Marek Baraniak - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Marek Baraniak

Research paper thumbnail of Enhancing the biosynthesis of salidroside by biotransformation of p-tyrosol in callus culture of Rhodiola rosea L

Enhancing the biosynthesis of salidroside by biotransformation of p-tyrosol in callus culture of ... more Enhancing the biosynthesis of salidroside by biotransformation of p-tyrosol in callus culture of Rhodiola rosea L.

Research paper thumbnail of Advances in the Removal of Cr(III) from Spent Industrial Effluents—A Review

Materials

The review presents advances in the removal of Cr(III) from the industrial effluents published in... more The review presents advances in the removal of Cr(III) from the industrial effluents published in the last ten years. Although Cr(III) has low solubility and is less dangerous for the aquatic environment than Cr(VI), it cannot be released into the aquatic environment without limitations and its content in water should be restricted. The development of efficient techniques for the removal of Cr(III) is also a response to the problem of chromium wastewater containing Cr(VI) ions. Very often the first step in dealing with such wastewater is the reduction in chromium content. In some cases, removal of Cr(III) from wastewaters is an important step for pretreatment of solutions to prepare them for subsequent recovery of other metals. In the review, hydrometallurgical operations for Cr(III) removal are presented, including examples of Cr(III) recovery from real industrial effluents with precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, extraction, membrane techniques, microbial-enhanced techniques,...

Research paper thumbnail of Capacitor lifetime prolonged by addition of organic ammonium salt with cyclohexyl substituent and 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic anion

Electrochemistry Communications

Research paper thumbnail of Highly anti–corrosive treatment of low–carbon steel

Ceramics International, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of construction of ionic liquid precursors containing bisulfate or sulfate anion on the rate of reaction creating electroactive paste used in lead acid battery

Research paper thumbnail of Wpływ budowy prekursorów cieczy jonowych, zawierających anion wodorosiarczanowy (VI) lub siarczanowy (VI), na szybkość reakcji tworzenia elektroaktywnej pasty do akumulatora kwasowo-ołowiowego

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of addition of ionic liquids precursors with bisulphate and sulphate anions on hydrogen and oxygen evolution potential

Research paper thumbnail of Zastosowanie cieczy jonowych zawierających grupy HSO 4 – w ogniwach kwasowo-ołowiowych

Research paper thumbnail of Diffusion dialysis and extraction integrated system for recovery of cobalt(II) from industrial effluent

Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2021

This paper presents multistage hydrometallurgical separation of Co(II) from wastewater, achieved ... more This paper presents multistage hydrometallurgical separation of Co(II) from wastewater, achieved in an integrated system containing diffusion dialysis (DD) to decrease the acidity of the industrial effluentpregnant leach solution (PLS), followed by precipitation of Al(III), Fe(III) and Cr(III) hydroxides, selective extraction of Co(II) with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), stripping of Co(II) from the loaded organic phase to form an electrolyte. DD results indicate that minimum metal ion content in the dialysate and high concentration of H + (1.5− 3 M) can be achieved by conducting the process at a low flow rate, but for a longer time. The feed after DD was effectively purified by precipitation of Cr(III), Al(III) hydroxides, and some admixtures of Cu (II) and Fe(III) to ensure that those metals will not disturb the liquid-liquid extraction of Co(II) at pH 5.2. High distribution ratio values for Co(II) extraction mean that ions of this metal can be selectively separated from the remaining ions present in the feed, especially Ni(II), and transported to the organic phase. The application of H 2 SO 4 solution and the dialysate as stripping phases indicates that the dialysate more efficiently stripped most of the metal ions from the extract, thus forming Co(II) rich electrolyte for further electrodeposition of the metal. Finally, Co(II) electrowinning from a model stripping solution was investigated and the preliminary results showed that good quality metallic cobalt can be deposited.

Research paper thumbnail of Możliwości ograniczenia korozji stopów ołowiu w akumulatorze kwasowo-ołowiowym poprzez zastosowanie dodatku cieczy jonowych

OCHRONA PRZED KOROZJĄ, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Electrochemical properties of positive electrode in lead-acid battery modified by ammonium-based ionic liquids

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2017

The influence of selected types of ammonium ionic liquid (AIL) additives on corrosion and functio... more The influence of selected types of ammonium ionic liquid (AIL) additives on corrosion and functional parameters of lead-acid battery positive electrode was examined. AILs with a bisulfate anion used in the experiments were classified as protic, aprotic, monomeric, and polymeric, based on the structure of their cation. Working electrodes consisted of a lead-calcium-tin alloy utilized in the industry for manufacturing current collectors of positive electrodes in lead-acid batteries (LABs). This alloy was used in the first part of the study for the evaluation of corrosion intensity and stability of electrolyte with AIL additives. In the second part, the grid made of the examined alloy was covered with positive active mass, the composition of which was modified by selected AIL. The selection of an appropriate substance was made based on parameters such as corrosion potential, corrosion current, polarization resistance, and hydrogen and oxygen evolution potentials. Techniques such as linear sweep voltammetry, corrosimetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used. The conducted measurements revealed that polymeric AIL additive had an exceptionally positive influence on the inhibition of the corrosion process in LAB and electrochemical window of the electrolyte. The influence of this compound on the specific capacity and resistance of the active mass was also discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of The Influence of Carbon Material Modification on The Pseudocapacitive Effect

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019

The research and development of new carbon materials of electrochemical capacitors cause a huge i... more The research and development of new carbon materials of electrochemical capacitors cause a huge interest in chemical power sources causes. The appropriate modification of carbon materials leads to an increase in supercapacitor capacitance. Therefore, activated carbon was modified by ozone treatment. The process of ozonation was carried out for 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min. Moreover, activated carbon was also modified by cobalt(II) hydroxide impregnation in order to construct asymmetric electrochemical capacitor. The performance of electrochemical capacitors has been examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge in 1 M H 2 SO4, 1 M Na 2 SO4 and 6 M KOH.

Research paper thumbnail of Peruvian Maca (Lepidium peruvianum) - III: The Effects of Cultivation Altitude on Phytochemical and Genetic Differences in the Four Prime Maca Phenotypes

International journal of biomedical science : IJBS, 2017

In two trials, dietary and Glucosinolates' characteristics in four Maca phenotypes have been ... more In two trials, dietary and Glucosinolates' characteristics in four Maca phenotypes have been examined with an extension into the determination of DNA sequences. Hypocotyls of the four prime phenotypes of Peruvian Maca - Lepidium peruvianum Chacon, labelled as "Yellow", "Black", "Red" and "Purple" were separated from mixed Maca crops cultivated in four geographically-distant locations in the Peruvian Andes at altitudes between 2,800m and 4,300 m a.s.l. It was found that at higher altitudes where Red and Purple Maca phenotypes were grown, the significantly higher (P<0.05) Glucosinolates' concentrations, adopted as the marker of Maca physiological activity, were observed with the Purple phenotype showing the highest Glucosinolates' content at 4,300m a.s.l., followed by the Red-coloured hypocotyls. Black Maca showed a reversal, but also a significant (P<0.05) trend, while the Yellow phenotype showed no visible altitude-inflicted ...

Research paper thumbnail of Wpływ dodatku polimerowych cieczy jonowych na właściwości korozyjne akumulatora kwasowo-ołowiowego

Research paper thumbnail of Nickel Coatings Electrodeposited from Watts Type Baths Containing Quaternary Ammonium Sulphate Salts

International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2017

The paper presents the anti-corrosive properties of nickel coatings, deposited on the surface of ... more The paper presents the anti-corrosive properties of nickel coatings, deposited on the surface of the steel AISI 1018 from Watts type baths, containing protic and aprotic quaternary ammonium sulphate salts additives. Nickel electrodeposition was carried out using two different values of current density. Four different solutions contained protic and aprotic quaternary ammonium sulphate salts with a different number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray scattering methods were used to analyse the surface of obtained coatings. Anti-corrosive properties were determined by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The results demonstrate a significant effect of current density values on the texture and thickness of the nickel coatings, and quaternary ammonium salts on their anti-corrosive properties. Samples containing aprotic salts with three-CH 3 substituents and the carbon chain of 6 carbon atoms inhibit the corrosion process to the greatest extent.

Research paper thumbnail of The application of activated carbon modified by ozone treatment for energy storage

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2016

Activated carbon modified by ozone treatment was examined. The process was carried out in a glass... more Activated carbon modified by ozone treatment was examined. The process was carried out in a glass reactor under a continuous flow of ozone through a bed of activated carbon for 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. The modified and unmodified carbon materials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis was used to estimate the presence of oxygen groups in the carbon structure. The surface area and pore size distribution were examined by nitrogen adsorption method at 77 K. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to estimate the functional groups of modified activated carbon. The carbon content was estimated using the elemental analysis. The process of ozonation increases oxygen functionalities, thus the activated carbon was tested as electrodes for an electrochemical capacitor. The performance of an electrochemical capacitor was estimated by selected alternating (AC) and direct current (DC) methods in 1 M H 2 SO 4 , 1 M Na 2 SO 4 , and 6 M KOH electrolytes.

Research paper thumbnail of Use of waste electrode materials for production of positive plates of lead-acid batteries Badania możliwości wykorzystania odpadowych materiałów elektrodowych do produkcji dodatnich płyt akumulatora kwasowo-ołowiowego

Research paper thumbnail of Chromium(III) Removal from Nickel(II)-Containing Waste Solutions as a Pretreatment Step in a Hydrometallurgical Process

Materials

This paper presents Cr(III) removal from nickel sulfate waste solutions as a pretreatment step fo... more This paper presents Cr(III) removal from nickel sulfate waste solutions as a pretreatment step for the modification of hydrogen storage alloys. Adsorption with two cation exchange resins, Dowex G26 (strongly acidic) and MAC-3 (weakly acidic), and precipitation with various solutions were chosen as simple operations for Cr(III) removal from waste solutions. The adsorption of Cr(III) was investigated for both model and real waste nickel solutions. Dowex G26 appeared to be more efficient in Cr(III) removal (RCr(III) from 43 to 80%) than MAC-3 (RCr(III) from 40 to 53%). However, the adsorption from multi-component solutions (presence of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cr(III)) showed no selectivity in Cr(III) adsorption in comparison to those of Co(II) and Ni(II). Cr(III), Ni(II) and Co(II) were removed at a comparable level (30–36%) from a three-component solution of 10 g/dm3 of each metal ion, and a 56–72% removal of these ions was achieved from the real solution. Therefore, the precipitation of C...

Research paper thumbnail of Ciecze jonowe jako dodatek do masy elektrodowej akumulatorów kwasowo-ołowiowych

Research paper thumbnail of Positive electrode material in lead-acid car battery modified by protic ammonium ionic liquid

Journal of Energy Storage, 2019

The aim of the presented study was to develop a feasible and technologically viable modification ... more The aim of the presented study was to develop a feasible and technologically viable modification of a 12 V leadacid battery, which improves its energy density, capacity and lifetime. The proposed solution promotes the addition of a protic ammonium ionic liquid to the active mass of the positive electrode in the lead-acid battery. The experiments included the synthesis and characterisation of several protic ammonium-based ionic liquids, which differed in terms of the length of the side chain in the cation. A three-stage procedure of the battery test was proposed. First, a laboratory model with a Pb-Ca-Sn alloy as a working electrode and ionic liquids as additives to the electrolytes enabled the selection of the best modifier. Addition of the best-studied ionic liquid, N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonium sulfate, suppressed the corrosion of current collector material by approx. 70% and increased the overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction. Afterwards, tests on 2 V model lead-acid cells were carried out to compare the various concentrations of the ionic liquid in the active mass. Finally, tests on 12 V lead-acid batteries with 0.5% of protic ionic liquid were performed to evaluate the final influence on the full, industrial product.

Research paper thumbnail of Enhancing the biosynthesis of salidroside by biotransformation of p-tyrosol in callus culture of Rhodiola rosea L

Enhancing the biosynthesis of salidroside by biotransformation of p-tyrosol in callus culture of ... more Enhancing the biosynthesis of salidroside by biotransformation of p-tyrosol in callus culture of Rhodiola rosea L.

Research paper thumbnail of Advances in the Removal of Cr(III) from Spent Industrial Effluents—A Review

Materials

The review presents advances in the removal of Cr(III) from the industrial effluents published in... more The review presents advances in the removal of Cr(III) from the industrial effluents published in the last ten years. Although Cr(III) has low solubility and is less dangerous for the aquatic environment than Cr(VI), it cannot be released into the aquatic environment without limitations and its content in water should be restricted. The development of efficient techniques for the removal of Cr(III) is also a response to the problem of chromium wastewater containing Cr(VI) ions. Very often the first step in dealing with such wastewater is the reduction in chromium content. In some cases, removal of Cr(III) from wastewaters is an important step for pretreatment of solutions to prepare them for subsequent recovery of other metals. In the review, hydrometallurgical operations for Cr(III) removal are presented, including examples of Cr(III) recovery from real industrial effluents with precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, extraction, membrane techniques, microbial-enhanced techniques,...

Research paper thumbnail of Capacitor lifetime prolonged by addition of organic ammonium salt with cyclohexyl substituent and 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic anion

Electrochemistry Communications

Research paper thumbnail of Highly anti–corrosive treatment of low–carbon steel

Ceramics International, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of construction of ionic liquid precursors containing bisulfate or sulfate anion on the rate of reaction creating electroactive paste used in lead acid battery

Research paper thumbnail of Wpływ budowy prekursorów cieczy jonowych, zawierających anion wodorosiarczanowy (VI) lub siarczanowy (VI), na szybkość reakcji tworzenia elektroaktywnej pasty do akumulatora kwasowo-ołowiowego

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of addition of ionic liquids precursors with bisulphate and sulphate anions on hydrogen and oxygen evolution potential

Research paper thumbnail of Zastosowanie cieczy jonowych zawierających grupy HSO 4 – w ogniwach kwasowo-ołowiowych

Research paper thumbnail of Diffusion dialysis and extraction integrated system for recovery of cobalt(II) from industrial effluent

Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2021

This paper presents multistage hydrometallurgical separation of Co(II) from wastewater, achieved ... more This paper presents multistage hydrometallurgical separation of Co(II) from wastewater, achieved in an integrated system containing diffusion dialysis (DD) to decrease the acidity of the industrial effluentpregnant leach solution (PLS), followed by precipitation of Al(III), Fe(III) and Cr(III) hydroxides, selective extraction of Co(II) with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), stripping of Co(II) from the loaded organic phase to form an electrolyte. DD results indicate that minimum metal ion content in the dialysate and high concentration of H + (1.5− 3 M) can be achieved by conducting the process at a low flow rate, but for a longer time. The feed after DD was effectively purified by precipitation of Cr(III), Al(III) hydroxides, and some admixtures of Cu (II) and Fe(III) to ensure that those metals will not disturb the liquid-liquid extraction of Co(II) at pH 5.2. High distribution ratio values for Co(II) extraction mean that ions of this metal can be selectively separated from the remaining ions present in the feed, especially Ni(II), and transported to the organic phase. The application of H 2 SO 4 solution and the dialysate as stripping phases indicates that the dialysate more efficiently stripped most of the metal ions from the extract, thus forming Co(II) rich electrolyte for further electrodeposition of the metal. Finally, Co(II) electrowinning from a model stripping solution was investigated and the preliminary results showed that good quality metallic cobalt can be deposited.

Research paper thumbnail of Możliwości ograniczenia korozji stopów ołowiu w akumulatorze kwasowo-ołowiowym poprzez zastosowanie dodatku cieczy jonowych

OCHRONA PRZED KOROZJĄ, 2018

Research paper thumbnail of Electrochemical properties of positive electrode in lead-acid battery modified by ammonium-based ionic liquids

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2017

The influence of selected types of ammonium ionic liquid (AIL) additives on corrosion and functio... more The influence of selected types of ammonium ionic liquid (AIL) additives on corrosion and functional parameters of lead-acid battery positive electrode was examined. AILs with a bisulfate anion used in the experiments were classified as protic, aprotic, monomeric, and polymeric, based on the structure of their cation. Working electrodes consisted of a lead-calcium-tin alloy utilized in the industry for manufacturing current collectors of positive electrodes in lead-acid batteries (LABs). This alloy was used in the first part of the study for the evaluation of corrosion intensity and stability of electrolyte with AIL additives. In the second part, the grid made of the examined alloy was covered with positive active mass, the composition of which was modified by selected AIL. The selection of an appropriate substance was made based on parameters such as corrosion potential, corrosion current, polarization resistance, and hydrogen and oxygen evolution potentials. Techniques such as linear sweep voltammetry, corrosimetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used. The conducted measurements revealed that polymeric AIL additive had an exceptionally positive influence on the inhibition of the corrosion process in LAB and electrochemical window of the electrolyte. The influence of this compound on the specific capacity and resistance of the active mass was also discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of The Influence of Carbon Material Modification on The Pseudocapacitive Effect

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019

The research and development of new carbon materials of electrochemical capacitors cause a huge i... more The research and development of new carbon materials of electrochemical capacitors cause a huge interest in chemical power sources causes. The appropriate modification of carbon materials leads to an increase in supercapacitor capacitance. Therefore, activated carbon was modified by ozone treatment. The process of ozonation was carried out for 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min. Moreover, activated carbon was also modified by cobalt(II) hydroxide impregnation in order to construct asymmetric electrochemical capacitor. The performance of electrochemical capacitors has been examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge in 1 M H 2 SO4, 1 M Na 2 SO4 and 6 M KOH.

Research paper thumbnail of Peruvian Maca (Lepidium peruvianum) - III: The Effects of Cultivation Altitude on Phytochemical and Genetic Differences in the Four Prime Maca Phenotypes

International journal of biomedical science : IJBS, 2017

In two trials, dietary and Glucosinolates' characteristics in four Maca phenotypes have been ... more In two trials, dietary and Glucosinolates' characteristics in four Maca phenotypes have been examined with an extension into the determination of DNA sequences. Hypocotyls of the four prime phenotypes of Peruvian Maca - Lepidium peruvianum Chacon, labelled as "Yellow", "Black", "Red" and "Purple" were separated from mixed Maca crops cultivated in four geographically-distant locations in the Peruvian Andes at altitudes between 2,800m and 4,300 m a.s.l. It was found that at higher altitudes where Red and Purple Maca phenotypes were grown, the significantly higher (P<0.05) Glucosinolates' concentrations, adopted as the marker of Maca physiological activity, were observed with the Purple phenotype showing the highest Glucosinolates' content at 4,300m a.s.l., followed by the Red-coloured hypocotyls. Black Maca showed a reversal, but also a significant (P<0.05) trend, while the Yellow phenotype showed no visible altitude-inflicted ...

Research paper thumbnail of Wpływ dodatku polimerowych cieczy jonowych na właściwości korozyjne akumulatora kwasowo-ołowiowego

Research paper thumbnail of Nickel Coatings Electrodeposited from Watts Type Baths Containing Quaternary Ammonium Sulphate Salts

International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2017

The paper presents the anti-corrosive properties of nickel coatings, deposited on the surface of ... more The paper presents the anti-corrosive properties of nickel coatings, deposited on the surface of the steel AISI 1018 from Watts type baths, containing protic and aprotic quaternary ammonium sulphate salts additives. Nickel electrodeposition was carried out using two different values of current density. Four different solutions contained protic and aprotic quaternary ammonium sulphate salts with a different number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray scattering methods were used to analyse the surface of obtained coatings. Anti-corrosive properties were determined by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The results demonstrate a significant effect of current density values on the texture and thickness of the nickel coatings, and quaternary ammonium salts on their anti-corrosive properties. Samples containing aprotic salts with three-CH 3 substituents and the carbon chain of 6 carbon atoms inhibit the corrosion process to the greatest extent.

Research paper thumbnail of The application of activated carbon modified by ozone treatment for energy storage

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2016

Activated carbon modified by ozone treatment was examined. The process was carried out in a glass... more Activated carbon modified by ozone treatment was examined. The process was carried out in a glass reactor under a continuous flow of ozone through a bed of activated carbon for 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. The modified and unmodified carbon materials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis was used to estimate the presence of oxygen groups in the carbon structure. The surface area and pore size distribution were examined by nitrogen adsorption method at 77 K. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to estimate the functional groups of modified activated carbon. The carbon content was estimated using the elemental analysis. The process of ozonation increases oxygen functionalities, thus the activated carbon was tested as electrodes for an electrochemical capacitor. The performance of an electrochemical capacitor was estimated by selected alternating (AC) and direct current (DC) methods in 1 M H 2 SO 4 , 1 M Na 2 SO 4 , and 6 M KOH electrolytes.

Research paper thumbnail of Use of waste electrode materials for production of positive plates of lead-acid batteries Badania możliwości wykorzystania odpadowych materiałów elektrodowych do produkcji dodatnich płyt akumulatora kwasowo-ołowiowego

Research paper thumbnail of Chromium(III) Removal from Nickel(II)-Containing Waste Solutions as a Pretreatment Step in a Hydrometallurgical Process

Materials

This paper presents Cr(III) removal from nickel sulfate waste solutions as a pretreatment step fo... more This paper presents Cr(III) removal from nickel sulfate waste solutions as a pretreatment step for the modification of hydrogen storage alloys. Adsorption with two cation exchange resins, Dowex G26 (strongly acidic) and MAC-3 (weakly acidic), and precipitation with various solutions were chosen as simple operations for Cr(III) removal from waste solutions. The adsorption of Cr(III) was investigated for both model and real waste nickel solutions. Dowex G26 appeared to be more efficient in Cr(III) removal (RCr(III) from 43 to 80%) than MAC-3 (RCr(III) from 40 to 53%). However, the adsorption from multi-component solutions (presence of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cr(III)) showed no selectivity in Cr(III) adsorption in comparison to those of Co(II) and Ni(II). Cr(III), Ni(II) and Co(II) were removed at a comparable level (30–36%) from a three-component solution of 10 g/dm3 of each metal ion, and a 56–72% removal of these ions was achieved from the real solution. Therefore, the precipitation of C...

Research paper thumbnail of Ciecze jonowe jako dodatek do masy elektrodowej akumulatorów kwasowo-ołowiowych

Research paper thumbnail of Positive electrode material in lead-acid car battery modified by protic ammonium ionic liquid

Journal of Energy Storage, 2019

The aim of the presented study was to develop a feasible and technologically viable modification ... more The aim of the presented study was to develop a feasible and technologically viable modification of a 12 V leadacid battery, which improves its energy density, capacity and lifetime. The proposed solution promotes the addition of a protic ammonium ionic liquid to the active mass of the positive electrode in the lead-acid battery. The experiments included the synthesis and characterisation of several protic ammonium-based ionic liquids, which differed in terms of the length of the side chain in the cation. A three-stage procedure of the battery test was proposed. First, a laboratory model with a Pb-Ca-Sn alloy as a working electrode and ionic liquids as additives to the electrolytes enabled the selection of the best modifier. Addition of the best-studied ionic liquid, N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonium sulfate, suppressed the corrosion of current collector material by approx. 70% and increased the overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction. Afterwards, tests on 2 V model lead-acid cells were carried out to compare the various concentrations of the ionic liquid in the active mass. Finally, tests on 12 V lead-acid batteries with 0.5% of protic ionic liquid were performed to evaluate the final influence on the full, industrial product.