Marijke Hofstra - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Marijke Hofstra

Research paper thumbnail of Continuity and Change of Psychopathology From Childhood Into Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up Study

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jul 1, 2000

To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood int... more To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood into adulthood. For 1,615 children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years from the general population, parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at initial assessment. At follow-up 14 years later, subjects completed the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), and their parents completed the Young Adult Behavior Checklist (YABCL). Of the subjects who were initially classified as deviant, 14 years later 41% were classified as deviant according to their YABCL Total Problem score, and 29% according to their YASR Total Problem score. Intrainformant (CBCL/YABCL) Withdrawn, Social Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior scores, and cross-informant (CBCL/YASR) Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems, and Delinquent Behavior scores were independent predictors of general levels of problem behavior. Childhood and adolescent problems persisted to a considerable degree into adulthood, although the majority of children who were deviant at initial assessment could not be regarded as deviant 14 years later. Children who were adolescents at initial assessment (12-16 years) showed higher stability of problem behaviors than subjects who were children at initial assessment (4-11 years).

Research paper thumbnail of Adolescents' self-reported problems as predictors of psychopathology in adulthood: 10-year follow-up study

British Journal of Psychiatry, Sep 1, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in a community sample of adolescents

Psychological Medicine, May 1, 2002

Objective. We aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in adolescen... more Objective. We aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in adolescents from the general population. Method. The sample consisted of 914 adolescents between ages 11-18 participating in an ongoing longitudinal study. The participation rate from the original sample was 70 %. Responses on the Youth Self-Report questionnaire were used to ascertain hallucinations in adolescents. Eight years later, Axis 1 DSM-IV diagnoses were assessed using the 12-month version Composite International Diagnostic Interview in 783 (86 %) of 914 study subjects. No subjects were diagnosed with schizophreniform disorders or schizophrenia. Results. Hallucinations were reported by 6 % of adolescents and 3 % of young adults. Selfreported hallucinations were associated with concurrent non-psychotic psychiatric problems in both age groups. Adolescents who reported auditory, but not visual, hallucinations, had higher rates of depressive disorders and substance use disorders, but not psychotic disorders, at follow-up, compared to controls. Conclusions. Self-reported auditory hallucinations in adolescents are markers of concurrent and future psychiatric impairment due to non-psychotic Axis 1 disorders and possibly Axis 2 disorders. It cannot be excluded that there was selective attrition of children and adolescents who developed Schizophrenic or other psychotic disorders later in life.

Research paper thumbnail of Child and Adolescent Problems Predict DSM-IV Disorders in Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up of a Dutch Epidemiological Sample

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Feb 1, 2002

Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected... more Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected samples. This study prospectively examined the adult outcomes of psychopathology in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents across a 14-year period. In 1983, parent ratings of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained for 1,578 children and adolescents aged 4 through 16 years from the Dutch general population. At follow-up, 14 years later, subjects were reassessed with a standardized DSM-IV interview. High levels of childhood problems predicted an approximate 2- to 6-fold increased risk for adulthood DSM-IV diagnoses. The associations between specific childhood problems and adulthood diagnoses were complex. Social Problems in girls predicted later DSM-IV disorder. Rule-breaking behavior in boys predicted both mood disorders and disruptive disorders in adulthood. High levels of childhood behavioral and emotional problems are related to DSM-IV diagnoses in adulthood. The strongest predictor of disorders in adulthood was childhood rule-breaking behavior. Attention Problems did not predict any of the DSM-IV categories when adjusted for the associations with other Child Behavior Checklist scales.

Research paper thumbnail of Stable Prediction of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Based on Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Childhood: A 14-Year Follow-Up During Childhood, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, Dec 1, 2003

The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reporte... more The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reported emotional and behavioral problems in childhood across a 14-year period from childhood into young adulthood. Method: In 1983, parent reports of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained with the Child Behavior Checklist for children and adolescents 4-16 years of age from the Dutch general population. At follow-up 14 years later, lifetime mood and anxiety diagnoses were obtained by a standardized DSM-IV interview for 1,580 subjects. Cox proportional hazards models were used to predict the incidence of mood and anxiety disorders from childhood problems and demographic covariates. Results: Mood disorders were significantly predicted by high scores on the anxious/depressed scale and on the inter-nalizing composite (withdrawn, somatic complaints, and anxious/depressed). Anxiety disorders were significantly predicted by the social problems scale and the externalizing composite (delinquent behavior and aggressive behavior). Anxiety disorders predominantly started in childhood and early adolescence, whereas the incidence of mood disorders increased sharply in adolescence and young adulthood. Conclusions: These results suggest different developmental pathways for mood and anxiety disorders. The predictions based on problem behavior remained stable during the 14-year period across adolescence and young adulthood. The results therefore underline the importance of early intervention and prevention of behavioral and emotional problems in childhood.

Research paper thumbnail of Pathways of Self-Reported Problem Behaviors From Adolescence Into Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, Mar 1, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Adult outcomes of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents

Research paper thumbnail of Adult outcomes of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Child and Adolescent Problems Predict DSM-IV Disorders in Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up of a Dutch Epidemiological Sample

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2002

Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected... more Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected samples. This study prospectively examined the adult outcomes of psychopathology in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents across a 14-year period. In 1983, parent ratings of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained for 1,578 children and adolescents aged 4 through 16 years from the Dutch general population. At follow-up, 14 years later, subjects were reassessed with a standardized DSM-IV interview. High levels of childhood problems predicted an approximate 2- to 6-fold increased risk for adulthood DSM-IV diagnoses. The associations between specific childhood problems and adulthood diagnoses were complex. Social Problems in girls predicted later DSM-IV disorder. Rule-breaking behavior in boys predicted both mood disorders and disruptive disorders in adulthood. High levels of childhood behavioral and emotional problems are related to DSM-IV diagnoses in adulthood. The strongest predictor of disorders in adulthood was childhood rule-breaking behavior. Attention Problems did not predict any of the DSM-IV categories when adjusted for the associations with other Child Behavior Checklist scales.

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic outcome of adolescent self-reported suicidal ideation at 8-year follow-up

Journal of Affective Disorders, 2002

Background: There are few epidemiological data on the outcome of adolescent self-reported suicida... more Background: There are few epidemiological data on the outcome of adolescent self-reported suicidal ideation. Method: Data from an epidemiological study were used to examine self-reported suicidal ideation in adolescence as a predictor of suicidal ideation and psychiatric diagnoses at 8-year follow-up. Results: Suicidal ideation was reported by 41 (4.5%) of 912 adolescents aged 11-18 and by 19 (2.5%) of 795 young adults aged 19-26. Most parents of adolescents with positive self-report did not report suicidal ideation in their child. Suicidal ideation in adolescents and young adults was associated with other psychiatric problems. Adolescent self-reported suicidal ideation was not a predictor of suicidal ideation or any major psychiatric disorder 8 years later. In males, suicidal ideation in adolescence was associated with specific phobia at follow-up. Limitations: The sample of adolescents may not be representative of the general population. There were no outcome measures other than DSM-IV diagnoses. Suicidal ideation was assessed by only one item, both at baseline and follow-up. Conclusions: Adolescents and young adults with self-reported suicidal ideation had high rates of psychiatric problems. Adolescent self-reported suicidal ideation did not predict suicidal ideation or any major psychiatric disorders (i.e. depressive disorders, substance use disorders, or psychotic disorders) at follow-up.

Research paper thumbnail of Pathways of Self-Reported Problem Behaviors From Adolescence Into Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Stable Prediction of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Based on Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Childhood: A 14-Year Follow-Up During Childhood, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003

The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reporte... more The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reported emotional and behavioral problems in childhood across a 14-year period from childhood into young adulthood. Method: In 1983, parent reports of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained with the Child Behavior Checklist for children and adolescents 4-16 years of age from the Dutch general population. At follow-up 14 years later, lifetime mood and anxiety diagnoses were obtained by a standardized DSM-IV interview for 1,580 subjects. Cox proportional hazards models were used to predict the incidence of mood and anxiety disorders from childhood problems and demographic covariates. Results: Mood disorders were significantly predicted by high scores on the anxious/depressed scale and on the inter-nalizing composite (withdrawn, somatic complaints, and anxious/depressed). Anxiety disorders were significantly predicted by the social problems scale and the externalizing composite (delinquent behavior and aggressive behavior). Anxiety disorders predominantly started in childhood and early adolescence, whereas the incidence of mood disorders increased sharply in adolescence and young adulthood. Conclusions: These results suggest different developmental pathways for mood and anxiety disorders. The predictions based on problem behavior remained stable during the 14-year period across adolescence and young adulthood. The results therefore underline the importance of early intervention and prevention of behavioral and emotional problems in childhood.

Research paper thumbnail of Psychopathology From Childhood Into Adulthood: Follow-Up of An Epidemiological Sample

Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) Dankwoord (acknowledgements) CUITicululll Vitae Chapter I adultho... more Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) Dankwoord (acknowledgements) CUITicululll Vitae Chapter I adulthood, both heterotypic and homotypic continuities may occur, because behaviors may change in form whilst still reflecting the same basic process (Rutter, 1989). A range of outcomes in adulthood Illay be associated with a given pathway (multifinality), and particular pathways may uniquely be associated with a given outcome (cquifinalily), The principles of l11ultifinality and equifinalily have been shown to be relevant to developmental psychopathology (Cicchetti and Cohen, 1995), and a vast majority of longitudinal studies confirmed these two basic principles of the developmental psychopathology perspective (Egeland ct aI., 1996), Basic to the developmental considerations of psychopathology in children and adolescents is the recognition that boys and girls tend to differ both in symptomatology and behavior patterns pred,ictive of later disorders (Nottelmann and Jensen, 1995), It is also clear that rates of disorder change differentially in boys and girls (Angold and Costello, 1995). For instance, conduct disorder is more common in boys than in girls and becomes even more common in adolescence. Depression is twice as prevalent in females than in males (Weissman and Klerman, 1977), although this sex difference does not seem to appear until some time in adolescence. These t1ndings also demonstrate that the rates of psychiatric disorders change with age. In addition, there is good evidence that symptom patterns also change with age, even within diagnostic categories such as conduct disorder, depression, and ADHD (Angold and Costello, 1995). This may be caused by the fact that age retlects the various different aspects of biological maturation, cognitive level, social status, the duration of experiences, and the type of experiences encountered (Rutter, 1988). Therefore, both sex and age must be taken into account in the assessment of the extent and nature of continuities of psychopathology between childhood and adult life. Poor Outcome Events and Impaired Social Functioning In addition to information about the continuity and discontinuity of psychopathology across a wide age range, it is also important to determine the broader consequences of child psychopathology for adult functioning, including referral to mental health services, arrest by the police, expulsion from school or job, alcohol abuse, and suicidal behavior, as well as impaired social functioning. These signs of maladjustment and social dysfullctioning are intrinsically important in evaluating Chapter I A general conclusion from the foregoing can be drawn: to fully elucidate developmental continuities and discontinuities of psychopathology, it is important to study psychopathology prospectively in a general population sample, taking account of sex and age, assessing a broad range of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood, and lIsing standardized assessment instruments that are comparable across time. To fully determine the broader later consequences of childhood psychopathology, information about poor outcome events and social impairment in adulthood must be obtained as well. Psychopatholog)' fl'om Childhood into Adulthood Since the late 1970s several child psychiatric community studies, lIsing prospective designs have been conducted, including the Isle of \Vight study (Graham and Rutter, 1973); the Dunedin study (Caspi et aI., 1996); the Ontario Child Health Study (Offord et aI., 1992); the Great Smoky Mountains Study (Costello et aI., 1997); the New York State study (Pine et aI., 1998); the National sample study, United States (Achenbach et aI., 1995b); the Christchurch study (Fergusson et aI., 1997); and the Zuid-Holland study, the Netherlands (Hofstra et aI., 2000). Results generally indicate moderate stabilities of problem behavior within childhood and adolescence. Of these studies, only a few have reported on outcomes into adulthood

Research paper thumbnail of Continuity and Change of Psychopathology From Childhood Into Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up Study

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000

To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood int... more To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood into adulthood. For 1,615 children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years from the general population, parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at initial assessment. At follow-up 14 years later, subjects completed the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), and their parents completed the Young Adult Behavior Checklist (YABCL). Of the subjects who were initially classified as deviant, 14 years later 41% were classified as deviant according to their YABCL Total Problem score, and 29% according to their YASR Total Problem score. Intrainformant (CBCL/YABCL) Withdrawn, Social Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior scores, and cross-informant (CBCL/YASR) Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems, and Delinquent Behavior scores were independent predictors of general levels of problem behavior. Childhood and adolescent problems persisted to a considerable degree into adulthood, although the majority of children who were deviant at initial assessment could not be regarded as deviant 14 years later. Children who were adolescents at initial assessment (12-16 years) showed higher stability of problem behaviors than subjects who were children at initial assessment (4-11 years).

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in a community sample of adolescents

Psychological Medicine, 2002

Objective. We aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in adolescen... more Objective. We aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in adolescents from the general population.

Research paper thumbnail of Child and Adolescent Problems Predict DSM-IV Disorders in Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up of a Dutch Epidemiological Sample

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2002

Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected... more Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected samples. This study prospectively examined the adult outcomes of psychopathology in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents across a 14-year period. In 1983, parent ratings of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained for 1,578 children and adolescents aged 4 through 16 years from the Dutch general population. At follow-up, 14 years later, subjects were reassessed with a standardized DSM-IV interview. High levels of childhood problems predicted an approximate 2- to 6-fold increased risk for adulthood DSM-IV diagnoses. The associations between specific childhood problems and adulthood diagnoses were complex. Social Problems in girls predicted later DSM-IV disorder. Rule-breaking behavior in boys predicted both mood disorders and disruptive disorders in adulthood. High levels of childhood behavioral and emotional problems are related to DSM-IV diagnoses in adulthood. The strongest predictor of disorders in adulthood was childhood rule-breaking behavior. Attention Problems did not predict any of the DSM-IV categories when adjusted for the associations with other Child Behavior Checklist scales.

Research paper thumbnail of Continuity and Change of Psychopathology From Childhood Into Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up Study

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000

To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood int... more To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood into adulthood. For 1,615 children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years from the general population, parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at initial assessment. At follow-up 14 years later, subjects completed the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), and their parents completed the Young Adult Behavior Checklist (YABCL). Of the subjects who were initially classified as deviant, 14 years later 41% were classified as deviant according to their YABCL Total Problem score, and 29% according to their YASR Total Problem score. Intrainformant (CBCL/YABCL) Withdrawn, Social Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior scores, and cross-informant (CBCL/YASR) Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems, and Delinquent Behavior scores were independent predictors of general levels of problem behavior. Childhood and adolescent problems persisted to a considerable degree into adulthood, although the majority of children who were deviant at initial assessment could not be regarded as deviant 14 years later. Children who were adolescents at initial assessment (12-16 years) showed higher stability of problem behaviors than subjects who were children at initial assessment (4-11 years).

Research paper thumbnail of Adolescents' self-reported problems as predictors of psychopathology in adulthood: 10-year follow-up study

The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2001

Knowledge of the course of psychopathology from adolescence into adulthood is needed to answer qu... more Knowledge of the course of psychopathology from adolescence into adulthood is needed to answer questions concerning origins and prognosis of psychopathology across a wide age range. To investigate the 10-year course and predictive value of self-reported problems in adolescence in relation to psychopathology in adulthood. Subjects from the general population, aged 11-19 years, were assessed with the Youth Self-Report (YSR) at initial assessment, and with the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and three sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) 10 years later. Of the subjects with deviant YSR total problem scores, 23% (males) and 22% (females) had deviant YASR total problem scores at follow-up. Subjects with initial deviant YSR total problem, internalising and externalising scores had higher prevalences of DSM-IV diagnoses at follow-up. Adolescent problems tended to persist into adulthood to a moderate degree. High rates of problems during adolescence are risk factors for psychiatric disorders in adulthood.

Research paper thumbnail of Pathways of Self-Reported Problem Behaviors From Adolescence Into Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, 2002

Objective: The authors determined the impact of different pathways of psychopathological developm... more Objective: The authors determined the impact of different pathways of psychopathological development on adult outcome in subjects followed from ages 11-18 to ages 21-28.

Research paper thumbnail of Stable Prediction of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Based on Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Childhood: A 14-Year Follow-Up During Childhood, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003

Objective: The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from par... more Objective: The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reported emotional and behavioral problems in childhood across a 14-year period from childhood into young adulthood.

Research paper thumbnail of Continuity and Change of Psychopathology From Childhood Into Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up Study

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jul 1, 2000

To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood int... more To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood into adulthood. For 1,615 children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years from the general population, parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at initial assessment. At follow-up 14 years later, subjects completed the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), and their parents completed the Young Adult Behavior Checklist (YABCL). Of the subjects who were initially classified as deviant, 14 years later 41% were classified as deviant according to their YABCL Total Problem score, and 29% according to their YASR Total Problem score. Intrainformant (CBCL/YABCL) Withdrawn, Social Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior scores, and cross-informant (CBCL/YASR) Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems, and Delinquent Behavior scores were independent predictors of general levels of problem behavior. Childhood and adolescent problems persisted to a considerable degree into adulthood, although the majority of children who were deviant at initial assessment could not be regarded as deviant 14 years later. Children who were adolescents at initial assessment (12-16 years) showed higher stability of problem behaviors than subjects who were children at initial assessment (4-11 years).

Research paper thumbnail of Adolescents' self-reported problems as predictors of psychopathology in adulthood: 10-year follow-up study

British Journal of Psychiatry, Sep 1, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in a community sample of adolescents

Psychological Medicine, May 1, 2002

Objective. We aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in adolescen... more Objective. We aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in adolescents from the general population. Method. The sample consisted of 914 adolescents between ages 11-18 participating in an ongoing longitudinal study. The participation rate from the original sample was 70 %. Responses on the Youth Self-Report questionnaire were used to ascertain hallucinations in adolescents. Eight years later, Axis 1 DSM-IV diagnoses were assessed using the 12-month version Composite International Diagnostic Interview in 783 (86 %) of 914 study subjects. No subjects were diagnosed with schizophreniform disorders or schizophrenia. Results. Hallucinations were reported by 6 % of adolescents and 3 % of young adults. Selfreported hallucinations were associated with concurrent non-psychotic psychiatric problems in both age groups. Adolescents who reported auditory, but not visual, hallucinations, had higher rates of depressive disorders and substance use disorders, but not psychotic disorders, at follow-up, compared to controls. Conclusions. Self-reported auditory hallucinations in adolescents are markers of concurrent and future psychiatric impairment due to non-psychotic Axis 1 disorders and possibly Axis 2 disorders. It cannot be excluded that there was selective attrition of children and adolescents who developed Schizophrenic or other psychotic disorders later in life.

Research paper thumbnail of Child and Adolescent Problems Predict DSM-IV Disorders in Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up of a Dutch Epidemiological Sample

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Feb 1, 2002

Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected... more Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected samples. This study prospectively examined the adult outcomes of psychopathology in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents across a 14-year period. In 1983, parent ratings of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained for 1,578 children and adolescents aged 4 through 16 years from the Dutch general population. At follow-up, 14 years later, subjects were reassessed with a standardized DSM-IV interview. High levels of childhood problems predicted an approximate 2- to 6-fold increased risk for adulthood DSM-IV diagnoses. The associations between specific childhood problems and adulthood diagnoses were complex. Social Problems in girls predicted later DSM-IV disorder. Rule-breaking behavior in boys predicted both mood disorders and disruptive disorders in adulthood. High levels of childhood behavioral and emotional problems are related to DSM-IV diagnoses in adulthood. The strongest predictor of disorders in adulthood was childhood rule-breaking behavior. Attention Problems did not predict any of the DSM-IV categories when adjusted for the associations with other Child Behavior Checklist scales.

Research paper thumbnail of Stable Prediction of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Based on Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Childhood: A 14-Year Follow-Up During Childhood, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, Dec 1, 2003

The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reporte... more The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reported emotional and behavioral problems in childhood across a 14-year period from childhood into young adulthood. Method: In 1983, parent reports of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained with the Child Behavior Checklist for children and adolescents 4-16 years of age from the Dutch general population. At follow-up 14 years later, lifetime mood and anxiety diagnoses were obtained by a standardized DSM-IV interview for 1,580 subjects. Cox proportional hazards models were used to predict the incidence of mood and anxiety disorders from childhood problems and demographic covariates. Results: Mood disorders were significantly predicted by high scores on the anxious/depressed scale and on the inter-nalizing composite (withdrawn, somatic complaints, and anxious/depressed). Anxiety disorders were significantly predicted by the social problems scale and the externalizing composite (delinquent behavior and aggressive behavior). Anxiety disorders predominantly started in childhood and early adolescence, whereas the incidence of mood disorders increased sharply in adolescence and young adulthood. Conclusions: These results suggest different developmental pathways for mood and anxiety disorders. The predictions based on problem behavior remained stable during the 14-year period across adolescence and young adulthood. The results therefore underline the importance of early intervention and prevention of behavioral and emotional problems in childhood.

Research paper thumbnail of Pathways of Self-Reported Problem Behaviors From Adolescence Into Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, Mar 1, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Adult outcomes of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents

Research paper thumbnail of Adult outcomes of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Child and Adolescent Problems Predict DSM-IV Disorders in Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up of a Dutch Epidemiological Sample

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2002

Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected... more Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected samples. This study prospectively examined the adult outcomes of psychopathology in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents across a 14-year period. In 1983, parent ratings of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained for 1,578 children and adolescents aged 4 through 16 years from the Dutch general population. At follow-up, 14 years later, subjects were reassessed with a standardized DSM-IV interview. High levels of childhood problems predicted an approximate 2- to 6-fold increased risk for adulthood DSM-IV diagnoses. The associations between specific childhood problems and adulthood diagnoses were complex. Social Problems in girls predicted later DSM-IV disorder. Rule-breaking behavior in boys predicted both mood disorders and disruptive disorders in adulthood. High levels of childhood behavioral and emotional problems are related to DSM-IV diagnoses in adulthood. The strongest predictor of disorders in adulthood was childhood rule-breaking behavior. Attention Problems did not predict any of the DSM-IV categories when adjusted for the associations with other Child Behavior Checklist scales.

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic outcome of adolescent self-reported suicidal ideation at 8-year follow-up

Journal of Affective Disorders, 2002

Background: There are few epidemiological data on the outcome of adolescent self-reported suicida... more Background: There are few epidemiological data on the outcome of adolescent self-reported suicidal ideation. Method: Data from an epidemiological study were used to examine self-reported suicidal ideation in adolescence as a predictor of suicidal ideation and psychiatric diagnoses at 8-year follow-up. Results: Suicidal ideation was reported by 41 (4.5%) of 912 adolescents aged 11-18 and by 19 (2.5%) of 795 young adults aged 19-26. Most parents of adolescents with positive self-report did not report suicidal ideation in their child. Suicidal ideation in adolescents and young adults was associated with other psychiatric problems. Adolescent self-reported suicidal ideation was not a predictor of suicidal ideation or any major psychiatric disorder 8 years later. In males, suicidal ideation in adolescence was associated with specific phobia at follow-up. Limitations: The sample of adolescents may not be representative of the general population. There were no outcome measures other than DSM-IV diagnoses. Suicidal ideation was assessed by only one item, both at baseline and follow-up. Conclusions: Adolescents and young adults with self-reported suicidal ideation had high rates of psychiatric problems. Adolescent self-reported suicidal ideation did not predict suicidal ideation or any major psychiatric disorders (i.e. depressive disorders, substance use disorders, or psychotic disorders) at follow-up.

Research paper thumbnail of Pathways of Self-Reported Problem Behaviors From Adolescence Into Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Stable Prediction of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Based on Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Childhood: A 14-Year Follow-Up During Childhood, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003

The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reporte... more The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reported emotional and behavioral problems in childhood across a 14-year period from childhood into young adulthood. Method: In 1983, parent reports of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained with the Child Behavior Checklist for children and adolescents 4-16 years of age from the Dutch general population. At follow-up 14 years later, lifetime mood and anxiety diagnoses were obtained by a standardized DSM-IV interview for 1,580 subjects. Cox proportional hazards models were used to predict the incidence of mood and anxiety disorders from childhood problems and demographic covariates. Results: Mood disorders were significantly predicted by high scores on the anxious/depressed scale and on the inter-nalizing composite (withdrawn, somatic complaints, and anxious/depressed). Anxiety disorders were significantly predicted by the social problems scale and the externalizing composite (delinquent behavior and aggressive behavior). Anxiety disorders predominantly started in childhood and early adolescence, whereas the incidence of mood disorders increased sharply in adolescence and young adulthood. Conclusions: These results suggest different developmental pathways for mood and anxiety disorders. The predictions based on problem behavior remained stable during the 14-year period across adolescence and young adulthood. The results therefore underline the importance of early intervention and prevention of behavioral and emotional problems in childhood.

Research paper thumbnail of Psychopathology From Childhood Into Adulthood: Follow-Up of An Epidemiological Sample

Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) Dankwoord (acknowledgements) CUITicululll Vitae Chapter I adultho... more Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) Dankwoord (acknowledgements) CUITicululll Vitae Chapter I adulthood, both heterotypic and homotypic continuities may occur, because behaviors may change in form whilst still reflecting the same basic process (Rutter, 1989). A range of outcomes in adulthood Illay be associated with a given pathway (multifinality), and particular pathways may uniquely be associated with a given outcome (cquifinalily), The principles of l11ultifinality and equifinalily have been shown to be relevant to developmental psychopathology (Cicchetti and Cohen, 1995), and a vast majority of longitudinal studies confirmed these two basic principles of the developmental psychopathology perspective (Egeland ct aI., 1996), Basic to the developmental considerations of psychopathology in children and adolescents is the recognition that boys and girls tend to differ both in symptomatology and behavior patterns pred,ictive of later disorders (Nottelmann and Jensen, 1995), It is also clear that rates of disorder change differentially in boys and girls (Angold and Costello, 1995). For instance, conduct disorder is more common in boys than in girls and becomes even more common in adolescence. Depression is twice as prevalent in females than in males (Weissman and Klerman, 1977), although this sex difference does not seem to appear until some time in adolescence. These t1ndings also demonstrate that the rates of psychiatric disorders change with age. In addition, there is good evidence that symptom patterns also change with age, even within diagnostic categories such as conduct disorder, depression, and ADHD (Angold and Costello, 1995). This may be caused by the fact that age retlects the various different aspects of biological maturation, cognitive level, social status, the duration of experiences, and the type of experiences encountered (Rutter, 1988). Therefore, both sex and age must be taken into account in the assessment of the extent and nature of continuities of psychopathology between childhood and adult life. Poor Outcome Events and Impaired Social Functioning In addition to information about the continuity and discontinuity of psychopathology across a wide age range, it is also important to determine the broader consequences of child psychopathology for adult functioning, including referral to mental health services, arrest by the police, expulsion from school or job, alcohol abuse, and suicidal behavior, as well as impaired social functioning. These signs of maladjustment and social dysfullctioning are intrinsically important in evaluating Chapter I A general conclusion from the foregoing can be drawn: to fully elucidate developmental continuities and discontinuities of psychopathology, it is important to study psychopathology prospectively in a general population sample, taking account of sex and age, assessing a broad range of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood, and lIsing standardized assessment instruments that are comparable across time. To fully determine the broader later consequences of childhood psychopathology, information about poor outcome events and social impairment in adulthood must be obtained as well. Psychopatholog)' fl'om Childhood into Adulthood Since the late 1970s several child psychiatric community studies, lIsing prospective designs have been conducted, including the Isle of \Vight study (Graham and Rutter, 1973); the Dunedin study (Caspi et aI., 1996); the Ontario Child Health Study (Offord et aI., 1992); the Great Smoky Mountains Study (Costello et aI., 1997); the New York State study (Pine et aI., 1998); the National sample study, United States (Achenbach et aI., 1995b); the Christchurch study (Fergusson et aI., 1997); and the Zuid-Holland study, the Netherlands (Hofstra et aI., 2000). Results generally indicate moderate stabilities of problem behavior within childhood and adolescence. Of these studies, only a few have reported on outcomes into adulthood

Research paper thumbnail of Continuity and Change of Psychopathology From Childhood Into Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up Study

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000

To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood int... more To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood into adulthood. For 1,615 children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years from the general population, parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at initial assessment. At follow-up 14 years later, subjects completed the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), and their parents completed the Young Adult Behavior Checklist (YABCL). Of the subjects who were initially classified as deviant, 14 years later 41% were classified as deviant according to their YABCL Total Problem score, and 29% according to their YASR Total Problem score. Intrainformant (CBCL/YABCL) Withdrawn, Social Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior scores, and cross-informant (CBCL/YASR) Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems, and Delinquent Behavior scores were independent predictors of general levels of problem behavior. Childhood and adolescent problems persisted to a considerable degree into adulthood, although the majority of children who were deviant at initial assessment could not be regarded as deviant 14 years later. Children who were adolescents at initial assessment (12-16 years) showed higher stability of problem behaviors than subjects who were children at initial assessment (4-11 years).

Research paper thumbnail of Diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in a community sample of adolescents

Psychological Medicine, 2002

Objective. We aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in adolescen... more Objective. We aimed to assess the diagnostic outcome of self-reported hallucinations in adolescents from the general population.

Research paper thumbnail of Child and Adolescent Problems Predict DSM-IV Disorders in Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up of a Dutch Epidemiological Sample

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2002

Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected... more Few studies exist that examine continuities between child and adult psychopathology in unselected samples. This study prospectively examined the adult outcomes of psychopathology in an epidemiological sample of children and adolescents across a 14-year period. In 1983, parent ratings of behavioral and emotional problems were obtained for 1,578 children and adolescents aged 4 through 16 years from the Dutch general population. At follow-up, 14 years later, subjects were reassessed with a standardized DSM-IV interview. High levels of childhood problems predicted an approximate 2- to 6-fold increased risk for adulthood DSM-IV diagnoses. The associations between specific childhood problems and adulthood diagnoses were complex. Social Problems in girls predicted later DSM-IV disorder. Rule-breaking behavior in boys predicted both mood disorders and disruptive disorders in adulthood. High levels of childhood behavioral and emotional problems are related to DSM-IV diagnoses in adulthood. The strongest predictor of disorders in adulthood was childhood rule-breaking behavior. Attention Problems did not predict any of the DSM-IV categories when adjusted for the associations with other Child Behavior Checklist scales.

Research paper thumbnail of Continuity and Change of Psychopathology From Childhood Into Adulthood: A 14-Year Follow-up Study

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2000

To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood int... more To test the 14-year continuity and change of behavioral and emotional problems from childhood into adulthood. For 1,615 children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years from the general population, parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at initial assessment. At follow-up 14 years later, subjects completed the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), and their parents completed the Young Adult Behavior Checklist (YABCL). Of the subjects who were initially classified as deviant, 14 years later 41% were classified as deviant according to their YABCL Total Problem score, and 29% according to their YASR Total Problem score. Intrainformant (CBCL/YABCL) Withdrawn, Social Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior scores, and cross-informant (CBCL/YASR) Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems, and Delinquent Behavior scores were independent predictors of general levels of problem behavior. Childhood and adolescent problems persisted to a considerable degree into adulthood, although the majority of children who were deviant at initial assessment could not be regarded as deviant 14 years later. Children who were adolescents at initial assessment (12-16 years) showed higher stability of problem behaviors than subjects who were children at initial assessment (4-11 years).

Research paper thumbnail of Adolescents' self-reported problems as predictors of psychopathology in adulthood: 10-year follow-up study

The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2001

Knowledge of the course of psychopathology from adolescence into adulthood is needed to answer qu... more Knowledge of the course of psychopathology from adolescence into adulthood is needed to answer questions concerning origins and prognosis of psychopathology across a wide age range. To investigate the 10-year course and predictive value of self-reported problems in adolescence in relation to psychopathology in adulthood. Subjects from the general population, aged 11-19 years, were assessed with the Youth Self-Report (YSR) at initial assessment, and with the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and three sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) 10 years later. Of the subjects with deviant YSR total problem scores, 23% (males) and 22% (females) had deviant YASR total problem scores at follow-up. Subjects with initial deviant YSR total problem, internalising and externalising scores had higher prevalences of DSM-IV diagnoses at follow-up. Adolescent problems tended to persist into adulthood to a moderate degree. High rates of problems during adolescence are risk factors for psychiatric disorders in adulthood.

Research paper thumbnail of Pathways of Self-Reported Problem Behaviors From Adolescence Into Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, 2002

Objective: The authors determined the impact of different pathways of psychopathological developm... more Objective: The authors determined the impact of different pathways of psychopathological development on adult outcome in subjects followed from ages 11-18 to ages 21-28.

Research paper thumbnail of Stable Prediction of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Based on Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Childhood: A 14-Year Follow-Up During Childhood, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood

American Journal of Psychiatry, 2003

Objective: The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from par... more Objective: The goal of this study was to predict the onset of mood and anxiety disorders from parent-reported emotional and behavioral problems in childhood across a 14-year period from childhood into young adulthood.