4% (26.6-30.2), respectively. The prevalence of individuals with a history of ASCVD in both FH(+) and FH(−) was nearly 3fold higher compared to NATPOL: 26% (21.8-30.1) and 26.6% (22.2-30.9) versus 9.5% (8.3-10.7), respectively. Conclusions The FH(+) patients had significantly higher mean LDL-C, but the levels of nonlipid factors were lower or similar compared to the other groups. Both FH(+) and FH(−) were characterized by a heavy burden of ASCVD. This suggests that cholesterol, and no other risk factors, is a key contributor to cardiovascular risk in patients with FH, especially those with genetic mutation.
Renal Disease and Transplantation Forum, 2017
Hemodialysis, as well as the end-stage renal disease are the main factors predisposing to atrial ... more Hemodialysis, as well as the end-stage renal disease are the main factors predisposing to atrial fibrillation. Serious concerns exist regarding the use of anticoagulation in patients with end-stage renal disease and atrial fibrillation. This is due to a particularly high risk of bleeding and the adverse effect of vitamin K antagonist therapy on arterial calcification process. An alternative option in these patients may be interventional treatment, namely transcatheter closure of left atrial appendage. The following article describes the case of 68 year old man with end-stage renal disease and chronic atrial fibrillation who underwent transcatheter closure of left atrial appendage. Additionally, the adverse effect of arteriovenous fistula on the cardiovascular system in patients with end-stage renal disease and concomitant heart failure was discussed.
Life, Jan 10, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Europace, May 1, 2021
Funding Acknowledgements: Type of funding sources: None. Background: New-onset atrial fibrillatio... more Funding Acknowledgements: Type of funding sources: None. Background: New-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is a significant complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated with a poor prognosis. The knowledge and understanding of risk factors of this arrhythmia are still the subjects of interest. Purpose: We aimed to investigate which clinical, routinely checked parameters could have the most predictive power on NOAF occurrence in AMI patients.
Cardiology Journal
This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Deri... more This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.
Cardiology Journal, 2022
This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Deri... more This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.
Zabiegi hemodializy, a takze sama schylkowa niewydolnośc nerek są czynnikami predysponującymi do ... more Zabiegi hemodializy, a takze sama schylkowa niewydolnośc nerek są czynnikami predysponującymi do wystąpienia migotania przedsionkow. W grupie pacjentow ze schylkową niewydolnością nerek i migotaniem przedsionkow istnieją powazne wątpliwości co do zasadności wdrazania leczenia przeciwkrzepliwego w ramach prewencji udarow mozgu. Jest to spowodowane szczegolnie wysokim w tej grupie chorych ryzykiem powiklan krwotocznych oraz niekorzystnym wplywem stosowania antagonistow witaminy K na proces wapnienia tetnic. Alternatywą dla leczenia przeciwkrzepliwego moze byc leczenie interwencyjne, czyli przezcewnikowe zamkniecie uszka lewego przedsionka. Ponizej opisano przypadek 68-letniego chorego ze schylkową niewydolnością nerek i migotaniem przedsionkow, u ktorego wykonano zabieg przezcewnikowego zamkniecia uszka lewego przedsionka. Dodatkowo na podstawie przypadku omowiono niekorzystny wplyw przetoki tetniczo-zylnej na uklad sercowo-naczyniowy u chorych ze schylkową niewydolnością nerek i wspo...
Mimo ciąglego postepu nauk medycznych czestośc wystepowania chorob ukladu sercowo-naczyniowego (C... more Mimo ciąglego postepu nauk medycznych czestośc wystepowania chorob ukladu sercowo-naczyniowego (CVD) stale sie zwieksza. Warto podkreślic, ze obserwowane w ostatnich dwoch dekadach zmniejszenie o polowe śmiertelności z powodu tej grupy chorob jest glownie skutkiem odpowiedniej prewencji wtornej. W tym kontekście poprawa stopnia przestrzegania zalecen terapeutycznych ( adherence ) pozostaje kluczowym wyzwaniem dla badan i praktyki klinicznej, co podkreślono w wytycznych European Society of Cardiology/American Heart Association w zakresie zapobiegania CVD. W świetle ostatnio opublikowanych badan polypill jest przydatnym narzedziem zwiekszającym stopien przestrzegania zalecen terapeutycznych. Z punktu widzenia technologii farmaceutycznej opracowanie akceptowalnej formulacji dla polypill to zadanie zlozone, trudne i kosztochlonne. W istocie szeroka popularyzacja stosowania polypill moze przynieśc wymierne korzyści systemowi ochrony zdrowia, rowniez polskim pacjentom. Uzytecznośc takie...
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020
Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) treatment results in a substantial reduction of low-density lipoprotei... more Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) treatment results in a substantial reduction of low-density lipoprotein- (LDL-) cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) concentrations, which consequently decreases the rate of cardiovascular events. The additional benefit of LA may be associated with its impact on the composition and quality of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, inflammation, and oxidative stress condition. To verify the effects of LA procedure, the current study is aimed at analyzing the effect of a single apheresis procedure with direct hemadsorption (DALI) and cascade filtration (MONET) on oxidative stress markers and HDL-related parameters. The study included eleven patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipoproteinemia(a) treated with regular LA (DALI or MONET). We investigated the pre- and postapheresis concentration of the lipid-related oxidative stress markers 8-isoPGF2, oxLDL, TBARS, and PON-1. We also tracked potential changes in the main HDL apolipoproteins (ApoA-I,...
Nutrients, 2020
Being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is thought to be abl... more Being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is thought to be able to decrease lipid levels and dampen inflammation. In this pilot study, we aimed to determine whether flaxseed supplementation could improve the profiles of lipids and inflammatory mediators in patients with severe hyperlipidemia resistant to conventional lipid-lowering pharmacotherapy and requiring lipoprotein apheresis. To this end, six patients received, blindly—in addition to their normal lipoprotein apheresis regimen—a 10-week dietary supplementation with flaxseed (28 g/d) administered in biscuits. This was followed by a 10-week washed out-period and a 10-week supplementation phase with whole wheat placebo. Blood samples were collected at the end of each phase, before the lipoprotein apheresis session. The primary endpoint was the lipid profile and the secondary endpoints were the concentrations of inflammatory mediators and tolerability. Flaxseed supplementation was well-tolerated...
European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, 2020
INTRODUCTION Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a congenital cardiac defect which may contribute to a... more INTRODUCTION Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a congenital cardiac defect which may contribute to aortic stenosis (AS) and regurgitation (AR), aortopathy, endocarditis or in some group of patients remains without echocardiographic deviations. Prognosis of BAV population is hardly predictable. Nevertheless, the population of BAV requires regular medical control. PURPOSE The aim of our study was to assess the BAV appearance and characteristics in the Single Center Registry. METHODS All patients with recognition of BAV admitted to First Department of Cardiology at Medical University of Gdansk in years 2012-2018 were enrolled to analysis. Echocardiographic data were collected. Anthropometrics and comorbidities were recorded. Patents were categorized depending on BAV phenotype: coronary cusps fusion (Type 1), right-noncoronary cusps fusion (Type 2), left-noncornary cusps fusion (Type 3) and BAV without raphe (True Type). RESULTS 323 (25,7% female) patients were enrolled into the Registry. ...