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Papers by Marleen Brunain

Viruses

Monitoring virus infections can be an important selection tool in honey bee breeding. A recent st... more Monitoring virus infections can be an important selection tool in honey bee breeding. A recent study pointed towards an association between the virus-free status of eggs and an increased virus resistance to deformed wing virus (DWV) at the colony level. In this study, eggs from both naturally surviving and traditionally managed colonies from across Europe were screened for the prevalence of different viruses. Screenings were performed using the phenotyping protocol of the ‘suppressed in ovo virus infection’ trait but with qPCR instead of end-point PCR and a primer set that covers all DWV genotypes. Of the 213 screened samples, 109 were infected with DWV, 54 were infected with black queen cell virus (BQCV), 3 were infected with the sacbrood virus, and 2 were infected with the acute bee paralyses virus. It was demonstrated that incidences of the vertical transmission of DWV were more frequent in naturally surviving than in traditionally managed colonies, although the virus loads in th...

The ‘suppressed in-ovo virus infection’ trait (SOV) was the first trait applied in honey bee bree... more The ‘suppressed in-ovo virus infection’ trait (SOV) was the first trait applied in honey bee breeding programs aimed to increase resilience to virus infections, a major threat for colony survival. By screening drone eggs for viruses, the SOV trait scores the antiviral resistance of queens and its implications for vertical transmission. In this study, queens from both naturally surviving and traditionally managed colonies from across Europe were screened using a two-fold improved SOV phenotyping protocol. First, a gel-based RT-PCR was replaced by a RT-qPCR. This not only allowed quantification of the infection load but also increased the test sensitivity. Second, a genotype specific primer set was replaced by a primer set that covered all known deformed wing virus (DWV) genotypes, which resulted in higher virus loads and fewer false negative results. It was demonstrated that incidences of vertical transmission of DWV were more frequent in naturally surviving populations than in tradi...

A head with a suckermouth: a functional-morphological study of the head of the suckermouth

Journal of Morphology, 2008

Journal of Morphology, 2011

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2011

Journal of Fish Biology, 2009

Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 2008

eight emerging young bees with wing deformities were examined using existing rt-Pcr tests for the... more eight emerging young bees with wing deformities were examined using existing rt-Pcr tests for the presence of viral agents. all samples tested positive for deformed wing virus and Varroa destructor virus 1. Six out of eight bees also tested positive for black queen cell virus (BQCV). This is the first report that confirms the presence of honeybee viruses in Belgium by molecular means. The finding of BQCV is remarkable, as no typical signs of this disease have ever previously been reported in our country.

Journal of Microbiological Methods

Viruses

The health of honey bees is threatened by multiple factors, including viruses and parasites. We s... more The health of honey bees is threatened by multiple factors, including viruses and parasites. We screened 557 honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies from 155 beekeepers distributed all over Belgium to determine the prevalence of seven widespread viruses and two parasites (Varroa sp. and Nosema sp.). Deformed wing virus B (DWV-B), black queen cell virus (BQCV), and sacbrood virus (SBV) were highly prevalent and detected by real-time RT-PCR in more than 95% of the colonies. Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) and deformed wing virus A (DWV-A) were prevalent to a lower extent (between 18 and 29%). Most viruses were only present at low or moderate viral loads. Nevertheless, about 50% of the colonies harbored at least one virus at high viral load (>107 genome copies/bee). Varroa mites and Nosema sp. were found in 81.5% and 59.7% of the honey bee colonies, respectively, and all Nosema were identified as Nosema ceranae by real time PCR. Interestingly, we fou...

European Journal of Protistology

Journal of Apicultural Science

Morphometric characteristics combined with genetic markers are powerful tools used for determinin... more Morphometric characteristics combined with genetic markers are powerful tools used for determining honey bee subspecies. Bees samples collected from 94 established apiaries distributed throughout all of the Republic of Benin were morphometricaly characterized using seven parameters and the COI-COII regions of mitochondrial DNA were sequenced. Based on the morphometric data the native honey bees could be divided into three distinct ecotypes - the Benino-dry-tropical-ecotype in the north, the Benino-Sudanian-ecotype in the central part and the Benino-Sudano-Guinean-ecotype in the south. The DNA COI-COII regions sequence analyses confirmed that the honey bee population of the Republic of Benin belongs to different mitotypes but do not correspond with the determined ecotypes. We could determine three new haplotypes which missed the P0 segment but the Q region was duplicated or triplicated. Phylogenetic analyses clustered them together in the A evolutionary lineage. In conclusion, morpho...

Journal of Apicultural Research

European Journal of Protistology

SpringerPlus, 2016

Paenibacillus larvae is a highly contagious and often lethal widely distributed pathogen of honey... more Paenibacillus larvae is a highly contagious and often lethal widely distributed pathogen of honeybees, Apis mellifera but has not been reported in eastern Africa to date. We investigated the presence of P. larvae in the eastern and western highland agro-ecological zones of Uganda by collecting brood and honey samples from 67 honeybee colonies in two sampling occasions and cultivated them for P. larvae. Also, 8 honeys imported and locally retailed in Uganda were sampled and cultivated for P. larvae. Our aim was to establish the presence and distribution of P. larvae in honeybee populations in the two highland agro-ecological zones of Uganda and to determine if honeys that were locally retailed contained this lethal pathogen. One honeybee colony without clinical symptoms for P. larvae in an apiary located in a protected area of the western highlands of Uganda was found positive for P. larvae. The strain of this P. larvae was genotyped and found to be ERIC I. In order to compare its vi...

Journal of Apicultural Research, 2008

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Viruses

Monitoring virus infections can be an important selection tool in honey bee breeding. A recent st... more Monitoring virus infections can be an important selection tool in honey bee breeding. A recent study pointed towards an association between the virus-free status of eggs and an increased virus resistance to deformed wing virus (DWV) at the colony level. In this study, eggs from both naturally surviving and traditionally managed colonies from across Europe were screened for the prevalence of different viruses. Screenings were performed using the phenotyping protocol of the ‘suppressed in ovo virus infection’ trait but with qPCR instead of end-point PCR and a primer set that covers all DWV genotypes. Of the 213 screened samples, 109 were infected with DWV, 54 were infected with black queen cell virus (BQCV), 3 were infected with the sacbrood virus, and 2 were infected with the acute bee paralyses virus. It was demonstrated that incidences of the vertical transmission of DWV were more frequent in naturally surviving than in traditionally managed colonies, although the virus loads in th...

The ‘suppressed in-ovo virus infection’ trait (SOV) was the first trait applied in honey bee bree... more The ‘suppressed in-ovo virus infection’ trait (SOV) was the first trait applied in honey bee breeding programs aimed to increase resilience to virus infections, a major threat for colony survival. By screening drone eggs for viruses, the SOV trait scores the antiviral resistance of queens and its implications for vertical transmission. In this study, queens from both naturally surviving and traditionally managed colonies from across Europe were screened using a two-fold improved SOV phenotyping protocol. First, a gel-based RT-PCR was replaced by a RT-qPCR. This not only allowed quantification of the infection load but also increased the test sensitivity. Second, a genotype specific primer set was replaced by a primer set that covered all known deformed wing virus (DWV) genotypes, which resulted in higher virus loads and fewer false negative results. It was demonstrated that incidences of vertical transmission of DWV were more frequent in naturally surviving populations than in tradi...

A head with a suckermouth: a functional-morphological study of the head of the suckermouth

Journal of Morphology, 2008

Journal of Morphology, 2011

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2011

Journal of Fish Biology, 2009

Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 2008

eight emerging young bees with wing deformities were examined using existing rt-Pcr tests for the... more eight emerging young bees with wing deformities were examined using existing rt-Pcr tests for the presence of viral agents. all samples tested positive for deformed wing virus and Varroa destructor virus 1. Six out of eight bees also tested positive for black queen cell virus (BQCV). This is the first report that confirms the presence of honeybee viruses in Belgium by molecular means. The finding of BQCV is remarkable, as no typical signs of this disease have ever previously been reported in our country.

Journal of Microbiological Methods

Viruses

The health of honey bees is threatened by multiple factors, including viruses and parasites. We s... more The health of honey bees is threatened by multiple factors, including viruses and parasites. We screened 557 honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies from 155 beekeepers distributed all over Belgium to determine the prevalence of seven widespread viruses and two parasites (Varroa sp. and Nosema sp.). Deformed wing virus B (DWV-B), black queen cell virus (BQCV), and sacbrood virus (SBV) were highly prevalent and detected by real-time RT-PCR in more than 95% of the colonies. Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) and deformed wing virus A (DWV-A) were prevalent to a lower extent (between 18 and 29%). Most viruses were only present at low or moderate viral loads. Nevertheless, about 50% of the colonies harbored at least one virus at high viral load (>107 genome copies/bee). Varroa mites and Nosema sp. were found in 81.5% and 59.7% of the honey bee colonies, respectively, and all Nosema were identified as Nosema ceranae by real time PCR. Interestingly, we fou...

European Journal of Protistology

Journal of Apicultural Science

Morphometric characteristics combined with genetic markers are powerful tools used for determinin... more Morphometric characteristics combined with genetic markers are powerful tools used for determining honey bee subspecies. Bees samples collected from 94 established apiaries distributed throughout all of the Republic of Benin were morphometricaly characterized using seven parameters and the COI-COII regions of mitochondrial DNA were sequenced. Based on the morphometric data the native honey bees could be divided into three distinct ecotypes - the Benino-dry-tropical-ecotype in the north, the Benino-Sudanian-ecotype in the central part and the Benino-Sudano-Guinean-ecotype in the south. The DNA COI-COII regions sequence analyses confirmed that the honey bee population of the Republic of Benin belongs to different mitotypes but do not correspond with the determined ecotypes. We could determine three new haplotypes which missed the P0 segment but the Q region was duplicated or triplicated. Phylogenetic analyses clustered them together in the A evolutionary lineage. In conclusion, morpho...

Journal of Apicultural Research

European Journal of Protistology

SpringerPlus, 2016

Paenibacillus larvae is a highly contagious and often lethal widely distributed pathogen of honey... more Paenibacillus larvae is a highly contagious and often lethal widely distributed pathogen of honeybees, Apis mellifera but has not been reported in eastern Africa to date. We investigated the presence of P. larvae in the eastern and western highland agro-ecological zones of Uganda by collecting brood and honey samples from 67 honeybee colonies in two sampling occasions and cultivated them for P. larvae. Also, 8 honeys imported and locally retailed in Uganda were sampled and cultivated for P. larvae. Our aim was to establish the presence and distribution of P. larvae in honeybee populations in the two highland agro-ecological zones of Uganda and to determine if honeys that were locally retailed contained this lethal pathogen. One honeybee colony without clinical symptoms for P. larvae in an apiary located in a protected area of the western highlands of Uganda was found positive for P. larvae. The strain of this P. larvae was genotyped and found to be ERIC I. In order to compare its vi...

Journal of Apicultural Research, 2008

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