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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010
Protected areas (PAs) now shelter 54% of the remaining forests of the Brazilian Amazon and contai... more Protected areas (PAs) now shelter 54% of the remaining forests of the Brazilian Amazon and contain 56% of its forest carbon. However, the role of these PAs in reducing carbon fluxes to the atmosphere from deforestation and their associated costs are still uncertain. To fill this gap, we analyzed the effect of each of 595 Brazilian Amazon PAs on deforestation using a metric that accounts for differences in probability of deforestation in areas of pairwise comparison. We found that the three major categories of PA (indigenous land, strictly protected, and sustainable use) showed an inhibitory effect, on average, between 1997 and 2008. Of 206 PAs created after the year 1999, 115 showed increased effectiveness after their designation as protected. The recent expansion of PAs in the Brazilian Amazon was responsible for 37% of the region's total reduction in deforestation between 2004 and 2006 without provoking leakage. All PAs, if fully implemented, have the potential to avoid 8.0 ± ...
World Wide Fund for …, 2008
The creation of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon has been playing an important role in bio... more The creation of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon has been playing an important role in biological diversity conservation in the region and in the protection of extensive tropical forest areas. Approximately 50% of the remaining Amazon forests are protected areas. In light of this scenario, the most ambitious biodiversity conservation program is currently the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (ARPA), which was created by the Brazilian Government in 2003. The program is related to the National Protected Area System (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC) as part of a strategy for its implementation. Furthermore, it is an important mechanism for the implementation of various strategies and decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), especially the Programme of Work on Protected Areas (CBD Decision VII/28; CDB, 2004 1) and the corresponding Brazilian National Strategic Plan on Protected Areas 2. Over a 10-year period (2003-2013), the ARPA intends to protect 500 thousand km 2 of natural ecosystems, mainly forests. Despite its clear benefits to the conservation of biological diversity and protection of great forest carbon stocks, little is known about its role in the reduction of greenhouse gas-especially carbon dioxide (CO 2) resulting from Amazon deforestation. It is exactly this assessment of ARPA Program's contribution to the reduction of such emissions that is this study's central objective. By using analyses of historical deforestation rates between 1997 to 2007, and of estimated future rates obtained from modeling deforestation scenarios for 2050, it was possible to determine wthat, in general, the latu sensu protected areas3 in the Amazon not only work as great obstacles to the advancement of deforestation, but also yield the regional inhibition effect that consequently significantly contributes to the reduction of associated emissions of greenhouse gas. The results especially indicate that the 61 protected areas supported by ARPA are preserving a forest carbon stock of about 4.6 billion tons of carbon (18% of the total stock protected in the Amazon), which is almost twice the efforts for emissions reduction of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol's if fully implemented. By using simulations of future deforestations, the protected areas (including those supported by the ARPA) created by the federal government between 2003 and 2008 will, until 2050, yield reduction of emissions resulting from deforestation by about 7±1 billion tons of carbon. From this expected reduction, 25% can be attributed to protected area created after ARPA Program was started and through its support (13 protected areas 4). Notwithstanding, if the expansion of ARPA Program's protected area, which is expected to occur in 2008 5 , actually takes place, an additional reduction of 1.1±0.2 billion tons of carbon can be expected by 2050. The recent and future contribution of protected areas in the Amazon and of the ARPA Program is therefore crucial for the reduction of deforestation patterns in the Amazon and of its associated carbon emissions and for the planet's biodiversity conservation. Such efforts shall be internationally acknowledged and valued, especially within the context of international negotiations in the scope of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 7.33 billion CO 2 global emissions on the year 2000, which is approximately 9 billion tons of carbon. Climate Analysis Indicators Tool, WRI 2008.
Amazon, Amazonias ii There are different 'Amazons' according to how they are defined, for their b... more Amazon, Amazonias ii There are different 'Amazons' according to how they are defined, for their boundaries vary and they are perceived in different ways. The most frequently used boundaries are based on the hydrography, the ecology and on legal-political-administrative considerations. The most commonly used and the less disputed boundaries are those of the 'Amazon river basin'. It is arguable, however, that for many people the most important concept is the ecological Amazon. It is usually defined by the tropical rainforest bio-geographic domain. In the region, it is also called the 'Amazon biome' due to the association of the regional domain with the global tropical rainforest biome. This is the main definition adopted here. A legal-political-administrative region is defined by the countries in the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO). (Map 1) Map 1. Map with limits of the Amazon: river basin, bio-geographic domain (biome) and legalpolitical-administrative limits (based on WWF [LAI], 2007-08, not published) i Leader of the WWF's Living Amazon Initiative
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest and the largest river basin on the... more EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest and the largest river basin on the planet. More species are found here than anywhere else. Such is the extraordinary diversity of life in the Amazon that the region is believed to be home to 10%, 1 in 10, known species on Earth. A compilation of species in the Amazon region from 2002 showed that there are at least 40,000 plant species in this vast biome, 75% of which are endemic to the region. In addition, the same study found that 427 mammals, 1,300 birds, 378 reptiles and 427 amphibians had been scientifically classified for the region, as well as at least 3,000 species of fish. This is the largest number of freshwater fish species in the world. The same level of diversity can almost certainly be said for invertebrates. About 50,000 species of insects can be found in any 2.5 sq km of Amazon rainforest. More recent studies have recorded vastly increased numbers of species of plants and vertebrates in the region. It is e...
A2.1. Amazon Limits; A2.2. Protected areas and indigenous territories databases; A2.3. Methodolog... more A2.1. Amazon Limits; A2.2. Protected areas and indigenous territories databases; A2.3. Methodology of Ecological Representation Analyses; A2.4. Procedure of Deforestation Assessment; A2.5. Global Biodiversity 2020 Aichi Targets.
Introduction This preliminary summary highlights some of the preliminary fi ndings of the ‘Defore... more Introduction This preliminary summary highlights some of the preliminary fi ndings of the ‘Deforestation Fronts in the Amazon Region: Current Situation and Future Trends’ report, part of the LAI’s ‘State of the Amazon’ report series. The summary describes the change in the dynamics of deforestation across the Amazon region over the period 2001-2012, namely a signifi cant decline in the rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon but increasing rates of deforestation in the Andean Amazon countries. The Amazon is a complex natural region, comprised by an array of interdependent ecosystems (what happens in some of its parts affects the others), and hugely important in terms of the ecosystem services it provides, including ecological processes, biodiversity and cultural diversity. However, it is a region at a crossroads: although this region is still in a relatively wellconserved and well-protected condition (one of best well-protected amongst the most important natural areas on Earth...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Amazon Region contains both the largest block of contiguous tropical forest... more EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Amazon Region contains both the largest block of contiguous tropical forest and the largest river system in the world, spanning 6.5 million km2 of forests in the Amazon, Guiana Shield and Orinoco Basin and the 6.9 million km2 Amazon watershed. The Amazon River network is the lifeblood of the regional economy, providing the primary means of food and energy production, transportation, and other vital ecosystem services. At its mouth, the Amazon discharges about 6,700km3 yr-1 of freshwater into the Atlantic Ocean, about 20 per cent of global surface river flows. The Basin’s native forests and savannahs recycle 50-75 per cent of regional rainfall back to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration and help regulate the regional climate. These hydrological connections help maintain over 1 million km2 of freshwater ecosystems, which sustain a wealth of biological diversity and productive fisheries that are a vital source of protein and income for Amazonians. Amazon freshwa...
The creation of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon has been playing an important role in bio... more The creation of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon has been playing an important role in biological diversity conservation in the region and in the protection of extensive tropical forest areas. Approximately 50% of the remaining Amazon forests are protected areas. In light of this scenario, the most ambitious biodiversity conservation program is currently the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (ARPA), which was created by the Brazilian Government in 2003. The program is related to the National Protected Area System (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC) as part of a strategy for its implementation. Furthermore, it is an important mechanism for the implementation of various strategies and decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), especially the Programme of Work on Protected Areas (CBD Decision VII/28; CDB, 2004 1) and the corresponding Brazilian National Strategic Plan on Protected Areas 2. Over a 10-year period (2003-2013), the ARPA intends to protect 500 thousand km 2 of natural ecosystems, mainly forests. Despite its clear benefits to the conservation of biological diversity and protection of great forest carbon stocks, little is known about its role in the reduction of greenhouse gas-especially carbon dioxide (CO 2) resulting from Amazon deforestation. It is exactly this assessment of ARPA Program's contribution to the reduction of such emissions that is this study's central objective. By using analyses of historical deforestation rates between 1997 to 2007, and of estimated future rates obtained from modeling deforestation scenarios for 2050, it was possible to determine wthat, in general, the latu sensu protected areas3 in the Amazon not only work as great obstacles to the advancement of deforestation, but also yield the regional inhibition effect that consequently significantly contributes to the reduction of associated emissions of greenhouse gas. The results especially indicate that the 61 protected areas supported by ARPA are preserving a forest carbon stock of about 4.6 billion tons of carbon (18% of the total stock protected in the Amazon), which is almost twice the efforts for emissions reduction of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol's if fully implemented. By using simulations of future deforestations, the protected areas (including those supported by the ARPA) created by the federal government between 2003 and 2008 will, until 2050, yield reduction of emissions resulting from deforestation by about 7±1 billion tons of carbon. From this expected reduction, 25% can be attributed to protected area created after ARPA Program was started and through its support (13 protected areas 4). Notwithstanding, if the expansion of ARPA Program's protected area, which is expected to occur in 2008 5 , actually takes place, an additional reduction of 1.1±0.2 billion tons of carbon can be expected by 2050. The recent and future contribution of protected areas in the Amazon and of the ARPA Program is therefore crucial for the reduction of deforestation patterns in the Amazon and of its associated carbon emissions and for the planet's biodiversity conservation. Such efforts shall be internationally acknowledged and valued, especially within the context of international negotiations in the scope of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 7.33 billion CO 2 global emissions on the year 2000, which is approximately 9 billion tons of carbon. Climate Analysis Indicators Tool, WRI 2008.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010
Protected areas (PAs) now shelter 54% of the remaining forests of the Brazilian Amazon and contai... more Protected areas (PAs) now shelter 54% of the remaining forests of the Brazilian Amazon and contain 56% of its forest carbon. However, the role of these PAs in reducing carbon fluxes to the atmosphere from deforestation and their associated costs are still uncertain. To fill this gap, we analyzed the effect of each of 595 Brazilian Amazon PAs on deforestation using a metric that accounts for differences in probability of deforestation in areas of pairwise comparison. We found that the three major categories of PA (indigenous land, strictly protected, and sustainable use) showed an inhibitory effect, on average, between 1997 and 2008. Of 206 PAs created after the year 1999, 115 showed increased effectiveness after their designation as protected. The recent expansion of PAs in the Brazilian Amazon was responsible for 37% of the region's total reduction in deforestation between 2004 and 2006 without provoking leakage. All PAs, if fully implemented, have the potential to avoid 8.0 ± ...
World Wide Fund for …, 2008
The creation of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon has been playing an important role in bio... more The creation of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon has been playing an important role in biological diversity conservation in the region and in the protection of extensive tropical forest areas. Approximately 50% of the remaining Amazon forests are protected areas. In light of this scenario, the most ambitious biodiversity conservation program is currently the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (ARPA), which was created by the Brazilian Government in 2003. The program is related to the National Protected Area System (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC) as part of a strategy for its implementation. Furthermore, it is an important mechanism for the implementation of various strategies and decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), especially the Programme of Work on Protected Areas (CBD Decision VII/28; CDB, 2004 1) and the corresponding Brazilian National Strategic Plan on Protected Areas 2. Over a 10-year period (2003-2013), the ARPA intends to protect 500 thousand km 2 of natural ecosystems, mainly forests. Despite its clear benefits to the conservation of biological diversity and protection of great forest carbon stocks, little is known about its role in the reduction of greenhouse gas-especially carbon dioxide (CO 2) resulting from Amazon deforestation. It is exactly this assessment of ARPA Program's contribution to the reduction of such emissions that is this study's central objective. By using analyses of historical deforestation rates between 1997 to 2007, and of estimated future rates obtained from modeling deforestation scenarios for 2050, it was possible to determine wthat, in general, the latu sensu protected areas3 in the Amazon not only work as great obstacles to the advancement of deforestation, but also yield the regional inhibition effect that consequently significantly contributes to the reduction of associated emissions of greenhouse gas. The results especially indicate that the 61 protected areas supported by ARPA are preserving a forest carbon stock of about 4.6 billion tons of carbon (18% of the total stock protected in the Amazon), which is almost twice the efforts for emissions reduction of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol's if fully implemented. By using simulations of future deforestations, the protected areas (including those supported by the ARPA) created by the federal government between 2003 and 2008 will, until 2050, yield reduction of emissions resulting from deforestation by about 7±1 billion tons of carbon. From this expected reduction, 25% can be attributed to protected area created after ARPA Program was started and through its support (13 protected areas 4). Notwithstanding, if the expansion of ARPA Program's protected area, which is expected to occur in 2008 5 , actually takes place, an additional reduction of 1.1±0.2 billion tons of carbon can be expected by 2050. The recent and future contribution of protected areas in the Amazon and of the ARPA Program is therefore crucial for the reduction of deforestation patterns in the Amazon and of its associated carbon emissions and for the planet's biodiversity conservation. Such efforts shall be internationally acknowledged and valued, especially within the context of international negotiations in the scope of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 7.33 billion CO 2 global emissions on the year 2000, which is approximately 9 billion tons of carbon. Climate Analysis Indicators Tool, WRI 2008.
Amazon, Amazonias ii There are different 'Amazons' according to how they are defined, for their b... more Amazon, Amazonias ii There are different 'Amazons' according to how they are defined, for their boundaries vary and they are perceived in different ways. The most frequently used boundaries are based on the hydrography, the ecology and on legal-political-administrative considerations. The most commonly used and the less disputed boundaries are those of the 'Amazon river basin'. It is arguable, however, that for many people the most important concept is the ecological Amazon. It is usually defined by the tropical rainforest bio-geographic domain. In the region, it is also called the 'Amazon biome' due to the association of the regional domain with the global tropical rainforest biome. This is the main definition adopted here. A legal-political-administrative region is defined by the countries in the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO). (Map 1) Map 1. Map with limits of the Amazon: river basin, bio-geographic domain (biome) and legalpolitical-administrative limits (based on WWF [LAI], 2007-08, not published) i Leader of the WWF's Living Amazon Initiative
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest and the largest river basin on the... more EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest and the largest river basin on the planet. More species are found here than anywhere else. Such is the extraordinary diversity of life in the Amazon that the region is believed to be home to 10%, 1 in 10, known species on Earth. A compilation of species in the Amazon region from 2002 showed that there are at least 40,000 plant species in this vast biome, 75% of which are endemic to the region. In addition, the same study found that 427 mammals, 1,300 birds, 378 reptiles and 427 amphibians had been scientifically classified for the region, as well as at least 3,000 species of fish. This is the largest number of freshwater fish species in the world. The same level of diversity can almost certainly be said for invertebrates. About 50,000 species of insects can be found in any 2.5 sq km of Amazon rainforest. More recent studies have recorded vastly increased numbers of species of plants and vertebrates in the region. It is e...
A2.1. Amazon Limits; A2.2. Protected areas and indigenous territories databases; A2.3. Methodolog... more A2.1. Amazon Limits; A2.2. Protected areas and indigenous territories databases; A2.3. Methodology of Ecological Representation Analyses; A2.4. Procedure of Deforestation Assessment; A2.5. Global Biodiversity 2020 Aichi Targets.
Introduction This preliminary summary highlights some of the preliminary fi ndings of the ‘Defore... more Introduction This preliminary summary highlights some of the preliminary fi ndings of the ‘Deforestation Fronts in the Amazon Region: Current Situation and Future Trends’ report, part of the LAI’s ‘State of the Amazon’ report series. The summary describes the change in the dynamics of deforestation across the Amazon region over the period 2001-2012, namely a signifi cant decline in the rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon but increasing rates of deforestation in the Andean Amazon countries. The Amazon is a complex natural region, comprised by an array of interdependent ecosystems (what happens in some of its parts affects the others), and hugely important in terms of the ecosystem services it provides, including ecological processes, biodiversity and cultural diversity. However, it is a region at a crossroads: although this region is still in a relatively wellconserved and well-protected condition (one of best well-protected amongst the most important natural areas on Earth...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Amazon Region contains both the largest block of contiguous tropical forest... more EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Amazon Region contains both the largest block of contiguous tropical forest and the largest river system in the world, spanning 6.5 million km2 of forests in the Amazon, Guiana Shield and Orinoco Basin and the 6.9 million km2 Amazon watershed. The Amazon River network is the lifeblood of the regional economy, providing the primary means of food and energy production, transportation, and other vital ecosystem services. At its mouth, the Amazon discharges about 6,700km3 yr-1 of freshwater into the Atlantic Ocean, about 20 per cent of global surface river flows. The Basin’s native forests and savannahs recycle 50-75 per cent of regional rainfall back to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration and help regulate the regional climate. These hydrological connections help maintain over 1 million km2 of freshwater ecosystems, which sustain a wealth of biological diversity and productive fisheries that are a vital source of protein and income for Amazonians. Amazon freshwa...
The creation of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon has been playing an important role in bio... more The creation of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon has been playing an important role in biological diversity conservation in the region and in the protection of extensive tropical forest areas. Approximately 50% of the remaining Amazon forests are protected areas. In light of this scenario, the most ambitious biodiversity conservation program is currently the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (ARPA), which was created by the Brazilian Government in 2003. The program is related to the National Protected Area System (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC) as part of a strategy for its implementation. Furthermore, it is an important mechanism for the implementation of various strategies and decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), especially the Programme of Work on Protected Areas (CBD Decision VII/28; CDB, 2004 1) and the corresponding Brazilian National Strategic Plan on Protected Areas 2. Over a 10-year period (2003-2013), the ARPA intends to protect 500 thousand km 2 of natural ecosystems, mainly forests. Despite its clear benefits to the conservation of biological diversity and protection of great forest carbon stocks, little is known about its role in the reduction of greenhouse gas-especially carbon dioxide (CO 2) resulting from Amazon deforestation. It is exactly this assessment of ARPA Program's contribution to the reduction of such emissions that is this study's central objective. By using analyses of historical deforestation rates between 1997 to 2007, and of estimated future rates obtained from modeling deforestation scenarios for 2050, it was possible to determine wthat, in general, the latu sensu protected areas3 in the Amazon not only work as great obstacles to the advancement of deforestation, but also yield the regional inhibition effect that consequently significantly contributes to the reduction of associated emissions of greenhouse gas. The results especially indicate that the 61 protected areas supported by ARPA are preserving a forest carbon stock of about 4.6 billion tons of carbon (18% of the total stock protected in the Amazon), which is almost twice the efforts for emissions reduction of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol's if fully implemented. By using simulations of future deforestations, the protected areas (including those supported by the ARPA) created by the federal government between 2003 and 2008 will, until 2050, yield reduction of emissions resulting from deforestation by about 7±1 billion tons of carbon. From this expected reduction, 25% can be attributed to protected area created after ARPA Program was started and through its support (13 protected areas 4). Notwithstanding, if the expansion of ARPA Program's protected area, which is expected to occur in 2008 5 , actually takes place, an additional reduction of 1.1±0.2 billion tons of carbon can be expected by 2050. The recent and future contribution of protected areas in the Amazon and of the ARPA Program is therefore crucial for the reduction of deforestation patterns in the Amazon and of its associated carbon emissions and for the planet's biodiversity conservation. Such efforts shall be internationally acknowledged and valued, especially within the context of international negotiations in the scope of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 7.33 billion CO 2 global emissions on the year 2000, which is approximately 9 billion tons of carbon. Climate Analysis Indicators Tool, WRI 2008.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010