Martin Kvietok - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Martin Kvietok

Der Anschnitt, Beihefte

Das Slowakische Erzgebirge in der Mittelslowakei, welches zu den Westkarpaten gehört, zählt zu ei... more Das Slowakische Erzgebirge in der Mittelslowakei, welches zu den Westkarpaten gehört, zählt zu einer der wichtigsten metallogenetischen Zonen Mitteleuropas. Die Frage nach einer prähistorischen Nutzung war aufgrund der reichhaltigen Metallfunde und Metallurgienachweise in den letzten Jahrzehnten öfter Gegenstand unterschiedlicher Untersuchungen, konnte aber wegen der komplexen, mehrphasigen Lagerstättengenese, auch im Vergleich mit den Lagerstätten Serbiens/Bulgariens sowie der Alpen, nur eingeschränkt beantwortet werden. Grundsätzlich zeigten die Untersuchungen jedoch die Bedeutung der slowakischen Lagerstätten als Rohstofflieferant, neben den Ostalpen, seit dem 4. Jt. v. Chr. Dennoch mussten Fragen nach der Nutzung der Montanregion selbst sowie nach der Organisation der Ausbeutung der Lagerstätten sowie deren positive Identifizierung als Rohstofflieferant bisher offenbleiben. Auch die Handelswege zwischen der Montanregion und ihrem Umfeld sowie die Einbindung der bekannten Großsie...

Slags containing both copper and iron were found during several seasons of field research in the ... more Slags containing both copper and iron were found during several seasons of field research in the old mines in the area of Lubietowa, near Banska Bystrzyca. Their presence proves that both copper and iron smelting functioned in the region in the past. Testing of the slags was carried out in order to determine their mineral composition, and indirectly also to learn about the conditions of melting for both metals. Further search for places of iron and copper smelting in the region is expected.

Památky archeologické, 2021

Hoard of Copper Artefacts from Mníchova Lehota (Distr. Trenčín). Contribution to the Issue and Di... more Hoard of Copper Artefacts from Mníchova Lehota (Distr. Trenčín). Contribution to the Issue and Distribution of the Antimony Copper of Nógrádmarcal Type in the Early Copper Age. Submitted paper deals with the archaeological evaluation and elemental analysis of a collection of copper industry from the cadastre of municipality Mníchova Lehota (distr. Trenčín) in the north-west Slovakia. The hoard consists of two flat copper axes and a copper chisel. The basic typological-chronological analysis of the flat copper axes showed their connection with the Southeast European types and varieties of the series Pločnik, Coteana, Gumelniţa, as well as Central European types Stollhof, Strážnice, Kalinowice Dolne and axes of the group III of J. Říhovský. Statistical evaluation of basic morphometric parameters of the artefacts by means of principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that the objects from the hoard from Mníchova Lehota belong to the Central European shapes. Separate issue is the eleme...

We propose a novel multi-level pre-equalizer composed of multiple binary analog finite impulse re... more We propose a novel multi-level pre-equalizer composed of multiple binary analog finite impulse response (FIR) filters. The performance was investigated using numerical simulation of a 20-Gb/s four-level pulseamplitude-modulation (4-PAM) multi-mode fiber (MMF) transmission system. The analog FIR filters were designed using 28 nm fully depleted silicon on insulator (FD-SOI) based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. The simulated CMOS circuits successfully compensated the multi-level signals distorted by modal dispersion. The error vector magnitude (EVM) of the transmitted 4-PAM signals was improved from 40% to 9%. The proposed design scheme will enable cost-effective, lowpower analog FIR filters for multi-level pre-equalization.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

G. Körlin, M. Prange, Th. Stöllner, Ü. Yalcin (Hrsg.): From Bright Ores to Shiny Metals. Festschrift Andreas Hauptmann. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 29 (Bochum 2016) 109-123., 2016

Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae , 2018

The article informs about a random find of a smaller hoard of bronze objects from Horná Mičiná (d... more The article informs about a random find of a smaller hoard of bronze objects from Horná Mičiná (distr. Banská Bystrica),
located in Zvolen Basin in Central Slovakia. The paper presents the typological-chronological analysis of the hoard’s

content consisting of double spiral pendants and spiral coil tubes terminated with rosettes. Chronological categoriza-
tion of individual bronze objects from the hoard is analysed in the context of related forms from the Western Car-
pathians and neighbouring areas, as well as in the context of the settlement of the Lusatian culture in Zvolen Basin.

The possible function of decorative objects as parts of dress is also considered. The authors assign the collection to the
Lusatian culture and date the hoard most likely to the end of the Final Bronze Age and to the Early Iron Age.

The Bronze Hoard from Podkonice, District Banská Bystrica. The hoard from the village Podkonice i... more The Bronze Hoard from Podkonice, District Banská Bystrica. The hoard from the village Podkonice is one of the
group of hoards, found in the mountainous region in the upper Hron valley, the area stretching from the vicinity of
Banská Bystrica to Podkonice, or Nemecká. Together with Podkonice, there are seven other sites with hoard finds: Baláže,
Brezno, Ľubietová, Moštenica, Nemecká, Slovenská Ľupča/Podkonice. The site where the hoard was found is located in
the north-eastern part of the area of Podkonice, at the place called Igovo, 558 m above sea level. The hoard was found by
local people before the year 2009. According to the discoverer, the hoard was located at a depth of 50 – 60 cm below the
present surface. It was found in the original position. Through its excavating he did not notice any particular delimitation
of space of hoard. The hoard consists of a bronze kettle in which 15 bronze axes, 4 spearheads and a sickle were found.
The axes were on the bottom, the sickle among them; the spearheads were at the top. The content of the kettle consisted
of objects, which were slightly damaged by use (?) or got damaged during processing. The total amount of metal in
21 objects is 3669 g. 15 axes can be divided into two types. The majority (13 pcs) belong to the socketed axes, two of them
are axes with a socket and a Y decoration. The four spearheads, of which two are decorated with an incised ornament,
differ only little in their size and shape. The sickle can be assigned to the type with the right cutting angle and two back
ribs. The kettle with a handle is on the basis of some characteristics, especially the shape of the cross fixture, identical to
the Merhart’s Group B. The slightly identical bottom with a standing rim also corresponds to the type B1. The outline of
the lower body also suggests the type A, particularly Patay’s variant A2. In the literature directed to the bronze vessels,
respectively the bronze industry in general, we were only able to find one direct parallel from Unterglauheim in Bavaria.
According to the accompanying findings, both objects are dated in HB1. The damaged kettle was used for the deposition
of working tools and common types of weapons. They present goods designated for trade exchange, the craftsman added
some damaged products by mistake. The environment with a dominant rock massif does not give us a clear answer as
to why it was deposited here. For ‘temporary’ deposition, the rock could serve as an orientation point, it could also be
a place of some cult act, but the content of the kettle does not support this possibility. What was the main reason for the
deposition? The character of the country does not suggest any roads suitable for transportation by use of animal force,
but more likely for load bearers who were used to much heavier loads than the deposited objects, weighing only 3.5 kg.
Under normal weather conditions it could not be too heavy even for an untrained man of average age. It could also be
reducing the load by discarding invaluable goods

Verifying excavation on the site Ľubietová-Vysoká A former free royal town Ľubietová lies in the ... more Verifying excavation on the site Ľubietová-Vysoká A former free royal town Ľubietová lies in the valley of the creek Hutná, in north-eastern part of the Slovak Ore Mountains, on the western side of Veporské vrchy. It is a narrow, closed valley surrounded by mountains, modelled by the creek Hutná, which is left-sided tributary of the river Hron. The valley is 15.4 km long.Ľubietová and its surroundings were inhabited from the oldest times, is the fact suppor- ted by archaeological evidences. First people were attracted here, despite harsh agricultural conditions, by plenty of game, favourable location and above all the occurrence of ores. The most important deposits of polymetallic and ferrous ores lie east of the village in the site called Na Podlipe, on the eastern edge of the village, in the valley Svätodušná (5 km from the village), on the hill Koba (6.5 km east of the village) and in the end of the valley called Peklo. Then 7 km in the north-eastern direction from Ľubietová lies the deposit of ferrous ores Ja- mešná and 10 km from Ľubietová in the north-eastern direction lies the site called Tri vody. In the period sources we can fnd an entry that also gold was mined here from the 13 frst half of the 15 century. From the surroundings we know about fnds from the Aeneo- lithic (Baden Culture) and Late Bronze Age (a hoard of bronze objects from Ženská dolina). We speculate about the existence of a cremation funerary site in the location called Pilender. In 2012 and 2013 a probe trenching excavation of a municipal castle from the second half of the 16 century took place. The excavation of a newly discovered site Vysoká started in 2014. The site lies on a plateau of Vysoká (Figure 1 and 2) and it is still possible to see artifcial terraces in the vegetation. After the processing of the metal detector survey (Figure 3) results, we chose two positions for trenches. First was in the area of the south slope, about 30 m under the edge of the top mea- dow. Trench 1/2015 (3 × 3 m; Figure 4) was set where in topsoil larger occurrence of prehis- toric pottery was discovered. The second trench 2/2015 (2 × 4.5 m; Figure 5) was situated on a terrace in the north-western area, where a big crescent knife and fnds of metallurgical or black smith’s slag were discovered. Both trenches provided us with a considerable collection of prehistoric pottery (Pl. I – V). Typologically mostly vases and pots were present. We found also a smaller number of am- phorae, bowls and cups. Fragments of sieves occur as well. Special shape in the collection is a bowl with an inwardly shaped and twisted rim (Pl. I: 12). Considering the decoration, we can fnd above all the grooves, incised and plastic decoration. The character and composition of the pottery collection from Vysoká is almost identical with a collection from the year 2013 from the hill fort in Ponická Huta. Similarly, we can date this collection into the break of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (Ha B-Ha C). Special attention deserves one of the few metal objects found in the trench 1/2016. It is a small bronze statuette of an animal which was part of a larger pendant. We found out du- ring the excavation that the site was in the past attacked by amateur treasure hunters, who gathered a large collection of objects, unfortunately without closer localisation within the site. However, we can say for sure that the objects are from Vysoká. Some fnds were at least photographically documented (Pl. VI-VIII). As the oldest artefacts from this collection we can assign a collection of bronze items, such as tools and dress accessories, from the Younger and Late Bronze Age. Then we have the period of the Early Iron Age with a collection of tools, weapons, parts of harness and dress accessories. The site provided us also with a wide variety of fnds from the Late Iron Age. Here belong dress accessories, tools and weapons. Our survey with metal detectors, testing trenches and the opportunity to document the fnds from private collections gave us a lot of new knowledge. The location of the site is stra- tegic. It lies directly above the distinct ore deposit with polymetallic and ferrous ores. Based on the pottery and metal fnds we assume that the settlement of Vysoká started at latest at stage Ha A, the settlement lasted up to the Late La Tène Period. The importance of the site Vysoká lies in the fact that it is located by a very important road which connected Podpoľanie and Liptovská kotlina valley in Prehistory. According to the sows and fragments of metal we can say that intense metallurgical activity took place here. In the frst stage it was bronze metallurgy with use of local copper sources. Then, from the Early Iron Age on, iron replaced copper. Except processing of iron, fnal production of metalproducts took place here. However, identifcation of prehistoric mines location seems.

Predložený článok informuje o výsledkoch archeologického prieskumu na východných svahoch Kremnick... more Predložený článok informuje o výsledkoch archeologického prieskumu na východných svahoch Kremnických vrchov. Výsledkom prieskumu je získanie kolekcie archeologických nálezov z prelomu stredoveku a novoveku. Ide o keramiku a kovové predmety. Tie dokladajú pohyb ľudí v lesoch kremnických vrchov v súvislosti s činnosťou hút v Harmanci a Tajove.

New Hoards from the Bronze Age from Moštenica. The content of this paper are the new hoards from ... more New Hoards from the Bronze Age from Moštenica. The content of this paper are the new hoards from Central Slovakia. 39 bronze objects come from 4 locations on a hill side, covering the area of ca. 75 m2. Hoard 1 consisted of long pins of type Hradec and Malá Vieska. Hoard 2 consisted of bracelets and spiral rings. On next two places were found 4 pins together and 1 separately. Horizon BD1 is represented by the hoard of circular jewels; all pin hoards belong to BD2, they are the oldest Lusatian Culture hoards in Slovakia. Units of HA1 with mixed content are representing the older component. Unusual stone facework on the hoard 2 leads us to the habit used for building of burial mounds. Relation with graves is shown by some examples from the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Bohemia (in stone facework as well), south-western Germany and Slovakia up to HA2, or HA2/HB1. The closest category of jewel hoards is of type Uriu-Ópályi in Maramureş and in Upper Tisa area. The connection with the other world or the treasure for the deceased is probable.
Pins of type Malá Vieska with the head in the shape of a poppy head and their length as well are very similar to the poppy plant, reaching the height 1 – 1.6 m. The importance of this symbol with regard to its multiple meaning and the use of the seeds as food and the opium alkaloid from the unripe capsule of the poppy seed (Papaver somniferum) in healing and healing cults can be only anticipated. In Slovak folk tradition the poppy was the symbol of prosperity, it had protective effect against deceased and witches. It was unsuitable for practical use because of its great length. What was their purpose and if they are really pins is an open question. The suggestions that they were weapons, or used for therapy and tattoo cannot be confirmed. For the profane use of the find 1 from Moštenica can speak new pins, probably wrapped and bound together, from the vicinity of the road, which was from Middle Ages known as Via Magna. For cultic reasons speak the location on the hill side, according to the other finds it can be called ‘the sacred mountain’.

Excavated site lies in the north-eastern part of the cadastre of the village Priechod. It belongs... more Excavated site lies in the north-eastern part of the cadastre of the village Priechod. It belongs a bigger area called, according to the maps, Igovo. It is a vast mountainous area, which covers north-eastern part of the cadastre of the village Priechod and western part of the cadastre of the village Podkonice. The site is located on a mountain range in the western part of this area (Fig. 1). Because of the limestone rocks located on the range is this part called “Kamenná” (“Rocky”) resp. “Na Kamennej” (“On the Rocks”). During the year 2012 the action of disposal and removal of calamity wood took place here. Forestry machines moved the tree trunks in the area of a utility road. During these works was the soil in some places disturbed. On the east slope of the site, in the area where the road crossed the slope terrace, was disturbed a cultural layer containing pottery fragments.
Considering the fact, that this was a new site, a trial excavation started. The trench was located in the place where the pottery was identified, on the terrace on the east slope (Fig. 7). The trench I/2014 succeeded in documentation of the part of a house, consisting of an above-ground structure (Feature 1/2014) and sunken settlement pit (storage pit?, feature 2/2014). Trench 2/2014 was located in the northern part of a peak platform. It was oriented in east-west direction and was located in a way to cut the supposed fortification (Fig. 10). Because the excavated area was of restricted extent, right now it is not possible to identify the exact type of the fortification. Fragments of transversal beams in the body of the construction (Fig. 11) could indicate the type of bulwark with the ramp reinforced with wooden beams. This type of construction is very old and is known from the late prehistory. Its basis was made by the horizontal chamber constructions filled with loose material or grid mound. Front side was askew covered with smaller stones or was made by the wall of large blocks built without mortar.
From both trenches come large collections of pottery fragments, which fit into the material range of Púchov Culture. In the trench I/2014 was mostly found pottery made on the pottery wheel - vases and large storage vessels. Into the handmade category belong prevailingly hemispherical bowls and barrel-shaped pots with inwardly shaped rims. In the trench II/2014 was found mostly handmade pottery. Occasionally were found shapes typical for the Pre-Púchov Phase, such as handle with horn-shaped juts or vases with plastic decoration in the shape of horse shoes and decorated lines.
Considering the fact, that this site was new, we used metal detectors as well. This was how we tried to protect the site from the attack of the treasure hunters. The metal detector survey was held in the area of the fortified acropolis and its surroundings (Fig. 13). We found remarkable collection of metal objects, which can be divided into groups of jewellery and parts of clothing, household objects, construction ironwork, carriage parts, weapons and coins. From the group of the parts of the clothing were the most numerous ones the fibulae. This group is represented mostly by the iron fibulae of Middle-LaTène Period with connected construction (Tab. VII: 1 -5). In one case we have fragment of bronze fibula which is close to the type Mötschwill (Tab. VII: 6). The third type of fibulae is small wire fibula with long coil winding, made of bronze (Tab. VII: 7). Circular jewellery is represented by the fragments of two bracelets. One is a part of casted bracelet with spheroidal decoration (Tab. VII: 8). The second one is the fragment of bracelet with semi-circular cross-section and fluted surface (Tab. VII: 9). We could assign it to the group of bracelets with transverse notches, which is the most numerous group of bracelets. They can be dated into the Late LaTène Period. Among belt parts are bronze end fitting and two iron buckles. The bronze casted end fitting is bar-shaped, with circular hole on one end and is T-shaped with one protrusion on the other. Tools are represented mostly by knives (Tab. VII: 17 – 20). The knives have one blade and spike for the handle. Household accessories are represented by a massive hooked iron key made of twisted bar (Tab. VII: 29). In three cases we have arrow heads. One is preserved only partially, without the possibility of further type identification (Tab. IV: 23). In two cases there are larger triangular arrow heads with back wings and long sleeve (Tab. VII: 15-16). Parts of carriage are represented by two pegs, which served for fixating of the wheel on the axis. They are made of bar with rectangular cross-section, the head is tear-shaped (Tab.VII: 21, 22). Among the most important are the objects connected with trade. They are represented by a fragment of scales and two silver coins. The scales of which we have the fragment were very small isosceles scales (Tab. VII: 13). For the dating of the site the two silver coins are very important (Tab. VII: 24, 28). In first case it was coin with realistic depiction of a horse on the reverse side. It can be identified as the Veľký Bysterec type. The second coin is of Zemplín type. On the reverse side is depicted a stylized figure of the so-called „Bird horse“.
Based on the collected finds we can date the settlement of the site in Priechod into the stages LT C2 – LT D2, with possible beginning of settlement activities in LT C1. The collected material, mostly pottery, is very similar to the collections from the sacrificial place in Prosné, house No. 1 in Hradec or other Late LaTène Period collections in the area of Púchov Culture. We can find numerous analogies for pottery in the area of rivers Nitra (e.g. Nitra – Šindolka) or Donau (Komárno, Bratislava). Generally we can say that the prevailing element in this collection of finds is the Celtic element. The burnt construction of the bulwark, as well as the quantity of wattle-and-daub in Feature No. 1 indicates a violent termination of the settlement. We assume that this happened in the stage LT D2. The site in Priechod complements the group of sites dated into the LaTène Period in the area east of the bend of river Hron in Banská Bystrica. This area is traditionally considered as a part of the Orava Group settlement, constituting the content of the Pre-Púchov Culture.
The site in Priechod must have been very important from the communication point of view; locals may have used it for trade purposes. In its vicinity lies the crossroad of two significant roads. The name of the village itself - Priechod (can be translated as Transit or Passage) indicates the existence of an important road. Local inhabitants dealt probably with metallurgy and distribution of processed metal. The economy focused on the nearby located important ore deposits (copper, silver) in Starohorské vrchy Mountains.

Archeological research was conducted in the area of the governor’s building in the town of Lubiet... more Archeological research was conducted in the area of the governor’s
building in the town of Lubietova, near Banska Bystrica in Slovakia. Among
many excavated relics was also pottery. Ten typical vessels underwent
mineralogical and technological testing to analyze their mineral composition and
grainy ceramic masses of the ores, and to determine rough temperatures of
pottery baking. Chemical analysis of chosen enamels covering the pottery was
conducted. Test results were entered into tables in the POTTERY computer
software and compared to determine degrees of similarities between the vessels.
Conclusions were drawn and discussed.

Submitted article deals with the state and perspectives of mining archaeology in the area of Upp... more Submitted article deals with the state and perspectives of mining archaeology in the area of Upper Pohronie. Specifically it deals with the area of western slopes of Kremnické Mountains with the occurrences of the ores of mercury and arsenic, Starohorské Mountains with occurrences of the ores of copper and silver, Low Tatras with occurrences of the ores of gold, antimony, iron and northern slopes of Slovenské Rudohorie Mountains with occurrences of the ores of iron and copper. These are the regions with extraordinary concentration of mining activities in Middle Ages and Modern Age. Occasionally we can find sites (Špania Dolina - Piesky) with evidences of prehistoric mining and ore processing. We focus on three microregions, in which were held research activities by the author. These are the regions of Malachov - Králiky, Starohorské Mountains and Ľubietová. For every region we mention the history of research, historical refferences to mining, current scientific projects and their results as well as perspectives and possibilities of further research in given microregion.

Der Autor leitet als Archäologe des Mittelslowakischen Museums seit dem Jahr 2012 die archäologis... more Der Autor leitet als Archäologe des Mittelslowakischen Museums seit dem Jahr 2012
die archäologische Grabung im Raum der untergegangenen Stadtburg in der ehemaligen
niederungarischen (mittelslowakischen) Bergstadt Libethen (Ľubietová) und präsentiert in diesem
Beitrag erste Ergebnisse seiner Grabungen. Zu den Anfängen der Ansiedlung im Raum der
mittelalterlichen Stadt und der Anwesenheit einer vorzeitlichen Populationen in diesem Gebiet
brachte die Grabung keine besonderen Ergebnisse. Die ersten durch anthropogene Schichten
repräsentierten Nachweise der Siedlungstätigkeit am Grabungsort gehen vorläufi g an die Wende
vom 15. zum 16. Jahrhunderts zurück, obwohl auch ältere Schichten im bisher noch nicht
untersuchten Raum entdeckt werden können. Wahrscheinlich entstand der Zentralraum, in dem
auch die Stadtburg errichtet wurde, erst irgendwann im Spätmittelalter. In diesem Raum gab es
damals sowohl handwerkliche Erzeugung, als auch Hüttenproduktion, was zahlreiche Funde
von Hüttenschlacken beweisen. Auf Grund der durchgeführten Grabungen lässt sich feststellen,
dass die Stadtburg selbst in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts im Zusammenhang mit der
Bedrohung durch das Osmanische Reich ausgebaut worden ist. Weitere mit der Geschichte der
Stadtburg und der Bergstadt Libethen verbundenen Fragen sollten von künftigen archäologischen
Grabungen beantwortet werden.

Submitted article aims to inform about the results of archaeological excavation realized on Bern... more Submitted article aims to inform about the results of archaeological excavation realized on Bernoláková Street in the historical core of Nová Baňa. The excavation was initiated
by the sanation of a family house and earth works on the lot. During the excavation we managed to identify a medieval horizon probably connected with the oldest building development.
Based on pottery finds we can date the horizon to the end of the 14th century and the first half of 15th century. Then we obtained remarkable collection of modern
age pottery from the 16th- 18th century. Among this material was one testing cup that indirectly points to the ore testing in younger modern times. Interesting finds were fragments of three mill-stones made of rhyolite. The oldest written notes about Nová Baňa are connected with the activity of ore mills. That is why we deal in this article with the problems of the excavation of golden ore mills and processing facilities in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia. This allows us to imagine the appearance of medieval ore mills in
Nová Baňa. The article deals with the appearance of the excavated lot in Middle Ages as well. The house and its immediate economic background (the back yard) joined the main road running though the town and were situated on a terrace above the Starohutský
Creek. The lot then continued down the slope toward the creek where stood a mill-race with ore mills and the heaps. This build-up area is shown on the section of the map of the First military mapping. In the end we would like to state the necessity of a scientific research of particular facilities related to the ore processing.

Ausgeschlagenes Kupfer in der slowakischen Urzeit Steinschlägel. Er ist ein typisches Gerät, das... more Ausgeschlagenes Kupfer in der slowakischen Urzeit

Steinschlägel. Er ist ein typisches Gerät, das man
mit dem urzeitlichen Bergmann in Zusammenhang
gibt. Bindet man Eisen und Schlägel mit dem
Bergmann seit dem Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart,
kann man den Steinschlägel mit dem urzeitlichen
Bergmann binden. Eine Lokalität, die durch eine
enorme Fundenanzahl von diesem Artefakt bekannt
ist, ist Špania Dolina – Piesky. Seit den 60er
Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden hier mehr als
300 ganze Stücke oder Bruchstücke gefunden. Fast
alle sind abgeschlagen, also benutzt. Ausserdem
wurden hier auch steinerne Unterlagen mit typischen
Vertiefungen gefunden. Die Steinschlägel
stellen eine weltweite Zivilisationserscheinung des
urzeitlichen Bergbaus dar. Ihre Anwesenheit erfassen
wir neben Špania Dolina z.B. auch in Rudna
Glava (Serbien), Mathiati (Zypern), Keweenaw
(USA) und anderswo. Es ist bewunderswert, dass
die Funktion der Gegenstand ihre Form in solcher
Masse definieren kann, dass auf den tausende Kilometer
voneinander entfernten Kupferlagerstätten
fast idäntische Steinschläge gefunden wurden. Die
höchste Konzentration der Steinschlägel in Piesky
ist am nördlichen Anhang des Tales Veľká Zelená
und am das Tal von Piesky vom Tal von Richtárová
trennenden Bergkamm festgestellt worden. Auf
diesen Stellen kommt die Vererzumg zur Oberfläche
herauf (Gossan). Diese Tatsache kann zur
Vermutung führen, dass das Kupfer direkt aus dem
Gossan ausgeschlagen würde. Eine Analogie kann
die Lagerstätte Keweenaw in USA darstellen. Hier
war eine grosse Konzentration von Steinschlägel
entdeckt und Kupfererzeugnisse wurden nur
durch Kaltschmieden hergestellt. Im Zeitraum vor
der Entdeckung des pyrometalurgischen Herstellungsverfahrens
spielte das ausgeschlagene
Kupfer (cold hammered copper) eine bedeutende
Rolle in der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung. Einerseits
in der Ebene des zwischenstämmigen Waarenaustauschs,
andererseits in der Ebene der rituellen
Entwicklung der Gesellschaft. In den archäologisch
bedeutenden Lokalitäten wie Rudna Glava, Ai Bunar
oder Vadi Feynan wurden auf Förderungsstellen
fast keine Schlägel und Unterlagen gefunden. Diese
wurden aber in den tiefer gelegenen Siedlungen
in der Umgebung der Lagerstätten gefunden. Das
deutet auf die Tatsache hin, dass das gewonnene
Erz aus dem Ort der Förderung zum Ort mit günstigeren
Aufbereitungsbedingungen transportiert
wurde. Weil in Piesky, auf dem Ort der Förderung,
Steinschlägel und Unterlagen gefunden wurden,
kann man voraussetzen, dass es günstiger war
das Erz aus dem Gestein heausschlagen und in
die Siedlungen gediegen Kupfer zu liefern. Darüber
zeugt auch grosse Menge der Funde von kleinen
Rohstoffstückchen. Diese sind in den letzten Jahren
durch Oberflächenerforschung in der breiteren
Umgebung (bis 20 km) der Kupferlagerstätte Piesky
gefunden. Das Verfahren des Ausschlages bzw.
Kaltenschmiedens hinterlässt im Rohstoff typische
strukturelle Veränderungen, die aber nur durch
metallografische Analysis auffallen. In der Zukunft
braucht man also die Aufmerksamkeit auf die erwähnten
Rohstoffstückchen richten, die eine relevante
Antwort zur Frage der urzeitlichen Kupfergewinnung
durch Ausschlagen im Raum von Špania
Dolina geben könnten.

Der Anschnitt, Beihefte

Památky archeologické, 2021

Studia Historica Nitriensia

G. Körlin, M. Prange, Th. Stöllner, Ü. Yalcin (Hrsg.): From Bright Ores to Shiny Metals. Festschrift Andreas Hauptmann. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 29 (Bochum 2016) 109-123., 2016

Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae , 2018

Ausgeschlagenes Kupfer in der slowakischen Urzeit Steinschlägel. Er ist ein typisches Gerät, das... more Ausgeschlagenes Kupfer in der slowakischen Urzeit

Prvá správa o náleze sa v odbornej spisbe objavila v roku 1935 v článku J. Eisnera.

In connection with the exhibition , Stredoslovenské muzeum prepared a catalog of exhibition. Cata... more In connection with the exhibition , Stredoslovenské muzeum prepared a catalog of exhibition. Catalog has 96 pages. The authors of the catalog are Martin Kvietok Martin and Marta Mácelová. Authors divided catalog into two main parts. Text and colour images and paints. Introduction of catalog is tending to general characteristics of exhibition. Briefly inform the development of stoves in medieval. One part of the catalog is dedicated to the production process and the morphology of the stove tiles. The authors are also dealing with the production of Banska Bystrica workshop in 15th century. The most comprehensive chapter is devoted to the analysis of iconographic motifs. Second part describes the 145 stove tiles. In addition to the exhibited stove tiles exposed to the tiles located in museums in Budapest . Tiles are classified according to themes :
a) religious motives ,
b) mythological , fantastic and allegorical themes
c) secular themes and genres
d) heraldic motifs
e) zoomorphic motifs
f) architectural motifs and ornamental motifs
g) plant motifs
h) signs
i) separate shapes.
For each tiles is a brief description including its:
1. Location
2. Type of tile
3. Conservation status
4. Adjustment of the front walls
5. Size ,
6 Dating
7. Store
8 Id. number
9. Literature .

Výskumná dokumentácia z archeologického výskumu, pri projekte "Obnova a ochrana Pamätníka obetiam fašizmu v Kremničke a jeho okolia ako pietneho miesta.", 2020

Ceľom výskumu bola presná identifikácia miest masových hrobov. Tá mala byť podkladom pre následnú... more Ceľom výskumu bola presná identifikácia miest masových hrobov. Tá mala byť podkladom pre následnú pamiatkovú ochranu. Archeologický výskum bol realizovaný v úzkej kooperácii s historicko – archívnym výskumom (Mgr. V. Grešková). Polohy určené pre podrobný výskum boli vytypované na základe porovnania historických fotografických snímkov a súčasnej krajiny, doplneného výpoveďami miestnych pamätníkov. Po približnom
vytypovaní miest masových hrobov bol na všetkých troch polohách zrealizovaný geofyzikálny prieskum, zameraný na identifikáciu podpovrchových anomálii v podobe hrobových jám. Plochy určené na geofyzikálny prieskum boli polohopisne zamerané. Po vyhodnotení výsledkov geofyzikálneho prieskumu sme na miestach vhodných pre výkopové práce zrealizovali zisťovacie sondy za účelom identifikácie hrán hrobových jám. Výkopové práce boli fotograficky zdokumentované. Zamerané boli výškopisne a polohopisne.

Report from rescue archaeological excavation.

Report from rescue archaeological excavation

Výskumná dokumentácia z archeologického výskumu na vedecké a dokumentačné účely, podľa §39, ods.9... more Výskumná dokumentácia z archeologického výskumu na vedecké a dokumentačné účely, podľa §39, ods.9, zákona č.49/2002 Z.z. o ochrane pamiatkového fondu v znení neskorších predpisov a §10 vyhlášky MK SR č. 253/2010, ktorou sa vykonáva zákon č.49/2002 Z. z. o ochrane pamiatkového fondu v znení neskorších predpisov,