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Papers by Martin Johanson
Firms enter emerging markets to capture untapped opportunity and pursue high growth potential. Y... more Firms enter emerging markets to capture untapped opportunity and pursue high growth potential. Yet emerging markets are also characterized by unstable institutions that may affect firms’ market entry behavior. Although most existing studies have taken a rather short-term and static perspective to addressing foreign market entry, we specifically draw on the Uppsala internationalization process model and use a long-term approach to examine the China market entry of three Swedish firms in terms of their market knowledge and market commitment. We argue that the relation between institutional change in the host market and the market entry behavior of a particular firm evolves over time. The findings also show that the type of institutional change, as well as the accumulated market knowledge and commitments firms have made, can influence the relation between them.
By applying the network position concept we untangle the firm’s recognition and exploitation of o... more By applying the network position concept we untangle the firm’s recognition and exploitation of opportunities during the internationalisation process. We view the transition of network position from outsidership to insidership, in terms of the strength and number of relationships in the foreign market network. Departing from the revised Uppsala model, we argue that opportunity development in the business network consists of recognition and exploitation. Path dependence impacts how a firm exploits opportunity in the network as well as the next opportunity to be recognised, as they are contingent on the network position. Four opportunities are identified from a historical case study of Elekta, a Swedish medical device manufacturer that entered China between 1980 and 2010. We analyse the initial network position of the firm, its opportunity recognition and exploitation, and the network position of the firm in return. Based on the cases we demonstrate that outsidership tends to lead to discovery, while insidership results in creation. The insidership enables direct and indirect relationships, which are involved in the exploitation of the opportunity.
This paper presents a model for networks in transition from a planned economy to a market economy... more This paper presents a model for networks in transition from a planned economy to a market economy. The idea is advanced that a movement from one type of network logic to another type is taking place. Three parallel movements can be observed. First, the hierarchical planning, which characterises the planned networks, is during the transition undergoing a period where firms' plans in the beginning are colliding. However, subsequently the firms are assumed to try to match their plans and as a result a network characterised by decentralised mutual planning emerges. Second, the static nature of the networks in the planned economy is concurrently undergoing a turbulent phase during the transition period, before the networks become stable. Finally, as market networks gradually replace the transition networks, firms develop an identity in the network and thereby leaving the state of anonymity, which prevails in the planned networks. Discovery is advanced as the driving factor in the third movement from anonymity to identify. market economies. The paper ends with a concluding discussion on character of interaction, change and use of knowledge in different types of networks.
This paper deals with firms' R&D-operations and how they are influenced by geographical proximity... more This paper deals with firms' R&D-operations and how they are influenced by geographical proximity to other firms and organizations and the firm's technology. The paper discusses geographical proximity as geographical distance to business partners like customers and suppliers and to universities and other types of academic research institutes. The firm's technology is analyzed in terms of either an incremental and gradual development in small step or a rapid and step-wise development. A model combining these two aspects are presented in the paper and subsequently applied on a sample of 37 high-technology firms in the Swedish region of Mälardalen. The paper concludes that both these two dimensions have an impact on the firms' R&D-operations, depending on the firm's size, age and industry.
According to Kirzner (1997) it is the finding of market opportunities based on novel knowledge th... more According to Kirzner (1997) it is the finding of market opportunities based on novel knowledge that drives the market process. There are also technological opportunities, which can be viewed as new ways of combining resources without necessarily exchanging the new combination of resources with other actors. Technological opportunities correspond well to four of the five loci, which Schumpeter (1934) suggests are sources for change: creation of new products or services, discovery of new raw materials, new methods of production and new ways of organizing. The fifth locus refers to new geographical markets, which fall under the definition of market opportunities. Optimal findings and exploitations of opportunities are recognized to have different prerequisites. This paper puts forward that these are manifested through the network and the business relationships thus showing the different roles that the network has from a market as well as technological aspect.
... 100 Edith Andresen, Anette Bergman and Lars Hallén 7 Cluster Membership, Knowledge and SMEs&a... more ... 100 Edith Andresen, Anette Bergman and Lars Hallén 7 Cluster Membership, Knowledge and SMEs' Internationalization 126 ... 207 Hans Jansson and Petter Boye 12 Challenges, Complexities and Advantages of Regional Strategic Networks 229 Heléne Lundberg Index 239 ...
Firms enter emerging markets to capture untapped opportunity and pursue high growth potential. Ye... more Firms enter emerging markets to capture untapped opportunity and pursue high growth potential. Yet emerging markets are also characterized by unstable institutions that may affect firms’ market entry behavior. Although most existing studies have taken a rather short-term and static perspective to addressing foreign market entry, we specifically draw on the Uppsala internationalization process model and use a long-term approach to examine the China market entry of three Swedish firms in terms of their market knowledge and market commitment. We argue that the relation between institutional change in the host market and the market entry behavior of a particular firm evolves over time. The findings also show that the type of institutional change, as well as the accumulated market knowledge and commitments firms have made, can influence the relation between them.
Firms enter emerging markets to capture untapped opportunity and pursue high growth potential. Y... more Firms enter emerging markets to capture untapped opportunity and pursue high growth potential. Yet emerging markets are also characterized by unstable institutions that may affect firms’ market entry behavior. Although most existing studies have taken a rather short-term and static perspective to addressing foreign market entry, we specifically draw on the Uppsala internationalization process model and use a long-term approach to examine the China market entry of three Swedish firms in terms of their market knowledge and market commitment. We argue that the relation between institutional change in the host market and the market entry behavior of a particular firm evolves over time. The findings also show that the type of institutional change, as well as the accumulated market knowledge and commitments firms have made, can influence the relation between them.
By applying the network position concept we untangle the firm’s recognition and exploitation of o... more By applying the network position concept we untangle the firm’s recognition and exploitation of opportunities during the internationalisation process. We view the transition of network position from outsidership to insidership, in terms of the strength and number of relationships in the foreign market network. Departing from the revised Uppsala model, we argue that opportunity development in the business network consists of recognition and exploitation. Path dependence impacts how a firm exploits opportunity in the network as well as the next opportunity to be recognised, as they are contingent on the network position. Four opportunities are identified from a historical case study of Elekta, a Swedish medical device manufacturer that entered China between 1980 and 2010. We analyse the initial network position of the firm, its opportunity recognition and exploitation, and the network position of the firm in return. Based on the cases we demonstrate that outsidership tends to lead to discovery, while insidership results in creation. The insidership enables direct and indirect relationships, which are involved in the exploitation of the opportunity.
This paper presents a model for networks in transition from a planned economy to a market economy... more This paper presents a model for networks in transition from a planned economy to a market economy. The idea is advanced that a movement from one type of network logic to another type is taking place. Three parallel movements can be observed. First, the hierarchical planning, which characterises the planned networks, is during the transition undergoing a period where firms' plans in the beginning are colliding. However, subsequently the firms are assumed to try to match their plans and as a result a network characterised by decentralised mutual planning emerges. Second, the static nature of the networks in the planned economy is concurrently undergoing a turbulent phase during the transition period, before the networks become stable. Finally, as market networks gradually replace the transition networks, firms develop an identity in the network and thereby leaving the state of anonymity, which prevails in the planned networks. Discovery is advanced as the driving factor in the third movement from anonymity to identify. market economies. The paper ends with a concluding discussion on character of interaction, change and use of knowledge in different types of networks.
This paper deals with firms' R&D-operations and how they are influenced by geographical proximity... more This paper deals with firms' R&D-operations and how they are influenced by geographical proximity to other firms and organizations and the firm's technology. The paper discusses geographical proximity as geographical distance to business partners like customers and suppliers and to universities and other types of academic research institutes. The firm's technology is analyzed in terms of either an incremental and gradual development in small step or a rapid and step-wise development. A model combining these two aspects are presented in the paper and subsequently applied on a sample of 37 high-technology firms in the Swedish region of Mälardalen. The paper concludes that both these two dimensions have an impact on the firms' R&D-operations, depending on the firm's size, age and industry.
According to Kirzner (1997) it is the finding of market opportunities based on novel knowledge th... more According to Kirzner (1997) it is the finding of market opportunities based on novel knowledge that drives the market process. There are also technological opportunities, which can be viewed as new ways of combining resources without necessarily exchanging the new combination of resources with other actors. Technological opportunities correspond well to four of the five loci, which Schumpeter (1934) suggests are sources for change: creation of new products or services, discovery of new raw materials, new methods of production and new ways of organizing. The fifth locus refers to new geographical markets, which fall under the definition of market opportunities. Optimal findings and exploitations of opportunities are recognized to have different prerequisites. This paper puts forward that these are manifested through the network and the business relationships thus showing the different roles that the network has from a market as well as technological aspect.
... 100 Edith Andresen, Anette Bergman and Lars Hallén 7 Cluster Membership, Knowledge and SMEs&a... more ... 100 Edith Andresen, Anette Bergman and Lars Hallén 7 Cluster Membership, Knowledge and SMEs' Internationalization 126 ... 207 Hans Jansson and Petter Boye 12 Challenges, Complexities and Advantages of Regional Strategic Networks 229 Heléne Lundberg Index 239 ...
Firms enter emerging markets to capture untapped opportunity and pursue high growth potential. Ye... more Firms enter emerging markets to capture untapped opportunity and pursue high growth potential. Yet emerging markets are also characterized by unstable institutions that may affect firms’ market entry behavior. Although most existing studies have taken a rather short-term and static perspective to addressing foreign market entry, we specifically draw on the Uppsala internationalization process model and use a long-term approach to examine the China market entry of three Swedish firms in terms of their market knowledge and market commitment. We argue that the relation between institutional change in the host market and the market entry behavior of a particular firm evolves over time. The findings also show that the type of institutional change, as well as the accumulated market knowledge and commitments firms have made, can influence the relation between them.