Martin Flade - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Martin Flade
Biological Conservation, Oct 1, 2011
One approach to assess human impact on species’ population dynamics is to correlate ecological tr... more One approach to assess human impact on species’ population dynamics is to correlate ecological traits of species with their long-term population trends. Yet, few studies investigated population trends in multiple regions that differ in human impact to reveal which traits explain population trends over larger geographic areas and which only regionally. We examined the relationship between various species traits and long-term population trends of 57 common passerine bird species from 1991 to 2007 in three adjacent regions in central Europe that experienced differences in socioeconomic history: North-Western Germany, Eastern Germany and the Czech Republic. We tested effects of habitat, dietary and climatic niche, migratory strategy and cognitive ability, measured as relative brain size. We predicted that traits reflecting socioeconomic and land-use change had stronger effects in former communist countries than in North-Western Germany due to marked changes in these countries after 1990. We found that climatic niche and migratory strategy affected bird abundances similarly in all regions suggesting their influence is invariant across central Europe. In contrast, brain size showed regionally varying effects. The effects were negligible in North-Western Germany, slightly positive in Eastern Germany and strongly positive in the Czech Republic. Increases of species with large brains suggest that species with good cognitive abilities might have been better able to adapt to rapid socioeconomic change and make use of novel opportunities after the end of communism. Regional differences in population trends among species thus appear to be driven by an interaction between cognitive abilities and socioeconomic change.
Parasitology, Apr 30, 2015
The diversity and prevalence of malaria parasites of the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus were ... more The diversity and prevalence of malaria parasites of the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus were determined in the globally-threatened Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola. Birds were sampled during migration in Portugal and at the wintering quarters in Senegal and parasites were detected using molecular methods. Only three generalist parasite lineages (Plasmodium) were found. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of parasites between sexes in Europe, but adults had higher prevalence than first-year birds, and birds in Europe had higher prevalence than those captured in Africa. When comparing with other Acrocephalus species and taking sample size into account, Aquatic Warblers had the lowest prevalence and, together with another threatened species, the Seychelles Warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis, the lowest diversity of malaria parasites. We hypothesize that the low diversity of parasites and absence of specialist lineages of Aquatic Warblers are caused by its small population size and fragmented distribution. Furthermore, Aquatic Warblers' extreme habitat specialization may decrease their exposure to malaria parasites, but other explanations such as high mortality (which would constraint the sampling of infected birds) or, in contrast, very efficient immunological system in clearing the infections cannot be ruled out. This study contributes to explain variation in prevalence and diversity of malaria parasites among hosts.
Journal of ornithology, 2015
The figures and its captions were swapped by mistake during the production process and erroneousl... more The figures and its captions were swapped by mistake during the production process and erroneously published in the official publication. The correct orders of figures are given below. We apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Journal of ornithology, Mar 22, 2019
Resource pulses are wide-ranging, influential ecosystem processes with effects permeating through... more Resource pulses are wide-ranging, influential ecosystem processes with effects permeating throughout the food web, sometimes over several years. In temperate forests, resource pulses may be triggered by mast seeding of one or several tree species, providing a key food source to a multitude of species. However, direct and indirect consequences of mast seeding for various seed and non-seed consumers, and interactions among them, are often poorly understood. Based on a 16-year data set from Germany, we evaluated several hypotheses concerning the relationships between (1) mast seeding and seed consumers, (2) seed and non-seed consumers, and (3) seed or non-seed consumers and extrinsic factors other than mast seeding. Abundances of Eurasian Jays Garrulus glandarius correlated negatively, but abundances of voles positively, with mast seeding of oak in the previous fall, while the abundances of Great Tits Parus major did not appear to be linked to mast seeding. The abundance of non-seed consumers, such as Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix, but not Chiffchaffs Phylloscopus collybita, appeared to be linked indirectly to mast seeding of oak via voles. Specifically, Wood Warbler abundance negatively correlated with abundances of voles. Extrinsic factors other than mast seeding appeared to be unimportant. This study shows how the set of factors affecting a species at a large spatial scale may vary from the set of factors acting at smaller spatial scales, as obtained from the literature. Lastly, we illustrate how several taxa at various trophic levels of a temperate forest ecosystem in Central Europe are linked via resource pulses. Assessing ecological processes revolving around seed-based resource pulses is pivotal to understanding how changing mast seeding dynamics may alter an ecosystem. Keywords Resource pulses • Songbirds • Rodents • Food web • Oak Zusammenfassung Trophische Konsequenzen der Samenmast für samenfressende und nicht-samenfressende Vögel und Säugetiere in gemäßigten Wäldern Europas. Ressourcenschübe sind weitreichende, bedeutende Ökosystemprozesse und können Nahrungsnetze über mehrere Jahre beeinflussen. In gemäßigten Wäldern ist die in unregelmäßigen Abständen auftretende Samenmast verschiedener Baumarten ein häufiger und wichtiger Ressourcenschub und stellt in kurzer Zeit eine große Menge an Nahrung für verschiedenste Organismen bereit. Die direkten und indirekten Konsequenzen der Samenmast für Samenfresser und Nicht-Samenfresser sind jedoch schlecht untersucht. Anhand eines 16 Jahre umfassenden Datensatzes aus Deutschland testeten wir verschiedene Hypothesen bezüglich der Beziehungen zwischen (1) Samenmast und Samenfressern, (2) Samenfressern und Nicht-Samenfressern sowie (3) Samenfressern und Nicht-Samenfressern zu weiteren extrinsischen Faktoren. Die Abundanzen von Eichelhäher Garrulus glandarius und Wühlmäusen korrelierten negativ beziehungsweise positiv mit der Eichelmast im vorangehenden Herbst. Die Abundanz der Kohlmeise Parus major korrelierte hingegen nicht mit der Samenmast. Der Waldlaubsänger Phylloscopus sibilatrix war über die Wühlmäuse indirekt mit der Eichelmast verbunden, indem die Häufigkeit Communicated by F. Bairlein.
As part of an initiative to enhance the humanities' use of emerging technologies, the Department ... more As part of an initiative to enhance the humanities' use of emerging technologies, the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures at Old Dominion University is currently developing strategies for incorporating the use of podcasting-disseminating audio programming over the Internet-in its foreign language curricula and is studying podcasting's effects on foreign language teaching and learning. The academic use of podcasting allows for 24/7 accessibility and portability of the teaching and learning experience, while enabling on-demand learner control and personalization (Lee & Chan, 2007). It permits the restructuring of valuable classroom time and can convert the popular iPod and other MP3 players into multipurpose teaching and learning tools that can be used to reinforce class content, to improve pronunciation and vocabulary, and to improve oral and aural skills. The early results of this pilot project suggest that podcasting has positive effects on students' learning outcomes and study habits.
Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 2013
Anhand verfügbarer Daten zur Flächennutzung in der deutschen Agrarlandschaft sowie der Brutvogelm... more Anhand verfügbarer Daten zur Flächennutzung in der deutschen Agrarlandschaft sowie der Brutvogelmonitoring-Daten des Dachverbandes Deutscher Avifaunisten werden die Auswirkungen des Wandels der Agrarlandschaft auf die Bestandsentwicklung der häufi gen Brutvogelarten Deutschlands dargestellt und interpretiert. Demnach nehmen die 30 typischen Vogelarten der Agrarlandschaft (von insgesamt 112 betrachteten Arten) in Deutschland ganz überwiegend ab. Nach einer Bestandserholung eines Teils der Arten in der 1. Hälfte der 1990er Jahre, vor allem in Ost-Deutschland, sind die Bestände der meisten Arten seit ca. 1996 wieder rückläufi g. Dabei scheinen sich die Rückgänge aktuell (seit 2007) zu beschleunigen und sind im Westen Deutschlands deutlich stärker ausgeprägt als im Osten. Phasen mit hohen Anteilen an Ackerbrachen (Stilllegungen) und Ökolandbau erwiesen sich als positiv für die Bestandsentwicklung vieler Feldvogelarten, hohe Anteile an Mais negativ. Die starke Zunahme des Energiemais-Anbaus in der zweiter Hälfte der 2000er Jahre nach Inkrafttreten des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes und das Verschwinden der Stilllegungsfl ächen seit 2007 führten dazu, dass aktuell die meisten Arten abnehmen und auch die z.T. starke Zunahme von Arten, die von Stilllegungsfl ächen profi tierten, sich nicht mehr fortsetzt und in Abnahmen umzuschlagen scheint. Die vorliegenden Daten sprechen dafür, dass etwa 10 % Brache notwendig sind (zurzeit <1 %!), um Bestandsrückgänge bei der Mehrzahl der Feldvogelarten zu vermeiden. Die Stilllegungsfl äche sollte immer größer bzw. Stilllegungsfl äche plus Ökolandbau sollten mindestens doppelt so groß wie die Maisfl äche sein (Verhältnis Stilllegung zu Mais zurzeit 1 : 20 !). Anteile von 33 % Ökolandbau plus 15 % extensive Grünlandnutzung in einem Gebiet von 1.300 km² reichen aus, um die Trends deutlich zu verbessern (Biosphärenreservat Schorfheide-Chorin). In einem großfl ächig von Ökolandbau (95 %) dominierten Teilgebiet im BR Schorfheide-Chorin nahmen deutlich mehr Arten zu als ab.
Cambridge University Press eBooks, Apr 20, 2018
Ostrich, Aug 1, 2012
We report the discovery of the first breeding population of Baillon's Crake Porzana pusil... more We report the discovery of the first breeding population of Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla in Senegambia, West Africa. From winter 2007–2010, 278 Baillon's Crakes were caught within and immediately north of Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj in the Senegal delta, as well as in a wetland in The Gambia at Pakali Ba. The records included 169 juvenile Baillon's Crakes,
NATUR UND LANDSCHAFT, Sep 1, 2014
Journal of ornithology, 2015
The figures and its captions were swapped by mistake during the production process and erroneousl... more The figures and its captions were swapped by mistake during the production process and erroneously published in the official publication. The correct orders of figures are given below. We apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Journal of Ornithology, Jul 1, 1986
Biodiversity and Conservation, Oct 10, 2008
The Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola) is a song bird breeding in fen mires and similarly ... more The Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola) is a song bird breeding in fen mires and similarly structured other wetlands with a water depth of 1-10 cm. Widespread in central-European wetlands at the beginning of the 20th century, the species is now globally threatened. The westernmost and genetically distinct Pomeranian population is even on the verge of extinction. The major challenge in the conservation of remaining habitat is the costefficient removal of biomass. About 50% of the Pomeranian population survives in a valley fen near Rozwarowo in Northwest Poland, where between 1993 and 2007 a conspicuous change in breeding habitat has taken place from summer grazed sedge meadows to commercial winter cut reed beds. We compared vegetation structure, site conditions, and potential prey abundance with the distribution and abundance of Aquatic Warblers in Rozwarowo Marshes and studied temporal changes and the compatibility of conservation and reed cutting interests. Aquatic Warblers now occur almost exclusively in sparsely growing, low reed with abundant Thelypteris palustris, Carex elata, and Lysimachia vulgaris. This vegetation type provides more potential prey for Aquatic Warblers than the higher productive tall reed, whereas the patches of sedge vegetation have become too small following succession after abandonment. Currently, commercial reed cutting maintains suitable Aquatic Warbler breeding habitat. Considering the impending changes in the reed market, there is a need for flexible agri-environmental schemes (AES) to ensure that stripes are left uncut and to prevent eutrophication by high and long flooding of the site. Keywords Acrocephalus paludicola Á Agri-environmental programs Á Biomass use Á Commercial reed beds Á Long-term management Á Nutrient enrichment Á Species conservation Á Vegetation structure
Natur und Naturschutz in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 2019
Berichte zum Vogelschutz, 2019
Biological Conservation, Oct 1, 2011
One approach to assess human impact on species’ population dynamics is to correlate ecological tr... more One approach to assess human impact on species’ population dynamics is to correlate ecological traits of species with their long-term population trends. Yet, few studies investigated population trends in multiple regions that differ in human impact to reveal which traits explain population trends over larger geographic areas and which only regionally. We examined the relationship between various species traits and long-term population trends of 57 common passerine bird species from 1991 to 2007 in three adjacent regions in central Europe that experienced differences in socioeconomic history: North-Western Germany, Eastern Germany and the Czech Republic. We tested effects of habitat, dietary and climatic niche, migratory strategy and cognitive ability, measured as relative brain size. We predicted that traits reflecting socioeconomic and land-use change had stronger effects in former communist countries than in North-Western Germany due to marked changes in these countries after 1990. We found that climatic niche and migratory strategy affected bird abundances similarly in all regions suggesting their influence is invariant across central Europe. In contrast, brain size showed regionally varying effects. The effects were negligible in North-Western Germany, slightly positive in Eastern Germany and strongly positive in the Czech Republic. Increases of species with large brains suggest that species with good cognitive abilities might have been better able to adapt to rapid socioeconomic change and make use of novel opportunities after the end of communism. Regional differences in population trends among species thus appear to be driven by an interaction between cognitive abilities and socioeconomic change.
Parasitology, Apr 30, 2015
The diversity and prevalence of malaria parasites of the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus were ... more The diversity and prevalence of malaria parasites of the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus were determined in the globally-threatened Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola. Birds were sampled during migration in Portugal and at the wintering quarters in Senegal and parasites were detected using molecular methods. Only three generalist parasite lineages (Plasmodium) were found. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of parasites between sexes in Europe, but adults had higher prevalence than first-year birds, and birds in Europe had higher prevalence than those captured in Africa. When comparing with other Acrocephalus species and taking sample size into account, Aquatic Warblers had the lowest prevalence and, together with another threatened species, the Seychelles Warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis, the lowest diversity of malaria parasites. We hypothesize that the low diversity of parasites and absence of specialist lineages of Aquatic Warblers are caused by its small population size and fragmented distribution. Furthermore, Aquatic Warblers' extreme habitat specialization may decrease their exposure to malaria parasites, but other explanations such as high mortality (which would constraint the sampling of infected birds) or, in contrast, very efficient immunological system in clearing the infections cannot be ruled out. This study contributes to explain variation in prevalence and diversity of malaria parasites among hosts.
Journal of ornithology, 2015
The figures and its captions were swapped by mistake during the production process and erroneousl... more The figures and its captions were swapped by mistake during the production process and erroneously published in the official publication. The correct orders of figures are given below. We apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Journal of ornithology, Mar 22, 2019
Resource pulses are wide-ranging, influential ecosystem processes with effects permeating through... more Resource pulses are wide-ranging, influential ecosystem processes with effects permeating throughout the food web, sometimes over several years. In temperate forests, resource pulses may be triggered by mast seeding of one or several tree species, providing a key food source to a multitude of species. However, direct and indirect consequences of mast seeding for various seed and non-seed consumers, and interactions among them, are often poorly understood. Based on a 16-year data set from Germany, we evaluated several hypotheses concerning the relationships between (1) mast seeding and seed consumers, (2) seed and non-seed consumers, and (3) seed or non-seed consumers and extrinsic factors other than mast seeding. Abundances of Eurasian Jays Garrulus glandarius correlated negatively, but abundances of voles positively, with mast seeding of oak in the previous fall, while the abundances of Great Tits Parus major did not appear to be linked to mast seeding. The abundance of non-seed consumers, such as Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix, but not Chiffchaffs Phylloscopus collybita, appeared to be linked indirectly to mast seeding of oak via voles. Specifically, Wood Warbler abundance negatively correlated with abundances of voles. Extrinsic factors other than mast seeding appeared to be unimportant. This study shows how the set of factors affecting a species at a large spatial scale may vary from the set of factors acting at smaller spatial scales, as obtained from the literature. Lastly, we illustrate how several taxa at various trophic levels of a temperate forest ecosystem in Central Europe are linked via resource pulses. Assessing ecological processes revolving around seed-based resource pulses is pivotal to understanding how changing mast seeding dynamics may alter an ecosystem. Keywords Resource pulses • Songbirds • Rodents • Food web • Oak Zusammenfassung Trophische Konsequenzen der Samenmast für samenfressende und nicht-samenfressende Vögel und Säugetiere in gemäßigten Wäldern Europas. Ressourcenschübe sind weitreichende, bedeutende Ökosystemprozesse und können Nahrungsnetze über mehrere Jahre beeinflussen. In gemäßigten Wäldern ist die in unregelmäßigen Abständen auftretende Samenmast verschiedener Baumarten ein häufiger und wichtiger Ressourcenschub und stellt in kurzer Zeit eine große Menge an Nahrung für verschiedenste Organismen bereit. Die direkten und indirekten Konsequenzen der Samenmast für Samenfresser und Nicht-Samenfresser sind jedoch schlecht untersucht. Anhand eines 16 Jahre umfassenden Datensatzes aus Deutschland testeten wir verschiedene Hypothesen bezüglich der Beziehungen zwischen (1) Samenmast und Samenfressern, (2) Samenfressern und Nicht-Samenfressern sowie (3) Samenfressern und Nicht-Samenfressern zu weiteren extrinsischen Faktoren. Die Abundanzen von Eichelhäher Garrulus glandarius und Wühlmäusen korrelierten negativ beziehungsweise positiv mit der Eichelmast im vorangehenden Herbst. Die Abundanz der Kohlmeise Parus major korrelierte hingegen nicht mit der Samenmast. Der Waldlaubsänger Phylloscopus sibilatrix war über die Wühlmäuse indirekt mit der Eichelmast verbunden, indem die Häufigkeit Communicated by F. Bairlein.
As part of an initiative to enhance the humanities' use of emerging technologies, the Department ... more As part of an initiative to enhance the humanities' use of emerging technologies, the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures at Old Dominion University is currently developing strategies for incorporating the use of podcasting-disseminating audio programming over the Internet-in its foreign language curricula and is studying podcasting's effects on foreign language teaching and learning. The academic use of podcasting allows for 24/7 accessibility and portability of the teaching and learning experience, while enabling on-demand learner control and personalization (Lee & Chan, 2007). It permits the restructuring of valuable classroom time and can convert the popular iPod and other MP3 players into multipurpose teaching and learning tools that can be used to reinforce class content, to improve pronunciation and vocabulary, and to improve oral and aural skills. The early results of this pilot project suggest that podcasting has positive effects on students' learning outcomes and study habits.
Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 2013
Anhand verfügbarer Daten zur Flächennutzung in der deutschen Agrarlandschaft sowie der Brutvogelm... more Anhand verfügbarer Daten zur Flächennutzung in der deutschen Agrarlandschaft sowie der Brutvogelmonitoring-Daten des Dachverbandes Deutscher Avifaunisten werden die Auswirkungen des Wandels der Agrarlandschaft auf die Bestandsentwicklung der häufi gen Brutvogelarten Deutschlands dargestellt und interpretiert. Demnach nehmen die 30 typischen Vogelarten der Agrarlandschaft (von insgesamt 112 betrachteten Arten) in Deutschland ganz überwiegend ab. Nach einer Bestandserholung eines Teils der Arten in der 1. Hälfte der 1990er Jahre, vor allem in Ost-Deutschland, sind die Bestände der meisten Arten seit ca. 1996 wieder rückläufi g. Dabei scheinen sich die Rückgänge aktuell (seit 2007) zu beschleunigen und sind im Westen Deutschlands deutlich stärker ausgeprägt als im Osten. Phasen mit hohen Anteilen an Ackerbrachen (Stilllegungen) und Ökolandbau erwiesen sich als positiv für die Bestandsentwicklung vieler Feldvogelarten, hohe Anteile an Mais negativ. Die starke Zunahme des Energiemais-Anbaus in der zweiter Hälfte der 2000er Jahre nach Inkrafttreten des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes und das Verschwinden der Stilllegungsfl ächen seit 2007 führten dazu, dass aktuell die meisten Arten abnehmen und auch die z.T. starke Zunahme von Arten, die von Stilllegungsfl ächen profi tierten, sich nicht mehr fortsetzt und in Abnahmen umzuschlagen scheint. Die vorliegenden Daten sprechen dafür, dass etwa 10 % Brache notwendig sind (zurzeit <1 %!), um Bestandsrückgänge bei der Mehrzahl der Feldvogelarten zu vermeiden. Die Stilllegungsfl äche sollte immer größer bzw. Stilllegungsfl äche plus Ökolandbau sollten mindestens doppelt so groß wie die Maisfl äche sein (Verhältnis Stilllegung zu Mais zurzeit 1 : 20 !). Anteile von 33 % Ökolandbau plus 15 % extensive Grünlandnutzung in einem Gebiet von 1.300 km² reichen aus, um die Trends deutlich zu verbessern (Biosphärenreservat Schorfheide-Chorin). In einem großfl ächig von Ökolandbau (95 %) dominierten Teilgebiet im BR Schorfheide-Chorin nahmen deutlich mehr Arten zu als ab.
Cambridge University Press eBooks, Apr 20, 2018
Ostrich, Aug 1, 2012
We report the discovery of the first breeding population of Baillon's Crake Porzana pusil... more We report the discovery of the first breeding population of Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla in Senegambia, West Africa. From winter 2007–2010, 278 Baillon's Crakes were caught within and immediately north of Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj in the Senegal delta, as well as in a wetland in The Gambia at Pakali Ba. The records included 169 juvenile Baillon's Crakes,
NATUR UND LANDSCHAFT, Sep 1, 2014
Journal of ornithology, 2015
The figures and its captions were swapped by mistake during the production process and erroneousl... more The figures and its captions were swapped by mistake during the production process and erroneously published in the official publication. The correct orders of figures are given below. We apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Journal of Ornithology, Jul 1, 1986
Biodiversity and Conservation, Oct 10, 2008
The Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola) is a song bird breeding in fen mires and similarly ... more The Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola) is a song bird breeding in fen mires and similarly structured other wetlands with a water depth of 1-10 cm. Widespread in central-European wetlands at the beginning of the 20th century, the species is now globally threatened. The westernmost and genetically distinct Pomeranian population is even on the verge of extinction. The major challenge in the conservation of remaining habitat is the costefficient removal of biomass. About 50% of the Pomeranian population survives in a valley fen near Rozwarowo in Northwest Poland, where between 1993 and 2007 a conspicuous change in breeding habitat has taken place from summer grazed sedge meadows to commercial winter cut reed beds. We compared vegetation structure, site conditions, and potential prey abundance with the distribution and abundance of Aquatic Warblers in Rozwarowo Marshes and studied temporal changes and the compatibility of conservation and reed cutting interests. Aquatic Warblers now occur almost exclusively in sparsely growing, low reed with abundant Thelypteris palustris, Carex elata, and Lysimachia vulgaris. This vegetation type provides more potential prey for Aquatic Warblers than the higher productive tall reed, whereas the patches of sedge vegetation have become too small following succession after abandonment. Currently, commercial reed cutting maintains suitable Aquatic Warbler breeding habitat. Considering the impending changes in the reed market, there is a need for flexible agri-environmental schemes (AES) to ensure that stripes are left uncut and to prevent eutrophication by high and long flooding of the site. Keywords Acrocephalus paludicola Á Agri-environmental programs Á Biomass use Á Commercial reed beds Á Long-term management Á Nutrient enrichment Á Species conservation Á Vegetation structure
Natur und Naturschutz in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 2019
Berichte zum Vogelschutz, 2019