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In his original theory, Bronfenbrenner 1 postulated that in order to understand human development... more In his original theory, Bronfenbrenner 1 postulated that in order to understand human development, the entire ecological system in which growth occurs should be taken into account. Likewise, to understand children’s health outcomes, the entire ecological system in which health outcomes occur should be taken into account. In investigating the ecological system for children’s health outcomes, researchers have focused on household income, risk factors, and wealth. Wealth conceptualized as an underlying trait, or latent construct (i.e., as a reflective index), and the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) was developed to measure it. 17 However, items comprising the FAS failed to meet the minimum factor analysis criteria for inclusion. A second variable, children’s perception of their family being well-off, was used, and it produced a “gradient” for children’s health outcome (e.g., physical health, emotional health, wheezing). Consequently, the utility of investigating the accumulation of materi...

American Heart Journal, 2014

Although moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased clinical heart failure, there ... more Although moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased clinical heart failure, there are no population-based studies evaluating the relationship between alcohol consumption and left ventricular (LV) systolic function. We sought to evaluate the relationship between alcohol consumption and LV systolic function in the community. In a population-based random sample of 2,042 adults, age ≥45 years, we assessed alcohol consumption by a self-administered questionnaire. Responders were categorized by alcohol consumption level: abstainer, former drinker, light drinker (<1 drink a day), moderate drinker (1-2 drinks a day), and heavy drinker (>2 drinks a day). Systolic function was assessed by echocardiography. We identified 38 cases of systolic dysfunction in 182 abstainers, 309 former drinkers, 1,028 light drinkers, 251 moderate drinkers, and 146 heavy drinkers. A U-shaped relationship was observed between alcohol consumption and moderate systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤40%), with the lowest prevalence in light drinkers (0.9%) compared to the highest prevalence in heavy drinkers (5.5%) (odds ratio 0.14, 95% CI 0.04-0.43). This association persisted across different strata of risk factors of systolic dysfunction as well as in multivariate analysis. No significant association between alcohol consumption and systolic function was seen in subjects with LVEF >50% or ≤50%. There is a U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption volume and LVEF, with the lowest risk of moderate LV dysfunction (LVEF ≤40%) observed in light drinkers (<1 drink a day). These findings are parallel to the relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease prevalence.

American Journal of Epidemiology, Oct 15, 1996

Nature Human Behaviour, Aug 4, 2022

Common genetic variants explain less variation in complex phenotypes than inferred from family-ba... more Common genetic variants explain less variation in complex phenotypes than inferred from family-based studies, and there is a debate on the source of this “missing heritability”. We investigated the contribution of rare genetic variants to tobacco use with whole-genome sequences from up to 26,257 unrelated individuals of European ancestries and 11,743 individuals of African ancestries. Across four smoking traits, SNP-based heritability (h2SNP) was estimated from .13 to .28 (SEs .10-.13) in European ancestries with 35–74% of it attributable to rare variants with minor allele frequencies between 0.01% and 1%. These heritability estimates are 1.5–4 times higher than past estimates based on common variants alone and accounted for 60% to 100% of our pedigree-based estimates of narrow-sense heritability (h2ped: .18~.34). In African ancestry samples, h2SNP was estimated from .03 to .33 (SEs .09-.14) across the four smoking traits. These results suggest that rare variants are important contributors to the heritability of smoking.

Preventing Chronic Disease, Dec 21, 2017

IMC Journal of Medical Science, 2022

Background and objectives: Obesity among adolescents is a significant public health concern in th... more Background and objectives: Obesity among adolescents is a significant public health concern in the United States. The prevalence of obesity has increased from 13.0% in 2011 to 15.5% in 2019. The association between breakfast skipping and obesity is still controversial, and a mediator role of depression in this association is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the independent association between breakfast skipping and obesity and to investigate the mediator role of depressive symptomology between breakfast skipping and obesity prevalence. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were extracted from the CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) for 9th to 12th graders from 2011 through 2020. SAS version 9.4 was used to analyze the data using proc survey frequency and proc survey logistic regression models. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. The Sobel test also was performed to test the...

Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 2016

Introduction: It is known that psychosocial stress is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD... more Introduction: It is known that psychosocial stress is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent research has reported that goal-striving stress (GSS) is associated with poor health outcomes for African Americans. GSS is the “¼discrepancy between aspiration and achievement, and the level of disappointment experienced if goals are not reached.” As far as we know, no research has examined the relationship between GSS and CVD prevalence among African Americans. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between GSS and CVD prevalence among a large sample of African Americans. Methods: The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) includes 5,181 men (37%) and women who completed a baseline survey to capture data on psychosocial variables, CVD history, demographic variables, and CVD risk factors. It was hypothesized that higher levels of GSS would be associated with CVD prevalence. The average GSS level was 4.49. GSS was categorized into tertiles with CVD prevale...

Journal of Behavioral Health, 2019

This manuscript describes the learning community and activities developed for the Daniel Hale Wil... more This manuscript describes the learning community and activities developed for the Daniel Hale Williams Scholars Program to train graduate students in cardiovascular epidemiology.

Abstract: The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is committed to providing opportunities for expanding the... more Abstract: The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is committed to providing opportunities for expanding the understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The JHS Graduate Training and Education Center (GTEC) has initiated the Daniel Hale Williams Scholar (DHWS) program where students are afforded the opportunity to interact with epidemiologists and other biomedical scientists to learn to identify, predict, and prevent cardiovascular disease using the Jackson Heart Study data. This study describes the structured programs developed by JHS GTEC seeking to alleviate the shortage of trained professionals in cardiovascular epidemiology by training graduate students while they complete their academic degrees. The DHWS program provides: (1) an enrichment curriculum; (2) a learning community; (3) quarterly seminars; and (4) a Summer Institute. Students attend enrichment activities

Journal of Behavioral Health, 2017

Ethnicity & disease, 2008

OBJECTIVES To engage a community to critically examine local health disparities. DESIGN Concept m... more OBJECTIVES To engage a community to critically examine local health disparities. DESIGN Concept mapping is a tool used to rapidly assess the variations in thinking of large stakeholder groups' about a particular topic. SETTING Jackson, Mississippi. PARTICIPANTS Community members. METHODS Dialog groups and community meetings were held, and participants were asked to respond to the statement, "A specific thing that causes African Americans to get sicker and die sooner is..." Aggregate responses were rated for importance and feasibility and then sorted into related groups. Aggregate sorts and ratings were then processed by using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. RESULTS There were 132 (unduplicated) reported contributors to health disparities. These responses fell into eight general clusters: economic issues, government, contextual factors, cultural factors, HIV, stress, environment, and motivation. Factors respondents felt were the most importan...

One of the most frightening events that women will ever face is being diagnosed with breast cance... more One of the most frightening events that women will ever face is being diagnosed with breast cancer. One in eight women in the United States will be diagnosed with this life-threatening disease during her lifetime. Even with all the advances in pharmaceutical technology, mortality rates for breast cancer have remained stagnant for the past few decades. The development of new drugs from natural products is considered important. The specific aim of the present study was to use transgenic mouse mammary tumors as a test model to explore the therapeutic mechanisms of a novel natural product as anti-cancer agent in the treatment of breast cancer. To achieve our specific aim, we performed both in vitro and in vivo studies. Acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining were used to visualize live and dead cells with the means of Cellometer Vision. Tumor volume and weight were measured. Tumor histology was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and enzymatic activities were determined by s...

In his original theory, Bronfenbrenner 1 postulated that in order to understand human development... more In his original theory, Bronfenbrenner 1 postulated that in order to understand human development, the entire ecological system in which growth occurs should be taken into account. Likewise, to understand children’s health outcomes, the entire ecological system in which health outcomes occur should be taken into account. In investigating the ecological system for children’s health outcomes, researchers have focused on household income, risk factors, and wealth. Wealth conceptualized as an underlying trait, or latent construct (i.e., as a reflective index), and the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) was developed to measure it. 17 However, items comprising the FAS failed to meet the minimum factor analysis criteria for inclusion. A second variable, children’s perception of their family being well-off, was used, and it produced a “gradient” for children’s health outcome (e.g., physical health, emotional health, wheezing). Consequently, the utility of investigating the accumulation of materi...

American Heart Journal, 2014

Although moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased clinical heart failure, there ... more Although moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased clinical heart failure, there are no population-based studies evaluating the relationship between alcohol consumption and left ventricular (LV) systolic function. We sought to evaluate the relationship between alcohol consumption and LV systolic function in the community. In a population-based random sample of 2,042 adults, age ≥45 years, we assessed alcohol consumption by a self-administered questionnaire. Responders were categorized by alcohol consumption level: abstainer, former drinker, light drinker (<1 drink a day), moderate drinker (1-2 drinks a day), and heavy drinker (>2 drinks a day). Systolic function was assessed by echocardiography. We identified 38 cases of systolic dysfunction in 182 abstainers, 309 former drinkers, 1,028 light drinkers, 251 moderate drinkers, and 146 heavy drinkers. A U-shaped relationship was observed between alcohol consumption and moderate systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤40%), with the lowest prevalence in light drinkers (0.9%) compared to the highest prevalence in heavy drinkers (5.5%) (odds ratio 0.14, 95% CI 0.04-0.43). This association persisted across different strata of risk factors of systolic dysfunction as well as in multivariate analysis. No significant association between alcohol consumption and systolic function was seen in subjects with LVEF >50% or ≤50%. There is a U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption volume and LVEF, with the lowest risk of moderate LV dysfunction (LVEF ≤40%) observed in light drinkers (<1 drink a day). These findings are parallel to the relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease prevalence.

American Journal of Epidemiology, Oct 15, 1996

Nature Human Behaviour, Aug 4, 2022

Common genetic variants explain less variation in complex phenotypes than inferred from family-ba... more Common genetic variants explain less variation in complex phenotypes than inferred from family-based studies, and there is a debate on the source of this “missing heritability”. We investigated the contribution of rare genetic variants to tobacco use with whole-genome sequences from up to 26,257 unrelated individuals of European ancestries and 11,743 individuals of African ancestries. Across four smoking traits, SNP-based heritability (h2SNP) was estimated from .13 to .28 (SEs .10-.13) in European ancestries with 35–74% of it attributable to rare variants with minor allele frequencies between 0.01% and 1%. These heritability estimates are 1.5–4 times higher than past estimates based on common variants alone and accounted for 60% to 100% of our pedigree-based estimates of narrow-sense heritability (h2ped: .18~.34). In African ancestry samples, h2SNP was estimated from .03 to .33 (SEs .09-.14) across the four smoking traits. These results suggest that rare variants are important contributors to the heritability of smoking.

Preventing Chronic Disease, Dec 21, 2017

IMC Journal of Medical Science, 2022

Background and objectives: Obesity among adolescents is a significant public health concern in th... more Background and objectives: Obesity among adolescents is a significant public health concern in the United States. The prevalence of obesity has increased from 13.0% in 2011 to 15.5% in 2019. The association between breakfast skipping and obesity is still controversial, and a mediator role of depression in this association is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the independent association between breakfast skipping and obesity and to investigate the mediator role of depressive symptomology between breakfast skipping and obesity prevalence. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were extracted from the CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) for 9th to 12th graders from 2011 through 2020. SAS version 9.4 was used to analyze the data using proc survey frequency and proc survey logistic regression models. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. The Sobel test also was performed to test the...

Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 2016

Introduction: It is known that psychosocial stress is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD... more Introduction: It is known that psychosocial stress is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent research has reported that goal-striving stress (GSS) is associated with poor health outcomes for African Americans. GSS is the “¼discrepancy between aspiration and achievement, and the level of disappointment experienced if goals are not reached.” As far as we know, no research has examined the relationship between GSS and CVD prevalence among African Americans. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between GSS and CVD prevalence among a large sample of African Americans. Methods: The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) includes 5,181 men (37%) and women who completed a baseline survey to capture data on psychosocial variables, CVD history, demographic variables, and CVD risk factors. It was hypothesized that higher levels of GSS would be associated with CVD prevalence. The average GSS level was 4.49. GSS was categorized into tertiles with CVD prevale...

Journal of Behavioral Health, 2019

This manuscript describes the learning community and activities developed for the Daniel Hale Wil... more This manuscript describes the learning community and activities developed for the Daniel Hale Williams Scholars Program to train graduate students in cardiovascular epidemiology.

Abstract: The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is committed to providing opportunities for expanding the... more Abstract: The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is committed to providing opportunities for expanding the understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The JHS Graduate Training and Education Center (GTEC) has initiated the Daniel Hale Williams Scholar (DHWS) program where students are afforded the opportunity to interact with epidemiologists and other biomedical scientists to learn to identify, predict, and prevent cardiovascular disease using the Jackson Heart Study data. This study describes the structured programs developed by JHS GTEC seeking to alleviate the shortage of trained professionals in cardiovascular epidemiology by training graduate students while they complete their academic degrees. The DHWS program provides: (1) an enrichment curriculum; (2) a learning community; (3) quarterly seminars; and (4) a Summer Institute. Students attend enrichment activities

Journal of Behavioral Health, 2017

Ethnicity & disease, 2008

OBJECTIVES To engage a community to critically examine local health disparities. DESIGN Concept m... more OBJECTIVES To engage a community to critically examine local health disparities. DESIGN Concept mapping is a tool used to rapidly assess the variations in thinking of large stakeholder groups' about a particular topic. SETTING Jackson, Mississippi. PARTICIPANTS Community members. METHODS Dialog groups and community meetings were held, and participants were asked to respond to the statement, "A specific thing that causes African Americans to get sicker and die sooner is..." Aggregate responses were rated for importance and feasibility and then sorted into related groups. Aggregate sorts and ratings were then processed by using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. RESULTS There were 132 (unduplicated) reported contributors to health disparities. These responses fell into eight general clusters: economic issues, government, contextual factors, cultural factors, HIV, stress, environment, and motivation. Factors respondents felt were the most importan...

One of the most frightening events that women will ever face is being diagnosed with breast cance... more One of the most frightening events that women will ever face is being diagnosed with breast cancer. One in eight women in the United States will be diagnosed with this life-threatening disease during her lifetime. Even with all the advances in pharmaceutical technology, mortality rates for breast cancer have remained stagnant for the past few decades. The development of new drugs from natural products is considered important. The specific aim of the present study was to use transgenic mouse mammary tumors as a test model to explore the therapeutic mechanisms of a novel natural product as anti-cancer agent in the treatment of breast cancer. To achieve our specific aim, we performed both in vitro and in vivo studies. Acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining were used to visualize live and dead cells with the means of Cellometer Vision. Tumor volume and weight were measured. Tumor histology was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and enzymatic activities were determined by s...