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Papers by Marek Półrolniczak

Research paper thumbnail of Urban growth’s implications on land surface temperature in a medium-sized European city based on LCZ classification

Scientific reports, Apr 9, 2024

of roughness elements, and terrain roughness class 21. The LCZ classification is widely used in s... more of roughness elements, and terrain roughness class 21. The LCZ classification is widely used in studies on urban climate; in estimating a correlation between the urban morphology and LST and UHI 22-25 , to detail studies on heat and cold waves in urban areas 26,27 , in the estimation of the impact of LCZ changes on LST 28,29 as well as in the works focused on the methodology of the classifying urban areas 30-34. The World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT), developed the procedure, and later the online generator, to carry on LCZ classification in a simple and objective way 30,31,35. The WUDAPT procedure used in this study, allows the classification of the urban areas and the determination of the spatial range of distinguished LCZ classes based on commonly available and free Landsat data. For the estimation of the thermal differentiation of distinguished LCZs Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 data are used 24,36. According to Lehnert et al. 37 remote sensing LST measurements are used for the thermal analysis of LCZ in 17% of the studies. Besides the satellite imagery, other researchers also use in-situ data 26,38 or both 35. The most popular sensor used for the research on LST is Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 39. The entire Earth surface is orbited every one to two days utilising 36 bands with spatial resolution from 250 to 1000 m 40. However, in the research on the anthroposphere Landsat satellites take over. The Landsat mission includes eight generations of satellites. Landsat products are characterized by higher spatial resolutions, from 30 to 120 m, but lower temporal resolution, with revisits every ~ 16 days. However, Landsat starts from 1982 and provides the longer data series than MODIS 39,40. Studies on urban areas are focused on characterising the difference between urban and non-urban areas which does not require high temporal resolution 39 but higher spatial resolution. In this study MODIS 8-day LST product was used in modelling coupled with the Copernicus imperviousness density product (IMD). The IMD product was used also by Demuzere et al. 41 in mapping of LCZs for Europe. In our research it allowed us to estimate the influence of IMD on LST and hence the potential LST change due to transformations from one LCZ to another. Poznań (52° 18′ N-52° 30′ N, 16° 48′ E-17° 04′ E) is eighth in terms of area (261.8 km 2), and fifth in terms of population in cities in Poland (541 316, stated at 31.12.2022) 42. The city is located in Central Europe on an elevation between 60 and 154 m asl (Fig. 1). Poznań is situated in a temperate climate zone, transitional between oceanic and continental. The annual average air temperature in Poznań is 9.5 °C (1991-2020), with the highest temperature in July (19.5 °C) and the lowest in January (− 0.4 °C). The average annual precipitation is 539 mm, with the highest in July (84.4 mm) and the lowest in February (30.7 mm). Due to the location, the most common advection brings the polar air masses from the west (around 70%); polar continental, arctic, and tropical air masses are significantly less frequent 43,44. The studies carried out so far in Poznań confirmed occurrence of the UHI phenomenon that was investigated based on in situ measurements and remote sensing data (SUHI). Remote sensing data were used also in air temperature modelling. An increased frequency and intensity of heat waves as well as a decrease in the number of cold days and cold waves was noted 44,46,47. The research of Półrolniczak et al. 48 found the intensity of UHI significantly higher in anticyclonic conditions. In preliminary research using Corine Land Cover (CLC) database 49 it was also confirmed that anthropogenic surfaces in Poznań increased at the expense of agricultural areas from 46.8% in 1990 to 57.5% in 2018. Each city is unique, has a distinct environment, geography, structure and its own specific local climate. Accordingly, it is still important to develop the climate research in the cities, especially considering the uncertainties of the directions of urbanisation in the future 50. Our research, examining shifts from the past to present, aims to enhance our understanding of the relationship between urban structures and local climate. We prioritised capturing the influence of the urban growth, hence in the research instead of 30 years of climatological cycle we utilised the data based on the maximum temporal availability to estimate the LULC changes. The selection was also limited by the requirements like similar weather conditions and lack of cloud cover over the research area, thus the utilised data does not coincide with the beginning of the Landsat 5 activity. Taking into account LCZ classification and remote sensing data we can address the goal of the research in assessing how changes in LULC over 33 years influenced LST in the medium-sized Central European city. Until now similar research in Europe has not been conducted. Poznań belongs to the group of the medium-sized expanding cities, which is the most vulnerable to the risk of experiencing extreme urban heating effects 14. In the last 30 years, the annual mean air temperature trend in Poznań has shown an increase of + 4.6 °C per 100 years 43. Our research will help to understand the urban environment better and draw conclusions for spatial planning strategies as well as urbanisation law regulations, and improving the citizens' well-being 12. Methods Figure 2 provides a graphical representation of the procedural framework used in our research. It consists of the key steps used in estimation of the urban growth's implications on LST.

Research paper thumbnail of Biometeorological Conditions in Poznań, Poland: Insights from In Situ Summer Data

Atmosphere, Apr 3, 2024

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Temperatura powietrza i wielkość opadów atmosferycznych w województwie łódzkim w latach 1966-2021

Badania Fizjograficzne Seria A - Geografia Fizyczna

The aim of the study is to investigate the course of air temperature and precipitation in Łódź Pr... more The aim of the study is to investigate the course of air temperature and precipitation in Łódź Province in 1966–2021. The study uses daily data provided by the IMGW-PIB net from three meteorological stations: Łódź–Lublinek, Sulejów, and Wieluń. The average air temperature in Łódź province is 8.3ºC. When analyzing the annual course of air temperature, the lowest values were recorded in January (2.1ºC on average), the highest were recorded in July (18.4ºC). A growing, statistically significant trend in air temperature was observed at all the stations in the analyzed multi-year period. The rate of changes in the average air temperature in Łódź province reached the maximum value of 0.35°C/10 years at all the three analyzed stations. The average rainfall totals in Łódź province are not very diversified. The average annual sum of precipitation in the analyzed period in Łódź province ranged from 562.2 mm to 597.2 mm. On a seasonal scale, the heaviest precipitation was in the summer months ...

Research paper thumbnail of Występowanie sytuacji meteorotropowych w Polsce w latach 2000-2020

Badania Fizjograficzne Seria A - Geografia Fizyczna

Meteotropic situations are defined as weather that may affect human health and exacerbate disease... more Meteotropic situations are defined as weather that may affect human health and exacerbate diseases, especially in sensitive persons. The main objective of the paper is to determine the occurrence of meteotropic situations in Poland in years 2000–2020. The study took into account the characteristic elements such as very hot days (tmax> 30°C), frosty days (tmax< 0°C), day-to-day changes of mean daily air temperature (Δtśr> 6°C), day-to-day changes of mean daily air pressure (≥ 8 hPa) and days with insolation deficit. The research indicated that the highest heat stress strain is typical of the western and central parts of Poland and the highest low air temperature stimuli intensity of high mountain regions. Then, the highest fluctuations of the air temperature interdiurnal variation are characteristic of high mountain regions with the air pressure interdiurnal changes typical of the coastal region. According to our research, the most frequent meteotropic situation was associat...

Research paper thumbnail of Seasonality and weather condition’s effect on human perception of the urban-rural transitional landscape

Landscape perception research has been around for some time now; however, research into the impac... more Landscape perception research has been around for some time now; however, research into the impact of seasonally changing landscape characteristics with the simultaneous influence of the weather on such perception are rather rare. In an attempt to fill such a lacuna, basic eye-tracking metrics were calculated according to fixation and saccades for the whole tested landscape, while its areas of interest (AOIs) were established based on clustering methods. Moreover, the gaze pattern was analysed using the Voronoi cells method. To identify significant differences in landscape perception according to various weather and seasonal conditions, nonparametric tests were applied. The significant influence of both weather and seasonality is noticed, as well as their synergistic influence on the suburban landscape visual perception. Moreover, the results indicate a rather complex influence of the analysed types of weather in warmer and cooler seasons. Regardless of the weather type, seasonal ch...

Research paper thumbnail of Korelacja Zmian Stężeń Pyłów Zawieszonych PM10 Z Typami Cyrkulacji Atmosferycznej W Koninie W Latach 2012–2016

Badania Fizjograficzne Seria A - Geografia Fizyczna, 1970

The subject of the paper is the influence of atmospheric circulation on the content of suspended ... more The subject of the paper is the influence of atmospheric circulation on the content of suspended PM10 in the air in Konin. For this purpose dust concentrations from the period 2012–2016 were generally characterized. PM10 particulate matter concentration average hourly data were obtained from the Main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection website. Based on these data, long-term, seasonal and daily changes in the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere were investigated. The study analysed the daily variability of the PM10 suspended particulate matter concentration to present seasonal differences (in hot and cold seasons). In order to determine the influence of atmospheric circulation on the PM10 particulate matter concentration, the concentration levels data were compared with the types of circulation prevailing on the same day. In this study according to synoptic maps the days with maximum and minimum concentrations PM levels were analysed. It was found which type of meteorological ...

Research paper thumbnail of Bioklimat wybranych miast pasa Pobrzeży Południowobałtyckich na podstawie uniwersalnego wskaźnika obciążenia cieplnego

The paper addresses the bioclimatic conditions of selected towns of the southern part of the Poli... more The paper addresses the bioclimatic conditions of selected towns of the southern part of the Polish Baltic Coast on the basis of the UTCI index. Moreover, the authors, by using observational data from coastline stations, as well as reanalysis data of the mean sea level pressure and the 500 hPa geopotential height from the NCEP/NCAR, attempt to explain which synoptic situations are conductive to the occurrence of days with very strong and extreme cold or heat stress. The research proved that the lack of thermal stress occurs most frequently. Among days with aggravating conditions days with the cold stress category appear most frequently. The study of long-term trends showed a statistically significant increase in the value of the UTCI index in the year and seasons. An analysis of days by the UTCI index category trends showed an increase in the number of days with conditions of both heat and cold stress in Świnoujście and Łeba, heat stress in Kołobrzeg and cold stress in Hel.

Research paper thumbnail of Cold spells in the city of Poznań and their circulation conditions

Theoretical and applied climatology, Apr 13, 2024

Wolock (2010) an increase in mean winter Norther Hemisphere temperature is associated with a subs... more Wolock (2010) an increase in mean winter Norther Hemisphere temperature is associated with a substantial decrease in snow cover extent since about 1970.Similar directions of change were also indicated in numerous studies from the territory of Poland (Kejna and Rudzki 2021; Marosz et al. 2023). As pointed out in studies based on long measurement series, a clear increase in the rate of air temperature rise has been noted since the end of the 1980s (Migała et al. 2016; Kolendowicz et al. 2019; Pospieszyńska and Przybylak 2019). The most intense warming was recorded in winter and spring (or spring and winter) (Kolendowicz et al. 2019; Pospieszyńska and Przybylak 2019). Similar results were obtained by Ustrnul et al. (2021) analysing changes in thermal conditions in Poland between 1951 and 2018. As demonstrated by Kejna and Rudzki (2021), the increase in the average annual air temperature in Poland between 1961 and 2018 was 0.3 °C/10 years. The most significant changes were recorded on the Silesian, Wielkopolska, and Mazovian lowlands, and in the central part of the Baltic coast. The results presented above were obtained based on research conducted using synoptic stations located in the outskirts of cities. Such a location does not fully reflect the conditions prevailing in the urban area, which are varied and are the result of specific physical properties of materials covering the ground in the city, absorbing more solar radiation than they reflect (Oke 1982; Lopes et al. 2001; Błażejczyk

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Atmospheric Circulation on Cloudiness and Cloud Types in Petuniabukta and Svalbard-Lufthavn in Summer 2016

Atmosphere

The paper analyzes the influence of atmospheric circulation on cloudiness and cloud types during ... more The paper analyzes the influence of atmospheric circulation on cloudiness and cloud types during July and August of 2016 in Petuniabukta and Svalbard-Lufthavn. For the meteorological parameters, basic statistical measures were calculated and the average diurnal cloud patterns were analyzed. Taking the data from meteorological reanalysis (NCEP/NCAR-The National Centers for Atmospheric Prediction/The National Center for Atmospheric Research) regarding the mean sea-level pressure (SLP), 500 hPa geopotential height, and air temperature at 850 hPa (T850), composite maps of the synoptic situation for the studied area were constructed. For the observed types of clouds, the frequency of their occurrence in particular types of atmospheric circulation was then determined according to the Niedźwiedź classification. Differences in the amount of cloudiness in the examined measuring points were ascertained. The occurrence of cloud types is associated with both the direction of air mass advection ...

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of Surface Precipitation Type Based on the Data Fusion Approach

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of weather and level of observer expertise on suburban landscape perception

Building and Environment

Research on landscape perception has a long tradition, whereas attempts to determine the influenc... more Research on landscape perception has a long tradition, whereas attempts to determine the influence of weather conditions on such perception are rare. The objective of this study is to determine if positive or negative weather type can influence the expert and layman's perception of the suburban landscape. Based on fixations and saccades, the chosen eye-tracking metrics were calculated on the basis of the tested landscape scene as a whole as well as established areas of interest (AOIs). Nonparametric tests and the Voronoi cell method were applied to identify the differences among visual approaches. The research results indicate that the landscape perception is influenced by the weather type. The fixation and saccades in positive weather (sunny high-pressure weather) are significantly shorter, while the distribution of gaze intensity is different compared to negative weather. Significant differences between experts and laymen concerning fixations and saccades were found during positive weather, in negative weather type, both groups observe the landscape in a rather similar fashion. Taking into account the division into AOIs, significant differences in the perception of the test landscape mainly concerned centrally located AOIs and the horizon zone. An analysis using Voronoi cells indicates that regardless of weather type, the distribution of gaze intensity for the group of experts is greater than for the group of laymen. Moreover, it can be noted that the weather generally affects the entire gamut of all respondents' gaze, and that experts and laymen observe the landscape differently in both types of weather.

Research paper thumbnail of Międzydobowe zmiany ciśnienia atmosferycznego w Poznaniu na tle typów cyrkulacji atmosferycznej

Research paper thumbnail of Stan badań klimatu Poznania ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pola temperatury i zjawiska miejskiej wyspy ciepła

The article describes the most important results from selected papers concerning the climate of P... more The article describes the most important results from selected papers concerning the climate of Poznan. The structure of the paper is twofold. The first part presents articles and topics which are based on the data recoded in the Poznan-Ławica airport meteorological station. The second part presents papers where, in addition to data from the airport station, data from the network measurements of municipal stations are also included. This section contains issues concerning the urban heat island, the surface urban heat island, relations between the urban heat island and atmospheric circulation, the characteristics of air temperature and surface temperature according to the Corine Land Cover classification types, as well as information on the creation of a statistical model of air temperature in town according to satellite and in situ data derived from municipal station.

Research paper thumbnail of Regional circulation patterns inducing coastal upwelling in the Baltic Sea

Theoretical and Applied Climatology

Atmospheric feedback involved in the occurrence of coastal upwelling in a small semi-enclosed sea... more Atmospheric feedback involved in the occurrence of coastal upwelling in a small semi-enclosed sea basin, i.e., the Baltic Sea, was analysed, and the regional circulation conditions triggering upwelling in different coastal sections were identified. Upwelling in the summer season (June–August, years 1982–2017) was recognized on the basis of sea surface temperature patterns. Circulation conditions were defined using (1) the established daily indices of zonal and meridional airflow and (2) the synoptic situation at sea level distinguished by applying rotated principal component analysis to sea level pressure data. The 12 daily synoptic patterns differed substantially in the intensity and location of their pressure centres. The mean seasonal frequency of upwelling was generally higher along the western Baltic shores than along the meridionally oriented eastern shores and varied from less than 10 to over 30% along the more predestined coastal sections, i.e., the northwestern coast of the...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Impact of Wind Conditions on Urban Heat Islands in Large Australian Cities

Journal of Ecological Engineering

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of synoptic conditions patterns on air temperature and humidity in Petuniabukta (Svalbard) in summer 2016

This article aims to analyse the influence of weather types on meteorological conditions in Petun... more This article aims to analyse the influence of weather types on meteorological conditions in Petuniabukta (Svalbard) during July and August of 2016. The paper analyses the daily courses of air temperature and humidity at four measurement points located on the west bank of Petuniabukta near Adam Mickiewicz University Polar Station during two different types of weather conditions: (i) cloudy and windy, (ii) calm and clear. These weather types, distinguished on the basis of wind speed and cloudiness, allowed for the creation of composite maps of the synoptic situation (SLP and geopotential height of 500 hPa distribution) and its anomalies. In the study area, the air temperature range in windy and cloudy weather conditions was larger (-10°C to 15°C) than that in sunny and calm weather (0°C to 15°C), which contrasts the range of humidity values. The diurnal cycle of meteorological elements in sunny and calm days is strongly related to the sun elevation angle. In the above-mentioned weathe...

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Biometeorological Conditions on the Perception of Landscape

Atmosphere

A landscape is part of our daily lives and our perception of its features may significantly impac... more A landscape is part of our daily lives and our perception of its features may significantly impact our quality of life. This article presents the results of research aimed at determining the influence of biometeorological conditions on the way in which we perceive the landscape. An eye tracker was used throughout each season of the year to determine how 52 respondents observed the landscape while taking into consideration whether the landscape had a favorable or unfavorable impact on those same respondents. Additionally, each test was preceded by the completion of a questionnaire intended to assess the mental and physical state of each respondent. The calculated eye movement indexes demonstrated the impact of the biometeorological conditions on their perception of the landscape. Statistically significant differences in their perception of the landscape were ascertained depending on the type of weather and the respondents’ general feeling irrespective of their sex.

Research paper thumbnail of Thermal Conditions in the City of Poznań (Poland) during Selected Heat Waves

Atmosphere

The aim of the study was to characterise the occurrence of hot days and heat waves in Poznań in t... more The aim of the study was to characterise the occurrence of hot days and heat waves in Poznań in the 1966–2015 period, as well as to describe the thermal conditions in the city during selected heat waves between 2008 and 2015. The basis of the study was the daily maximum and minimum air temperature values for Poznań–Ławica station from 1966–2015 and the daily values of air temperature from eight measuring points located in the city in various land types from 2008 to 2015. A hot day was defined as a day with Tmax above the 95th annual percentile (from 1966 to 2015), while a heat wave was assumed to be at least five consecutive hot days. The research study conducted shows the increase of Tmax, number of hot days and frequency of heat waves in Poznań over the last 50 years. Across the area of the city (differentiation of urban area types according to Urban Atlas 2012), there was a great diversity of thermal conditions during the heat waves analysed.

Research paper thumbnail of Międzydobowe zmiany ciśnienia atmosferycznego w Polsce niekorzystne dla organizmu człowieka = Interdaily changes of the atmospheric pressure in Poland unfavourable for a human being’s organizm

Przegląd Geograficzny, 2012

Zarys treści. Wykorzystując dobowe wartości ciśnienia atmosferycznego sprowadzonego do poziomu mo... more Zarys treści. Wykorzystując dobowe wartości ciśnienia atmosferycznego sprowadzonego do poziomu morza z 29 stacji meteorologicznych IMGW, za lata 1986-2010, opracowano czasowy i przestrzenny rozkład międzydobowych zmian ciśnienia >8 i >12 hPa na terenie Polski. Oceniono częstość występowania zmian ciśnienia z doby na dobę w półroczach chłodnym i ciepłym oraz wielkość międzydobowych wzrostów i spadków ciśnienia >8 hPa. W kolejnym etapie pracy wyodrębniono ciągi trwające 2, 3, 4, 5 i więcej dni ze zmianami >8 hPa. Przeprowadzona analiza dała podstawę do wydzielenia na terenie Polski dwóch stref i jednej podstrefy o zróżnicowanej uciążliwości dla organizmu człowieka, powodowanej dużymi międzydobowymi zmianami ciśnienia atmosferycznego w chłodnej połowie roku. W miarę przemieszczania się z południa na północ kraju wzrasta częstość i wielkość zmian ciśnienia z doby na dobę, zwłaszcza w zimie. W tej porze roku notowane są większe spadki aniżeli wzrosty ciśnienia, a ekstremalne zmiany z doby na dobę przekraczają 35 hPa. Udział międzydobowych zmian ciśnienia >8 hPa w ogólnej liczbie dni półrocza chłodnego wynosi od poniżej 23% na południu do ponad 25% na północy Polski. Słowa kluczowe: ciśnienie atmosferyczne, międzydobowe zmiany >8 i >12 hPa, rozkład czasowy i przestrzenny, strefy uciążliwości. Wstęp Organizm człowieka jest bardziej wrażliwy na zmiany ciśnienia atmosferycznego w krótkim czasie aniżeli na jego aktualną wielkość. Wzrosty i spadki ciśnienia atmosferycznego przeważnie zapowiadają zmiany warunków pogody, to jest temperatury i wilgotności powietrza, zachmurzenia, opadów, prędkości wiatru

Research paper thumbnail of An estimation of the accuracy of the topoclimate range based on the land surface temperature with reference to a case study of the Drawa National Park, Poland

Theoretical and Applied Climatology

Topoclimate depends on specifically local-scale climatic features caused by the interrelations be... more Topoclimate depends on specifically local-scale climatic features caused by the interrelations between topography, water, soil, and land cover. The main purpose of this study is to identify, characterize, and delimit the range of topoclimate types at the Drawa National Park (DPN) and to estimate their accuracy while taking into consideration the thermal conditions of the land surface. Based on a set of digital maps, and with the use of the heat-balance Paszyński method, seven types of topoclimate were distinguished. Next, with the use of Landsat 8 and Terra satellite images, the DPN’s land surface temperature (LST) was calculated. The estimation of LST using the distinguished types of topoclimate allowed for determining their degree of quantity diversification as well as assessing the differences between those types. The obtained LST values indicated statistically significant differences between the medians of LST values for almost all of the distinguished topoclimate types, thereby...

Research paper thumbnail of Urban growth’s implications on land surface temperature in a medium-sized European city based on LCZ classification

Scientific reports, Apr 9, 2024

of roughness elements, and terrain roughness class 21. The LCZ classification is widely used in s... more of roughness elements, and terrain roughness class 21. The LCZ classification is widely used in studies on urban climate; in estimating a correlation between the urban morphology and LST and UHI 22-25 , to detail studies on heat and cold waves in urban areas 26,27 , in the estimation of the impact of LCZ changes on LST 28,29 as well as in the works focused on the methodology of the classifying urban areas 30-34. The World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT), developed the procedure, and later the online generator, to carry on LCZ classification in a simple and objective way 30,31,35. The WUDAPT procedure used in this study, allows the classification of the urban areas and the determination of the spatial range of distinguished LCZ classes based on commonly available and free Landsat data. For the estimation of the thermal differentiation of distinguished LCZs Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 data are used 24,36. According to Lehnert et al. 37 remote sensing LST measurements are used for the thermal analysis of LCZ in 17% of the studies. Besides the satellite imagery, other researchers also use in-situ data 26,38 or both 35. The most popular sensor used for the research on LST is Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 39. The entire Earth surface is orbited every one to two days utilising 36 bands with spatial resolution from 250 to 1000 m 40. However, in the research on the anthroposphere Landsat satellites take over. The Landsat mission includes eight generations of satellites. Landsat products are characterized by higher spatial resolutions, from 30 to 120 m, but lower temporal resolution, with revisits every ~ 16 days. However, Landsat starts from 1982 and provides the longer data series than MODIS 39,40. Studies on urban areas are focused on characterising the difference between urban and non-urban areas which does not require high temporal resolution 39 but higher spatial resolution. In this study MODIS 8-day LST product was used in modelling coupled with the Copernicus imperviousness density product (IMD). The IMD product was used also by Demuzere et al. 41 in mapping of LCZs for Europe. In our research it allowed us to estimate the influence of IMD on LST and hence the potential LST change due to transformations from one LCZ to another. Poznań (52° 18′ N-52° 30′ N, 16° 48′ E-17° 04′ E) is eighth in terms of area (261.8 km 2), and fifth in terms of population in cities in Poland (541 316, stated at 31.12.2022) 42. The city is located in Central Europe on an elevation between 60 and 154 m asl (Fig. 1). Poznań is situated in a temperate climate zone, transitional between oceanic and continental. The annual average air temperature in Poznań is 9.5 °C (1991-2020), with the highest temperature in July (19.5 °C) and the lowest in January (− 0.4 °C). The average annual precipitation is 539 mm, with the highest in July (84.4 mm) and the lowest in February (30.7 mm). Due to the location, the most common advection brings the polar air masses from the west (around 70%); polar continental, arctic, and tropical air masses are significantly less frequent 43,44. The studies carried out so far in Poznań confirmed occurrence of the UHI phenomenon that was investigated based on in situ measurements and remote sensing data (SUHI). Remote sensing data were used also in air temperature modelling. An increased frequency and intensity of heat waves as well as a decrease in the number of cold days and cold waves was noted 44,46,47. The research of Półrolniczak et al. 48 found the intensity of UHI significantly higher in anticyclonic conditions. In preliminary research using Corine Land Cover (CLC) database 49 it was also confirmed that anthropogenic surfaces in Poznań increased at the expense of agricultural areas from 46.8% in 1990 to 57.5% in 2018. Each city is unique, has a distinct environment, geography, structure and its own specific local climate. Accordingly, it is still important to develop the climate research in the cities, especially considering the uncertainties of the directions of urbanisation in the future 50. Our research, examining shifts from the past to present, aims to enhance our understanding of the relationship between urban structures and local climate. We prioritised capturing the influence of the urban growth, hence in the research instead of 30 years of climatological cycle we utilised the data based on the maximum temporal availability to estimate the LULC changes. The selection was also limited by the requirements like similar weather conditions and lack of cloud cover over the research area, thus the utilised data does not coincide with the beginning of the Landsat 5 activity. Taking into account LCZ classification and remote sensing data we can address the goal of the research in assessing how changes in LULC over 33 years influenced LST in the medium-sized Central European city. Until now similar research in Europe has not been conducted. Poznań belongs to the group of the medium-sized expanding cities, which is the most vulnerable to the risk of experiencing extreme urban heating effects 14. In the last 30 years, the annual mean air temperature trend in Poznań has shown an increase of + 4.6 °C per 100 years 43. Our research will help to understand the urban environment better and draw conclusions for spatial planning strategies as well as urbanisation law regulations, and improving the citizens' well-being 12. Methods Figure 2 provides a graphical representation of the procedural framework used in our research. It consists of the key steps used in estimation of the urban growth's implications on LST.

Research paper thumbnail of Biometeorological Conditions in Poznań, Poland: Insights from In Situ Summer Data

Atmosphere, Apr 3, 2024

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Temperatura powietrza i wielkość opadów atmosferycznych w województwie łódzkim w latach 1966-2021

Badania Fizjograficzne Seria A - Geografia Fizyczna

The aim of the study is to investigate the course of air temperature and precipitation in Łódź Pr... more The aim of the study is to investigate the course of air temperature and precipitation in Łódź Province in 1966–2021. The study uses daily data provided by the IMGW-PIB net from three meteorological stations: Łódź–Lublinek, Sulejów, and Wieluń. The average air temperature in Łódź province is 8.3ºC. When analyzing the annual course of air temperature, the lowest values were recorded in January (2.1ºC on average), the highest were recorded in July (18.4ºC). A growing, statistically significant trend in air temperature was observed at all the stations in the analyzed multi-year period. The rate of changes in the average air temperature in Łódź province reached the maximum value of 0.35°C/10 years at all the three analyzed stations. The average rainfall totals in Łódź province are not very diversified. The average annual sum of precipitation in the analyzed period in Łódź province ranged from 562.2 mm to 597.2 mm. On a seasonal scale, the heaviest precipitation was in the summer months ...

Research paper thumbnail of Występowanie sytuacji meteorotropowych w Polsce w latach 2000-2020

Badania Fizjograficzne Seria A - Geografia Fizyczna

Meteotropic situations are defined as weather that may affect human health and exacerbate disease... more Meteotropic situations are defined as weather that may affect human health and exacerbate diseases, especially in sensitive persons. The main objective of the paper is to determine the occurrence of meteotropic situations in Poland in years 2000–2020. The study took into account the characteristic elements such as very hot days (tmax> 30°C), frosty days (tmax< 0°C), day-to-day changes of mean daily air temperature (Δtśr> 6°C), day-to-day changes of mean daily air pressure (≥ 8 hPa) and days with insolation deficit. The research indicated that the highest heat stress strain is typical of the western and central parts of Poland and the highest low air temperature stimuli intensity of high mountain regions. Then, the highest fluctuations of the air temperature interdiurnal variation are characteristic of high mountain regions with the air pressure interdiurnal changes typical of the coastal region. According to our research, the most frequent meteotropic situation was associat...

Research paper thumbnail of Seasonality and weather condition’s effect on human perception of the urban-rural transitional landscape

Landscape perception research has been around for some time now; however, research into the impac... more Landscape perception research has been around for some time now; however, research into the impact of seasonally changing landscape characteristics with the simultaneous influence of the weather on such perception are rather rare. In an attempt to fill such a lacuna, basic eye-tracking metrics were calculated according to fixation and saccades for the whole tested landscape, while its areas of interest (AOIs) were established based on clustering methods. Moreover, the gaze pattern was analysed using the Voronoi cells method. To identify significant differences in landscape perception according to various weather and seasonal conditions, nonparametric tests were applied. The significant influence of both weather and seasonality is noticed, as well as their synergistic influence on the suburban landscape visual perception. Moreover, the results indicate a rather complex influence of the analysed types of weather in warmer and cooler seasons. Regardless of the weather type, seasonal ch...

Research paper thumbnail of Korelacja Zmian Stężeń Pyłów Zawieszonych PM10 Z Typami Cyrkulacji Atmosferycznej W Koninie W Latach 2012–2016

Badania Fizjograficzne Seria A - Geografia Fizyczna, 1970

The subject of the paper is the influence of atmospheric circulation on the content of suspended ... more The subject of the paper is the influence of atmospheric circulation on the content of suspended PM10 in the air in Konin. For this purpose dust concentrations from the period 2012–2016 were generally characterized. PM10 particulate matter concentration average hourly data were obtained from the Main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection website. Based on these data, long-term, seasonal and daily changes in the PM10 concentration in the atmosphere were investigated. The study analysed the daily variability of the PM10 suspended particulate matter concentration to present seasonal differences (in hot and cold seasons). In order to determine the influence of atmospheric circulation on the PM10 particulate matter concentration, the concentration levels data were compared with the types of circulation prevailing on the same day. In this study according to synoptic maps the days with maximum and minimum concentrations PM levels were analysed. It was found which type of meteorological ...

Research paper thumbnail of Bioklimat wybranych miast pasa Pobrzeży Południowobałtyckich na podstawie uniwersalnego wskaźnika obciążenia cieplnego

The paper addresses the bioclimatic conditions of selected towns of the southern part of the Poli... more The paper addresses the bioclimatic conditions of selected towns of the southern part of the Polish Baltic Coast on the basis of the UTCI index. Moreover, the authors, by using observational data from coastline stations, as well as reanalysis data of the mean sea level pressure and the 500 hPa geopotential height from the NCEP/NCAR, attempt to explain which synoptic situations are conductive to the occurrence of days with very strong and extreme cold or heat stress. The research proved that the lack of thermal stress occurs most frequently. Among days with aggravating conditions days with the cold stress category appear most frequently. The study of long-term trends showed a statistically significant increase in the value of the UTCI index in the year and seasons. An analysis of days by the UTCI index category trends showed an increase in the number of days with conditions of both heat and cold stress in Świnoujście and Łeba, heat stress in Kołobrzeg and cold stress in Hel.

Research paper thumbnail of Cold spells in the city of Poznań and their circulation conditions

Theoretical and applied climatology, Apr 13, 2024

Wolock (2010) an increase in mean winter Norther Hemisphere temperature is associated with a subs... more Wolock (2010) an increase in mean winter Norther Hemisphere temperature is associated with a substantial decrease in snow cover extent since about 1970.Similar directions of change were also indicated in numerous studies from the territory of Poland (Kejna and Rudzki 2021; Marosz et al. 2023). As pointed out in studies based on long measurement series, a clear increase in the rate of air temperature rise has been noted since the end of the 1980s (Migała et al. 2016; Kolendowicz et al. 2019; Pospieszyńska and Przybylak 2019). The most intense warming was recorded in winter and spring (or spring and winter) (Kolendowicz et al. 2019; Pospieszyńska and Przybylak 2019). Similar results were obtained by Ustrnul et al. (2021) analysing changes in thermal conditions in Poland between 1951 and 2018. As demonstrated by Kejna and Rudzki (2021), the increase in the average annual air temperature in Poland between 1961 and 2018 was 0.3 °C/10 years. The most significant changes were recorded on the Silesian, Wielkopolska, and Mazovian lowlands, and in the central part of the Baltic coast. The results presented above were obtained based on research conducted using synoptic stations located in the outskirts of cities. Such a location does not fully reflect the conditions prevailing in the urban area, which are varied and are the result of specific physical properties of materials covering the ground in the city, absorbing more solar radiation than they reflect (Oke 1982; Lopes et al. 2001; Błażejczyk

Research paper thumbnail of Influence of Atmospheric Circulation on Cloudiness and Cloud Types in Petuniabukta and Svalbard-Lufthavn in Summer 2016

Atmosphere

The paper analyzes the influence of atmospheric circulation on cloudiness and cloud types during ... more The paper analyzes the influence of atmospheric circulation on cloudiness and cloud types during July and August of 2016 in Petuniabukta and Svalbard-Lufthavn. For the meteorological parameters, basic statistical measures were calculated and the average diurnal cloud patterns were analyzed. Taking the data from meteorological reanalysis (NCEP/NCAR-The National Centers for Atmospheric Prediction/The National Center for Atmospheric Research) regarding the mean sea-level pressure (SLP), 500 hPa geopotential height, and air temperature at 850 hPa (T850), composite maps of the synoptic situation for the studied area were constructed. For the observed types of clouds, the frequency of their occurrence in particular types of atmospheric circulation was then determined according to the Niedźwiedź classification. Differences in the amount of cloudiness in the examined measuring points were ascertained. The occurrence of cloud types is associated with both the direction of air mass advection ...

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of Surface Precipitation Type Based on the Data Fusion Approach

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of weather and level of observer expertise on suburban landscape perception

Building and Environment

Research on landscape perception has a long tradition, whereas attempts to determine the influenc... more Research on landscape perception has a long tradition, whereas attempts to determine the influence of weather conditions on such perception are rare. The objective of this study is to determine if positive or negative weather type can influence the expert and layman's perception of the suburban landscape. Based on fixations and saccades, the chosen eye-tracking metrics were calculated on the basis of the tested landscape scene as a whole as well as established areas of interest (AOIs). Nonparametric tests and the Voronoi cell method were applied to identify the differences among visual approaches. The research results indicate that the landscape perception is influenced by the weather type. The fixation and saccades in positive weather (sunny high-pressure weather) are significantly shorter, while the distribution of gaze intensity is different compared to negative weather. Significant differences between experts and laymen concerning fixations and saccades were found during positive weather, in negative weather type, both groups observe the landscape in a rather similar fashion. Taking into account the division into AOIs, significant differences in the perception of the test landscape mainly concerned centrally located AOIs and the horizon zone. An analysis using Voronoi cells indicates that regardless of weather type, the distribution of gaze intensity for the group of experts is greater than for the group of laymen. Moreover, it can be noted that the weather generally affects the entire gamut of all respondents' gaze, and that experts and laymen observe the landscape differently in both types of weather.

Research paper thumbnail of Międzydobowe zmiany ciśnienia atmosferycznego w Poznaniu na tle typów cyrkulacji atmosferycznej

Research paper thumbnail of Stan badań klimatu Poznania ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pola temperatury i zjawiska miejskiej wyspy ciepła

The article describes the most important results from selected papers concerning the climate of P... more The article describes the most important results from selected papers concerning the climate of Poznan. The structure of the paper is twofold. The first part presents articles and topics which are based on the data recoded in the Poznan-Ławica airport meteorological station. The second part presents papers where, in addition to data from the airport station, data from the network measurements of municipal stations are also included. This section contains issues concerning the urban heat island, the surface urban heat island, relations between the urban heat island and atmospheric circulation, the characteristics of air temperature and surface temperature according to the Corine Land Cover classification types, as well as information on the creation of a statistical model of air temperature in town according to satellite and in situ data derived from municipal station.

Research paper thumbnail of Regional circulation patterns inducing coastal upwelling in the Baltic Sea

Theoretical and Applied Climatology

Atmospheric feedback involved in the occurrence of coastal upwelling in a small semi-enclosed sea... more Atmospheric feedback involved in the occurrence of coastal upwelling in a small semi-enclosed sea basin, i.e., the Baltic Sea, was analysed, and the regional circulation conditions triggering upwelling in different coastal sections were identified. Upwelling in the summer season (June–August, years 1982–2017) was recognized on the basis of sea surface temperature patterns. Circulation conditions were defined using (1) the established daily indices of zonal and meridional airflow and (2) the synoptic situation at sea level distinguished by applying rotated principal component analysis to sea level pressure data. The 12 daily synoptic patterns differed substantially in the intensity and location of their pressure centres. The mean seasonal frequency of upwelling was generally higher along the western Baltic shores than along the meridionally oriented eastern shores and varied from less than 10 to over 30% along the more predestined coastal sections, i.e., the northwestern coast of the...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the Impact of Wind Conditions on Urban Heat Islands in Large Australian Cities

Journal of Ecological Engineering

Research paper thumbnail of The influence of synoptic conditions patterns on air temperature and humidity in Petuniabukta (Svalbard) in summer 2016

This article aims to analyse the influence of weather types on meteorological conditions in Petun... more This article aims to analyse the influence of weather types on meteorological conditions in Petuniabukta (Svalbard) during July and August of 2016. The paper analyses the daily courses of air temperature and humidity at four measurement points located on the west bank of Petuniabukta near Adam Mickiewicz University Polar Station during two different types of weather conditions: (i) cloudy and windy, (ii) calm and clear. These weather types, distinguished on the basis of wind speed and cloudiness, allowed for the creation of composite maps of the synoptic situation (SLP and geopotential height of 500 hPa distribution) and its anomalies. In the study area, the air temperature range in windy and cloudy weather conditions was larger (-10°C to 15°C) than that in sunny and calm weather (0°C to 15°C), which contrasts the range of humidity values. The diurnal cycle of meteorological elements in sunny and calm days is strongly related to the sun elevation angle. In the above-mentioned weathe...

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Biometeorological Conditions on the Perception of Landscape

Atmosphere

A landscape is part of our daily lives and our perception of its features may significantly impac... more A landscape is part of our daily lives and our perception of its features may significantly impact our quality of life. This article presents the results of research aimed at determining the influence of biometeorological conditions on the way in which we perceive the landscape. An eye tracker was used throughout each season of the year to determine how 52 respondents observed the landscape while taking into consideration whether the landscape had a favorable or unfavorable impact on those same respondents. Additionally, each test was preceded by the completion of a questionnaire intended to assess the mental and physical state of each respondent. The calculated eye movement indexes demonstrated the impact of the biometeorological conditions on their perception of the landscape. Statistically significant differences in their perception of the landscape were ascertained depending on the type of weather and the respondents’ general feeling irrespective of their sex.

Research paper thumbnail of Thermal Conditions in the City of Poznań (Poland) during Selected Heat Waves

Atmosphere

The aim of the study was to characterise the occurrence of hot days and heat waves in Poznań in t... more The aim of the study was to characterise the occurrence of hot days and heat waves in Poznań in the 1966–2015 period, as well as to describe the thermal conditions in the city during selected heat waves between 2008 and 2015. The basis of the study was the daily maximum and minimum air temperature values for Poznań–Ławica station from 1966–2015 and the daily values of air temperature from eight measuring points located in the city in various land types from 2008 to 2015. A hot day was defined as a day with Tmax above the 95th annual percentile (from 1966 to 2015), while a heat wave was assumed to be at least five consecutive hot days. The research study conducted shows the increase of Tmax, number of hot days and frequency of heat waves in Poznań over the last 50 years. Across the area of the city (differentiation of urban area types according to Urban Atlas 2012), there was a great diversity of thermal conditions during the heat waves analysed.

Research paper thumbnail of Międzydobowe zmiany ciśnienia atmosferycznego w Polsce niekorzystne dla organizmu człowieka = Interdaily changes of the atmospheric pressure in Poland unfavourable for a human being’s organizm

Przegląd Geograficzny, 2012

Zarys treści. Wykorzystując dobowe wartości ciśnienia atmosferycznego sprowadzonego do poziomu mo... more Zarys treści. Wykorzystując dobowe wartości ciśnienia atmosferycznego sprowadzonego do poziomu morza z 29 stacji meteorologicznych IMGW, za lata 1986-2010, opracowano czasowy i przestrzenny rozkład międzydobowych zmian ciśnienia >8 i >12 hPa na terenie Polski. Oceniono częstość występowania zmian ciśnienia z doby na dobę w półroczach chłodnym i ciepłym oraz wielkość międzydobowych wzrostów i spadków ciśnienia >8 hPa. W kolejnym etapie pracy wyodrębniono ciągi trwające 2, 3, 4, 5 i więcej dni ze zmianami >8 hPa. Przeprowadzona analiza dała podstawę do wydzielenia na terenie Polski dwóch stref i jednej podstrefy o zróżnicowanej uciążliwości dla organizmu człowieka, powodowanej dużymi międzydobowymi zmianami ciśnienia atmosferycznego w chłodnej połowie roku. W miarę przemieszczania się z południa na północ kraju wzrasta częstość i wielkość zmian ciśnienia z doby na dobę, zwłaszcza w zimie. W tej porze roku notowane są większe spadki aniżeli wzrosty ciśnienia, a ekstremalne zmiany z doby na dobę przekraczają 35 hPa. Udział międzydobowych zmian ciśnienia >8 hPa w ogólnej liczbie dni półrocza chłodnego wynosi od poniżej 23% na południu do ponad 25% na północy Polski. Słowa kluczowe: ciśnienie atmosferyczne, międzydobowe zmiany >8 i >12 hPa, rozkład czasowy i przestrzenny, strefy uciążliwości. Wstęp Organizm człowieka jest bardziej wrażliwy na zmiany ciśnienia atmosferycznego w krótkim czasie aniżeli na jego aktualną wielkość. Wzrosty i spadki ciśnienia atmosferycznego przeważnie zapowiadają zmiany warunków pogody, to jest temperatury i wilgotności powietrza, zachmurzenia, opadów, prędkości wiatru

Research paper thumbnail of An estimation of the accuracy of the topoclimate range based on the land surface temperature with reference to a case study of the Drawa National Park, Poland

Theoretical and Applied Climatology

Topoclimate depends on specifically local-scale climatic features caused by the interrelations be... more Topoclimate depends on specifically local-scale climatic features caused by the interrelations between topography, water, soil, and land cover. The main purpose of this study is to identify, characterize, and delimit the range of topoclimate types at the Drawa National Park (DPN) and to estimate their accuracy while taking into consideration the thermal conditions of the land surface. Based on a set of digital maps, and with the use of the heat-balance Paszyński method, seven types of topoclimate were distinguished. Next, with the use of Landsat 8 and Terra satellite images, the DPN’s land surface temperature (LST) was calculated. The estimation of LST using the distinguished types of topoclimate allowed for determining their degree of quantity diversification as well as assessing the differences between those types. The obtained LST values indicated statistically significant differences between the medians of LST values for almost all of the distinguished topoclimate types, thereby...