Marin Berovic - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Marin Berovic
Food Technology …, 2001
... 38 (2000) 225228. Imunostimulatorno djelovanje fungalnih polisaharida iz biomase Ganoderma l... more ... 38 (2000) 225228. Imunostimulatorno djelovanje fungalnih polisaharida iz biomase Ganoderma lucidum dobivene submerznim uzgojem Sa`etak Izoliran je soj Ganoderma lucidum MZKI G97 iz Slovenije te uzgojen na dekstrozi iz krumpira u reaktoru od 10 L s mije{alicom. ...
Sterilization of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases, and maintenance of aseptic condition... more Sterilization of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases, and maintenance of aseptic conditions during bioprocessing represent one of the most relevant parts of comprehensive upstream processing. This article represents a review of various sterilization techniques and methods for sterilization of inlet gases and liquids, including sterilization of small and large industrial equipment, and validation of sterilization procedures. Various methods for sterilization of inlet and outlet gases by filtration using various types of filters, filter cartridges, and membrane filters are presented. Liquid sterilization methods by filtration as well as heat sterilization are discussed. Sterilization of small- and industrial-scale equipment by chemical agents and physical methods as ionizing radiation and dry heat sterilization, including the validation of sterilization, are discussed.
Elsevier eBooks, 2005
Sterilisation of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases and maintenance of aseptic conditions... more Sterilisation of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases and maintenance of aseptic conditions during bioprocessing represents one of the most relevant parts of comprehensive upstream processing. The present chapter reviews various sterilisation techniques and methods for sterilisation of inlet gases, liquids, including sterilisation of small and large industrial equipment and validation of sterilisation procedures. Various methods for sterilisation using different kinds of filters, filter cartridges and membrane filters are also presented. Liquid sterilisation methods by filtration as well as heat sterilisation are discussed. Sterilisation of small and industrial scale equipment by chemical agents and physical methods as ionising radiation and dry heat sterilisation including the validation of sterilisation are discussed.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Dec 1, 1982
The role and importance of the redox potential phenomena in submerged citric acid production are ... more The role and importance of the redox potential phenomena in submerged citric acid production are discussed. The redox potential of the fermentation broth is the result of oxydo-reduction processes where the metabolic activity of the microorganism Aspergillus niger plays the most significant role. The course of the redox curve for a good yielding citric acid production is presented and interpreted. The experiments of submerged citric acid production were carried out on beet molasses treated with potassiurn hexacyanoferrate and inoculated with A. niger spores.
Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Kemijsko-biološki ftkultet u Ljubljani Izvol nl znallstveni rađ/Orl... more Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Kemijsko-biološki ftkultet u Ljubljani Izvol nl znallstveni rađ/Orlgtnal sclelttlfic ptIper Konzervatorskorestauratorski zahvat i nove spoznaje o triptihu iz sakristije Zagrebačke katedrale" 15. 9. 2005. Kljućne riječi: Zagrćf)acf'll katedrala, tri ptil), Bolle, ko>>zen ittorsko-rćstaznatovski r.tdoli i anali-e Key xvords: Zagreb Cittl)edral, frlptvcl), Bollć', conse 1 I at!on->estan>itt>0>1 f l ciltnzcnf anel a>zal) sćss U okI i ru e>graniče»r>git kr)>>ze> I izto>sko-rrestizuratorskug z<If)t ata it>tali i ritu je tri pfil) kao i sl i poznati pol ijesni i pol!jesnountjetnički it ori i literittlnit o >zjentu. Otint se anali-.aula peka-alo dit jes vedisnja kas>u)gotička slika, koja se dati rit 1495., e>kru~ć niz dl j en>a >ze ogutički>n slikinnit nastalinla 1880.-1883. Te citi/I slike do sad it su sć vati>tlIe lr 15. Sfe) /l'ćće. N I p o leće n i >zu til) dt ij u >zee>ge)tičfil) slika transferirane su 1880.-1883. ilt ij e barol,'ne slike iz 17. stoljeća. Kontpar ztil nonz an tli:onz pe>stoječil) zezkita i retuša >za sl inz slika>n z, te ezn tlt o>n pisitnib i-I oriz i literature diztirana su st'a restilu>inz>tja na slikan>a.
In this case study, excellent results were obtained for the removal of oil-based overpaints using... more In this case study, excellent results were obtained for the removal of oil-based overpaints using lipase L 0763 Type XII® (Sigma) applied as an aqueous gel. The penetration of gel components was reduced by using a relatively thick gel (5 per cent Klucel G® (Hercules)) and by avoiding the use of tensides in the gel mixture. Surface wetting was achieved by a pretreatment of the overpaint. Gel buffering to pH 7.7 was balanced without use of acids. A warm buffered gel softens the oil overpaint, however, in this case insufficiently to enable quality cleaning and much less efficiently than the same gel after the addition of enzymes. The maintenance of the optimal activity temperature of the applied enzyme gel proved to be neither convenient nor desirable (at 39 °C the gel becomes dried, humidity penetrates, temperature oscillates, and so on). Far better results were obtained with an optimal activity pH and without heating.
Food Technology and Biotechnology, 2000
... 16. M. Berovi~, A. Cimerman, BHRA, 3rd International Congress on Bioreactor and Bioprocess Fl... more ... 16. M. Berovi~, A. Cimerman, BHRA, 3rd International Congress on Bioreactor and Bioprocess Fluid Dynamics, A. Nienow (Ed.), Cambridge, MEP ... Kemijski postupci, {to obuhva}aju dodatak oksidansa i re-ducensa, ne sprje~avaju rast mikroorganizama, ali o~ito inhibiraju ...
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2016
Polysaccharides (PSs) were extracted from the biomass of the turkey tail medicinal mushroom, Tram... more Polysaccharides (PSs) were extracted from the biomass of the turkey tail medicinal mushroom, Trametes versicolor, cultivated on a corn straw substrate using a horizontal stirred tank reactor with a 0.065 mass ratio of PS (w/w dry biomass). Equilibrium and mass balance were obtained from laboratory experiments. From a single-stage extraction of PSs with the mass ratio of boiling water 10:1 (w/w dry biomass), it was found that only 35%) enabled us to compute the number of ideal stages for a counter-current leaching system. Concentration of PSs at the exit point of the 6-stage counter-current leaching cascade was 5.9 g/L and was higher than the one obtained after a single-stage extraction process (5.2 g/L).
Journal of Chromatography B, Sep 1, 2003
The immobilization of the enzymes citrate lyase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase a... more The immobilization of the enzymes citrate lyase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase to CIM monolithic supports was performed. The long-term stability, reproducibility, and linear response range of the immobilized enzyme reactors were investigated along with the determination of the kinetic behavior of the enzymes immobilized on the CIM monoliths. The Michaelis-Menten constant K and the turnover number k of the immobilized m 3 enzymes were found to be flow-unaffected. Furthermore, the K values of the soluble and immobilized enzyme were found m to be comparable. Both facts indicate the absence of a diffusional limitation in immobilized CIM enzyme reactors.
Food Technology and Biotechnology, 2000
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2007
Analytica Chimica Acta, Feb 1, 2000
A new polymeric macroporous material, Convective Interaction Media (CIM) was applied as a support... more A new polymeric macroporous material, Convective Interaction Media (CIM) was applied as a support for glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilisation. CIM epoxy disks with the immobilised enzyme were integrated as an enzyme reactor in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system and applied to on-line monitoring of glucose during cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. The developed CIM GOD disk-FIA system exhibited good signal reproducibility and satisfactory long-term stability with a linear response in the range 10-200 mg l −1. The CIM disk applied as an enzyme reactor proved to be a successful replacement for conventionally used packed-bed columns and as such it was well suited for on-line monitoring of bioprocesses.
New Biotechnology, 2015
An original strain of Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd, MZKI G97 isolated from Slovenian hab... more An original strain of Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd, MZKI G97 isolated from Slovenian habitats was grown by a submerged liquid substrate cultivation in a laboratory stirred tank reactor. Five fractions of extracellular and cell-wall polysaccharides were obtained by extraction, ethanol precipitation, and purification by ion-exchange, gel and affinity chromatography. The capacity of isolated polysaccharide fractions to induce innate inflammatory cytokines, and to modulate cytokine responses of activated lymphocytes was investigated. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were activated in vitro with polysaccharide fractions, in order to induce innate inflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 12 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). For the immunomodulation capacity, polysaccharide fractions were cultured with ionomycine and phorbol myristate acetate (IONO+PMA) activated PBMC, and the concentrations of induced IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 were measured. The results showed that polysaccharides from G. lucidum induced moderate to high amounts of innate inflammatory cytokines. Fungal cell-wall polysaccharides were stronger innate inflammatory cytokines inducers, while extracellular polysaccharides demonstrated a higher capacity to modulate cytokine responses of IONO+PMA induced production of IL-17. The results indicate that G. lucidum polysaccharides enhance Th1 response with high levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, and display low to no impact on IL-4 production. A similar pattern was observed at regulatory cytokine IL-10. All of the polysaccharide fractions tested induced IL-17 production at different concentration levels.
Biotechnology annual review, 2007
Citric acid is a commodity chemical produced and consumed throughout The World. It is used mainly... more Citric acid is a commodity chemical produced and consumed throughout The World. It is used mainly in the food and beverage industry, primarily as an acidulant. Although it is one of the oldiest industrial fermentations, its World production is still in rapid increasing. Global production of citric acid in 2007 was over 1.6 million tones. Biochemistry of citric acid fermentation, various microbial strains, as well as various substrates, technological processes and product recovery are presented. World production and economics aspects of this strategically product of bulk biotechnology are discussed.
Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology, 2019
Basidiomycetes of various species and their wide range of pharmaceutically interesting products i... more Basidiomycetes of various species and their wide range of pharmaceutically interesting products in the last decades represent one of the most attractive groups of natural products in Asia and North America. Production of fungal fruit bodies using farming technology is hardly covering the market. Comprehensive solid-state technologies and bioreactors are the most promising part for fast and large amount of cultivation of medicinal fungi biomass and its pharmaceutically active products. Wood, agriculture, and food industry wastes represent the main substrates that are in this process delignified and enriched in proteins and highly valuable
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2013
Submerged batch and repeated fed-batch cultivation techniques were used for mycelia cultivation a... more Submerged batch and repeated fed-batch cultivation techniques were used for mycelia cultivation and polysaccharide production of the Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Although most publications use various Asiatic G. lucidum strains, the growth of the strain Ga.l 4 (Biotechnical Faculty Strain Collection, Ljubljana, Slovenia), originally isolated from the Slovenian forest, is much faster. The results between the batch and repeated fed-batch cultivation are compared with the polysaccharide production in batch cultivation. From the aspect of biomass production, the best results were obtained in repeated fed-batch after 44 days, where 12.4 g/L of dry fungal biomass was obtained.
Elsevier eBooks, 2007
Ganoderma lucidum is a wood-degrading basidiomycete with numerous pharmacological effects. Since ... more Ganoderma lucidum is a wood-degrading basidiomycete with numerous pharmacological effects. Since the mushroom is very rare in nature, artificial cultivation of fruiting bodies has been known on wood logs and on sawdust in plastic bags or bottles. Biotechnological cultivation of G. lucidum mycelia in bioreactors has also been established, both on solid substrates and in liquid media by submerged cultivation of fungal biomass. The most important pharmacologically active constituents of G. lucidum are triterpenoids and polysaccharides. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess hepatoprotective, anti-hypertensive, hypocholesterolemic and anti-histaminic effects, anti-tumor and anti-engiogenic activity, effects on platelet aggregation and complement inhibition. Polysaccharides, especially beta-d-glucans, have been known to possess anti-tumor effects through immunomodulation and anti-angiogenesis. In addition, polysaccharides have a protective effect against free radicals and reduce cell damage caused by mutagens.
Food Technology …, 2001
... 38 (2000) 225228. Imunostimulatorno djelovanje fungalnih polisaharida iz biomase Ganoderma l... more ... 38 (2000) 225228. Imunostimulatorno djelovanje fungalnih polisaharida iz biomase Ganoderma lucidum dobivene submerznim uzgojem Sa`etak Izoliran je soj Ganoderma lucidum MZKI G97 iz Slovenije te uzgojen na dekstrozi iz krumpira u reaktoru od 10 L s mije{alicom. ...
Sterilization of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases, and maintenance of aseptic condition... more Sterilization of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases, and maintenance of aseptic conditions during bioprocessing represent one of the most relevant parts of comprehensive upstream processing. This article represents a review of various sterilization techniques and methods for sterilization of inlet gases and liquids, including sterilization of small and large industrial equipment, and validation of sterilization procedures. Various methods for sterilization of inlet and outlet gases by filtration using various types of filters, filter cartridges, and membrane filters are presented. Liquid sterilization methods by filtration as well as heat sterilization are discussed. Sterilization of small- and industrial-scale equipment by chemical agents and physical methods as ionizing radiation and dry heat sterilization, including the validation of sterilization, are discussed.
Elsevier eBooks, 2005
Sterilisation of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases and maintenance of aseptic conditions... more Sterilisation of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases and maintenance of aseptic conditions during bioprocessing represents one of the most relevant parts of comprehensive upstream processing. The present chapter reviews various sterilisation techniques and methods for sterilisation of inlet gases, liquids, including sterilisation of small and large industrial equipment and validation of sterilisation procedures. Various methods for sterilisation using different kinds of filters, filter cartridges and membrane filters are also presented. Liquid sterilisation methods by filtration as well as heat sterilisation are discussed. Sterilisation of small and industrial scale equipment by chemical agents and physical methods as ionising radiation and dry heat sterilisation including the validation of sterilisation are discussed.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Dec 1, 1982
The role and importance of the redox potential phenomena in submerged citric acid production are ... more The role and importance of the redox potential phenomena in submerged citric acid production are discussed. The redox potential of the fermentation broth is the result of oxydo-reduction processes where the metabolic activity of the microorganism Aspergillus niger plays the most significant role. The course of the redox curve for a good yielding citric acid production is presented and interpreted. The experiments of submerged citric acid production were carried out on beet molasses treated with potassiurn hexacyanoferrate and inoculated with A. niger spores.
Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Kemijsko-biološki ftkultet u Ljubljani Izvol nl znallstveni rađ/Orl... more Hrvatski restauratorski zavod Kemijsko-biološki ftkultet u Ljubljani Izvol nl znallstveni rađ/Orlgtnal sclelttlfic ptIper Konzervatorskorestauratorski zahvat i nove spoznaje o triptihu iz sakristije Zagrebačke katedrale" 15. 9. 2005. Kljućne riječi: Zagrćf)acf'll katedrala, tri ptil), Bolle, ko>>zen ittorsko-rćstaznatovski r.tdoli i anali-e Key xvords: Zagreb Cittl)edral, frlptvcl), Bollć', conse 1 I at!on->estan>itt>0>1 f l ciltnzcnf anel a>zal) sćss U okI i ru e>graniče»r>git kr)>>ze> I izto>sko-rrestizuratorskug z<If)t ata it>tali i ritu je tri pfil) kao i sl i poznati pol ijesni i pol!jesnountjetnički it ori i literittlnit o >zjentu. Otint se anali-.aula peka-alo dit jes vedisnja kas>u)gotička slika, koja se dati rit 1495., e>kru~ć niz dl j en>a >ze ogutički>n slikinnit nastalinla 1880.-1883. Te citi/I slike do sad it su sć vati>tlIe lr 15. Sfe) /l'ćće. N I p o leće n i >zu til) dt ij u >zee>ge)tičfil) slika transferirane su 1880.-1883. ilt ij e barol,'ne slike iz 17. stoljeća. Kontpar ztil nonz an tli:onz pe>stoječil) zezkita i retuša >za sl inz slika>n z, te ezn tlt o>n pisitnib i-I oriz i literature diztirana su st'a restilu>inz>tja na slikan>a.
In this case study, excellent results were obtained for the removal of oil-based overpaints using... more In this case study, excellent results were obtained for the removal of oil-based overpaints using lipase L 0763 Type XII® (Sigma) applied as an aqueous gel. The penetration of gel components was reduced by using a relatively thick gel (5 per cent Klucel G® (Hercules)) and by avoiding the use of tensides in the gel mixture. Surface wetting was achieved by a pretreatment of the overpaint. Gel buffering to pH 7.7 was balanced without use of acids. A warm buffered gel softens the oil overpaint, however, in this case insufficiently to enable quality cleaning and much less efficiently than the same gel after the addition of enzymes. The maintenance of the optimal activity temperature of the applied enzyme gel proved to be neither convenient nor desirable (at 39 °C the gel becomes dried, humidity penetrates, temperature oscillates, and so on). Far better results were obtained with an optimal activity pH and without heating.
Food Technology and Biotechnology, 2000
... 16. M. Berovi~, A. Cimerman, BHRA, 3rd International Congress on Bioreactor and Bioprocess Fl... more ... 16. M. Berovi~, A. Cimerman, BHRA, 3rd International Congress on Bioreactor and Bioprocess Fluid Dynamics, A. Nienow (Ed.), Cambridge, MEP ... Kemijski postupci, {to obuhva}aju dodatak oksidansa i re-ducensa, ne sprje~avaju rast mikroorganizama, ali o~ito inhibiraju ...
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2016
Polysaccharides (PSs) were extracted from the biomass of the turkey tail medicinal mushroom, Tram... more Polysaccharides (PSs) were extracted from the biomass of the turkey tail medicinal mushroom, Trametes versicolor, cultivated on a corn straw substrate using a horizontal stirred tank reactor with a 0.065 mass ratio of PS (w/w dry biomass). Equilibrium and mass balance were obtained from laboratory experiments. From a single-stage extraction of PSs with the mass ratio of boiling water 10:1 (w/w dry biomass), it was found that only 35%) enabled us to compute the number of ideal stages for a counter-current leaching system. Concentration of PSs at the exit point of the 6-stage counter-current leaching cascade was 5.9 g/L and was higher than the one obtained after a single-stage extraction process (5.2 g/L).
Journal of Chromatography B, Sep 1, 2003
The immobilization of the enzymes citrate lyase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase a... more The immobilization of the enzymes citrate lyase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase to CIM monolithic supports was performed. The long-term stability, reproducibility, and linear response range of the immobilized enzyme reactors were investigated along with the determination of the kinetic behavior of the enzymes immobilized on the CIM monoliths. The Michaelis-Menten constant K and the turnover number k of the immobilized m 3 enzymes were found to be flow-unaffected. Furthermore, the K values of the soluble and immobilized enzyme were found m to be comparable. Both facts indicate the absence of a diffusional limitation in immobilized CIM enzyme reactors.
Food Technology and Biotechnology, 2000
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2007
Analytica Chimica Acta, Feb 1, 2000
A new polymeric macroporous material, Convective Interaction Media (CIM) was applied as a support... more A new polymeric macroporous material, Convective Interaction Media (CIM) was applied as a support for glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilisation. CIM epoxy disks with the immobilised enzyme were integrated as an enzyme reactor in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system and applied to on-line monitoring of glucose during cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and citric acid production by Aspergillus niger. The developed CIM GOD disk-FIA system exhibited good signal reproducibility and satisfactory long-term stability with a linear response in the range 10-200 mg l −1. The CIM disk applied as an enzyme reactor proved to be a successful replacement for conventionally used packed-bed columns and as such it was well suited for on-line monitoring of bioprocesses.
New Biotechnology, 2015
An original strain of Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd, MZKI G97 isolated from Slovenian hab... more An original strain of Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd, MZKI G97 isolated from Slovenian habitats was grown by a submerged liquid substrate cultivation in a laboratory stirred tank reactor. Five fractions of extracellular and cell-wall polysaccharides were obtained by extraction, ethanol precipitation, and purification by ion-exchange, gel and affinity chromatography. The capacity of isolated polysaccharide fractions to induce innate inflammatory cytokines, and to modulate cytokine responses of activated lymphocytes was investigated. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were activated in vitro with polysaccharide fractions, in order to induce innate inflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 12 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). For the immunomodulation capacity, polysaccharide fractions were cultured with ionomycine and phorbol myristate acetate (IONO+PMA) activated PBMC, and the concentrations of induced IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 were measured. The results showed that polysaccharides from G. lucidum induced moderate to high amounts of innate inflammatory cytokines. Fungal cell-wall polysaccharides were stronger innate inflammatory cytokines inducers, while extracellular polysaccharides demonstrated a higher capacity to modulate cytokine responses of IONO+PMA induced production of IL-17. The results indicate that G. lucidum polysaccharides enhance Th1 response with high levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, and display low to no impact on IL-4 production. A similar pattern was observed at regulatory cytokine IL-10. All of the polysaccharide fractions tested induced IL-17 production at different concentration levels.
Biotechnology annual review, 2007
Citric acid is a commodity chemical produced and consumed throughout The World. It is used mainly... more Citric acid is a commodity chemical produced and consumed throughout The World. It is used mainly in the food and beverage industry, primarily as an acidulant. Although it is one of the oldiest industrial fermentations, its World production is still in rapid increasing. Global production of citric acid in 2007 was over 1.6 million tones. Biochemistry of citric acid fermentation, various microbial strains, as well as various substrates, technological processes and product recovery are presented. World production and economics aspects of this strategically product of bulk biotechnology are discussed.
Advances in Biochemical Engineering / Biotechnology, 2019
Basidiomycetes of various species and their wide range of pharmaceutically interesting products i... more Basidiomycetes of various species and their wide range of pharmaceutically interesting products in the last decades represent one of the most attractive groups of natural products in Asia and North America. Production of fungal fruit bodies using farming technology is hardly covering the market. Comprehensive solid-state technologies and bioreactors are the most promising part for fast and large amount of cultivation of medicinal fungi biomass and its pharmaceutically active products. Wood, agriculture, and food industry wastes represent the main substrates that are in this process delignified and enriched in proteins and highly valuable
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 2013
Submerged batch and repeated fed-batch cultivation techniques were used for mycelia cultivation a... more Submerged batch and repeated fed-batch cultivation techniques were used for mycelia cultivation and polysaccharide production of the Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Although most publications use various Asiatic G. lucidum strains, the growth of the strain Ga.l 4 (Biotechnical Faculty Strain Collection, Ljubljana, Slovenia), originally isolated from the Slovenian forest, is much faster. The results between the batch and repeated fed-batch cultivation are compared with the polysaccharide production in batch cultivation. From the aspect of biomass production, the best results were obtained in repeated fed-batch after 44 days, where 12.4 g/L of dry fungal biomass was obtained.
Elsevier eBooks, 2007
Ganoderma lucidum is a wood-degrading basidiomycete with numerous pharmacological effects. Since ... more Ganoderma lucidum is a wood-degrading basidiomycete with numerous pharmacological effects. Since the mushroom is very rare in nature, artificial cultivation of fruiting bodies has been known on wood logs and on sawdust in plastic bags or bottles. Biotechnological cultivation of G. lucidum mycelia in bioreactors has also been established, both on solid substrates and in liquid media by submerged cultivation of fungal biomass. The most important pharmacologically active constituents of G. lucidum are triterpenoids and polysaccharides. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess hepatoprotective, anti-hypertensive, hypocholesterolemic and anti-histaminic effects, anti-tumor and anti-engiogenic activity, effects on platelet aggregation and complement inhibition. Polysaccharides, especially beta-d-glucans, have been known to possess anti-tumor effects through immunomodulation and anti-angiogenesis. In addition, polysaccharides have a protective effect against free radicals and reduce cell damage caused by mutagens.