Matúš Grežo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Matúš Grežo
Sociologický časopis, Jan 26, 2023
The present study aims to examine the dimensionality and criterion validity of the institutional ... more The present study aims to examine the dimensionality and criterion validity of the institutional trust construct in Slovakia using a comprehensive list of thirty-three public institutions. A representative sample of 600 Slovaks first reported their level of trust in institutions and then reported on their social trust, propensity to trust, dispositional trust, and trust radius measures. A holdout cross-validation method was used to evaluate the dimensionality of the institutional trust construct. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a sixfactor solution, and the confirmatory factor analysis showed a good overall fit for the five-factor solution that included the following dimensions: political institutions, foreign institutions, social services institutions, order institutions, and media institutions. All five dimensions showed weak-to-moderate relationships with interpersonal trust measures. The present study highlights that delving into the dimensionality of institutional trust may contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon within specific geographical, political, societal, and historical, characteristics of the countries.
Journal of Community Genetics
Psykhe (Santiago)
The research in the area of framing effect has thoroughly addressed the question whether individu... more The research in the area of framing effect has thoroughly addressed the question whether individuals cooperate more in negatively framed situations than in positively framed situations. However, so far, the studies brought inconsistent results. In the present study, it is hypothesized that the effect of framing on cooperative behavior depends on person's social value orientation. 79 Slovak university students (19 men, 60 women) divided into five small social groups were presented with a decomposed game to measure their social value orientation. Then, they cooperated in 9 repeated decisions within 2 different social dilemmas about the distribution of the financial resources. After each decision, either negatively or positively framed information was provided about how the groups' financial resources were affected. The results of the semi-robust two-way MANOVA showed that framing effect did not significantly affect cooperation, but social value orientation did. Importantly, so...
Človek a spoločnosť
Prior entrepreneurship research shows that individuals often possess biased expectations regardin... more Prior entrepreneurship research shows that individuals often possess biased expectations regarding their chances of success in the market compared to objective reality, as well as to their success and profitability compared to their peers. This distorted, biased view on one's chances of success is referred to as overconfidence. The present study addresses the effect of overconfidence on corporate decision-making with regard to the methodology used in economic and psychological studies. Current research provides contradictory and inconclusive results about the effect of overconfidence on various Chief Executive Officers' decisions and profitability. In this study, I try to explain this inconclusiveness by outlining some of the most important methodological issues in the overconfidence research. In psychological literature, there is a wide consensus among researchers about the robustness of overconfidence in human reasoning. This cognitive bias has been demonstrated in many populations and work domains; like clinical psychologists, drivers, financial analysts, investors, stock market specialists, statisticians, basketball players, or managers. In the literature, overconfidence appears mainly in three different constructscalibration of probabilities, overestimation, and overplacement. The calibration of probabilities is measured by comparing individuals' subjective probability judgments with the real objective probability. Overestimation is based on comparing individuals' performance in a particular task with their belief about how they will perform or how they performed. Finally, overplacement is measured by comparing individuals' belief about their own performance with the belief about the performance of other individuals. According to these three constructs, overconfidence can be defined as a systematic tendency to overestimate one's own ability to make accurate forecasts, or as an overestimation of one's own performance, or knowledge, compared to his/her actual performance, or others' knowledge. In recent decades, authors from economic disciplines started to omit the direct measurement of overconfidence and instead they have often searched for various indirect variables that could serve as proxies for overconfidence; like holding options beyond rational thresholds, purchasing stocks of one's own company despite the high exposure to risk, or chief executive officers' press portrayals. Additionally, the effect of overconfidence has started to be linked and sometimes confused with other similar concepts like optimism or illusion of control. Authors often use findings from multiple different constructs as a basis for their hypotheses about the effect of overconfidence in corporate decision-making. Moreover, they often use different measurement tools or other proxies for examining overconfidence compared to the previous studies they reported. This confusion of different forms of overconfidence together with different operationalizations causes difficulty in integrating knowledge about particular overconfidence constructs. In this paper, I describe, firstly, the origins and differences in operationalization between economic and psychology studies. Several widely-used measures and proxies of overconfidence in economic research are described and the diversity of using these measures in previous studies is showed. Subsequently, I discuss how different forms of overconfidence impact the decision-making and performance of entrepreneurs. In this part, the study focuses on the three most frequent areas that are reflected in the current literature; namely the effect of overconfidence on financial decision-making, firm profitability, and entrepreneurs' innovativeness. It is showed that studies in these areas often bring contradictory findings; mainly in the context of risk-taking, debt usage, or dividend payment, and this contradiction seems to result mostly from using different operationalizations of overconfidence. The final part of the study outlines several possible ways how problems with methodology and inconclusiveness in the overconfidence research could be solved. Firstly, is the importance of finding and using a valid direct overconfidence measure in entrepreneurship research. The ability to make an accurate reasoning about one's own
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied, 2018
Prior entrepreneurship research shows that individuals often possess biased expectations regardin... more Prior entrepreneurship research shows that individuals often possess biased expectations regarding their chances of success in the market compared to objective reality, as well as to their success and profitability compared to their peers. This distorted, biased view on one's chances of success is referred to as overconfidence. The present study addresses the effect of overconfidence on corporate decision-making with regard to the methodology used in economic and psychological studies. Current research provides contradictory and inconclusive results about the effect of overconfidence on various Chief Executive Officers' decisions and profitability. In this study, I try to explain this inconclusiveness by outlining some of the most important methodological issues in the overconfidence research. In psychological literature, there is a wide consensus among researchers about the robustness of overconfidence in human reasoning. This cognitive bias has been demonstrated in many populations and work domains; like clinical psychologists, drivers, financial analysts, investors, stock market specialists, statisticians, basketball players, or managers. In the literature, overconfidence appears mainly in three different constructscalibration of probabilities, overestimation, and overplacement. The calibration of probabilities is measured by comparing individuals' subjective probability judgments with the real objective probability. Overestimation is based on comparing individuals' performance in a particular task with their belief about how they will perform or how they performed. Finally, overplacement is measured by comparing individuals' belief about their own performance with the belief about the performance of other individuals. According to these three constructs, overconfidence can be defined as a systematic tendency to overestimate one's own ability to make accurate forecasts, or as an overestimation of one's own performance, or knowledge, compared to his/her actual performance, or others' knowledge. In recent decades, authors from economic disciplines started to omit the direct measurement of overconfidence and instead they have often searched for various indirect variables that could serve as proxies for overconfidence; like holding options beyond rational thresholds, purchasing stocks of one's own company despite the high exposure to risk, or chief executive officers' press portrayals. Additionally, the effect of overconfidence has started to be linked and sometimes confused with other similar concepts like optimism or illusion of control. Authors often use findings from multiple different constructs as a basis for their hypotheses about the effect of overconfidence in corporate decision-making. Moreover, they often use different measurement tools or other proxies for examining overconfidence compared to the previous studies they reported. This confusion of different forms of overconfidence together with different operationalizations causes difficulty in integrating knowledge about particular overconfidence constructs. In this paper, I describe, firstly, the origins and differences in operationalization between economic and psychology studies. Several widely-used measures and proxies of overconfidence in economic research are described and the diversity of using these measures in previous studies is showed. Subsequently, I discuss how different forms of overconfidence impact the decision-making and performance of entrepreneurs. In this part, the study focuses on the three most frequent areas that are reflected in the current literature; namely the effect of overconfidence on financial decision-making, firm profitability, and entrepreneurs' innovativeness. It is showed that studies in these areas often bring contradictory findings; mainly in the context of risk-taking, debt usage, or dividend payment, and this contradiction seems to result mostly from using different operationalizations of overconfidence. The final part of the study outlines several possible ways how problems with methodology and inconclusiveness in the overconfidence research could be solved. Firstly, is the importance of finding and using a valid direct overconfidence measure in entrepreneurship research. The ability to make an accurate reasoning about one's own
The aim of the study is to investigate how negative emotions and subjective evaluation of individ... more The aim of the study is to investigate how negative emotions and subjective evaluation of individual's wellbeing (both financial and general satisfaction with life) and institutional trust is related to attitudes towards out-group members such as immigrants and refugees.
The present study aims to meta-analytically examine the relationship between two conceptually and... more The present study aims to meta-analytically examine the relationship between two conceptually and methodologically different measures of individuals' trust—survey-based measures and Trust Game measures—as well as their effect on trusting behaviour in real-life situations.
Personality and Individual Differences
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 2020
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of start-up and managerial experience on... more The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of start-up and managerial experience on the quality of business plans proposed by entrepreneurs applying for external angel investment. Using the Business model canvas method as a criterion, a quantitative content analysis of 310 business plan proposals was conducted in order to evaluate the ability of entrepreneurs to define the most important dimensions of a business plan. The results showed a positive effect of start-up experience and a non-significant effect of managerial experience on the quality of business plan proposals. It was shown that when defining more complex and dynamic dimensions of a business plan, a U-shaped relation between start-up experience and the quality of a business plan existed. Furthermore, we found that the quality of a business plan partially mediated the relation between prior experience and the acceptance of a business plan in an investor's first prescreen evaluation.
Health-related philanthropy is essential for biobanks. Nonetheless, little is known about the rol... more Health-related philanthropy is essential for biobanks. Nonetheless, little is known about the roles of personality and trust in particular with respect to participation in biobanking. In a sample of 600 Slovaks, the present study aimed to examine whether interpersonal trusting beliefs mediate the relationships between the Big Five personality traits and the willingness to participate in biobanking. The results showed that extraversion, agreeableness and open-mindedness were indirectly positively related to the willingness to participate in biobanking, while conscientiousness showed mixed results. Self-focused generalised trust, other-focused generalised trust, and trust in medical researchers appeared to be factors explaining these indirect relationships. The findings provide support for the theory of planned behaviour and can be applied in communication and recruitment strategies attempting to attract participants of biobanking.
The folder contains the dataset and supplementary materials for the study "Light and Dark Co... more The folder contains the dataset and supplementary materials for the study "Light and Dark Core of personality and the adherence to COVID-19 containment measures: Mediating effects of motivation and trust in government."
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 2020
Review of Behavioral Finance, 2020
PurposeThis meta-analysis reviews and summarizes the results of 34 studies to investigate the rel... more PurposeThis meta-analysis reviews and summarizes the results of 34 studies to investigate the relationship between overconfidence and financial decision-making.Design/methodology/approachA correlation meta-analysis was conducted with three moderators of the relationship between overconfidence and financial decision-making examined: the type of overconfidence construct, the type of overconfidence measuring method and the type of financial decision-making.FindingsIt was found that the effect of overconfidence on financial decision-making was significant, but the magnitude of this effect was low. Additionally, indirect measures of overconfidence showed to have stronger effect than direct measures, and the overconfidence was mostly related to investment, followed by trading and innovativeness.Originality/valueThis was the first attempt to meta-analytically integrate results concerning the relationship between overconfidence and financial decision-making. Although overconfidence is descr...
Studia Psychologica, 2017
Journal of European Psychology Students, 2013
Studia Psychologica, 2018
The theory of action versus state orientation suggests that state-oriented people are more suscep... more The theory of action versus state orientation suggests that state-oriented people are more susceptible to sunk cost fallacy than action-oriented people because they ruminate about past costs and are reluctant to change their course of actions. However, research on the role of action versus state orientation in sunk cost fallacy is fairly limited. Therefore, the present paper aims to conceptually replicate the seminal study by van Putten et al. (2010) and verify whether action versus state orientation really matters in the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. We also examined the role of gender and goal internalization in the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. Participants (N = 205) filled an Action Control Scale and solved two sunk cost fallacy tasks in two experimental conditions. In the intrapersonal condition, the sunk costs belonged to a decision-maker. In the intrapersonal condition, an investor was not identical with the decision-maker. Eventually, our study failed to replic...
Studia Psychologica
The present research conceptually replicates and extends the results of a study on the relation b... more The present research conceptually replicates and extends the results of a study on the relation between individuals' sex, their risk attitudes and stereotype threat (Carr & Steele, 2010). The authors reported that differences between men and women in risk aversion emerged only after activating negative stereotypes about women's performance in mathematics. A total of 321 Slovaks, randomly assigned to control or experimental treatments, answered questions on their risk aversion, anxiety, analytical reasoning and gender self-concept. We expected to observe differences between men and women only after activating stereotypes. Aware of the issues with the consistency of different risk aversion measures, we investigated whether the effect of stereotype threat on risk aversion differs across three different risk aversion measures. Additionally, we explored whether this effect depends on how the stereotype threat is activated (explicit vs. implicit activation). Finally, to explain the mechanism through which stereotypes foster women's risk aversion, we explored the moderating effect of gender self-concept and mediating effects of anxiety and analytical reasoning on the relationship between stereotype threat and risk aversion. In general, the study found no differences between men and women in risk aversion and did not replicate the original effect of stereotype threat on risk aversion.
Technology, Knowledge and Learning
Sociologický časopis, Jan 26, 2023
The present study aims to examine the dimensionality and criterion validity of the institutional ... more The present study aims to examine the dimensionality and criterion validity of the institutional trust construct in Slovakia using a comprehensive list of thirty-three public institutions. A representative sample of 600 Slovaks first reported their level of trust in institutions and then reported on their social trust, propensity to trust, dispositional trust, and trust radius measures. A holdout cross-validation method was used to evaluate the dimensionality of the institutional trust construct. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a sixfactor solution, and the confirmatory factor analysis showed a good overall fit for the five-factor solution that included the following dimensions: political institutions, foreign institutions, social services institutions, order institutions, and media institutions. All five dimensions showed weak-to-moderate relationships with interpersonal trust measures. The present study highlights that delving into the dimensionality of institutional trust may contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon within specific geographical, political, societal, and historical, characteristics of the countries.
Journal of Community Genetics
Psykhe (Santiago)
The research in the area of framing effect has thoroughly addressed the question whether individu... more The research in the area of framing effect has thoroughly addressed the question whether individuals cooperate more in negatively framed situations than in positively framed situations. However, so far, the studies brought inconsistent results. In the present study, it is hypothesized that the effect of framing on cooperative behavior depends on person's social value orientation. 79 Slovak university students (19 men, 60 women) divided into five small social groups were presented with a decomposed game to measure their social value orientation. Then, they cooperated in 9 repeated decisions within 2 different social dilemmas about the distribution of the financial resources. After each decision, either negatively or positively framed information was provided about how the groups' financial resources were affected. The results of the semi-robust two-way MANOVA showed that framing effect did not significantly affect cooperation, but social value orientation did. Importantly, so...
Človek a spoločnosť
Prior entrepreneurship research shows that individuals often possess biased expectations regardin... more Prior entrepreneurship research shows that individuals often possess biased expectations regarding their chances of success in the market compared to objective reality, as well as to their success and profitability compared to their peers. This distorted, biased view on one's chances of success is referred to as overconfidence. The present study addresses the effect of overconfidence on corporate decision-making with regard to the methodology used in economic and psychological studies. Current research provides contradictory and inconclusive results about the effect of overconfidence on various Chief Executive Officers' decisions and profitability. In this study, I try to explain this inconclusiveness by outlining some of the most important methodological issues in the overconfidence research. In psychological literature, there is a wide consensus among researchers about the robustness of overconfidence in human reasoning. This cognitive bias has been demonstrated in many populations and work domains; like clinical psychologists, drivers, financial analysts, investors, stock market specialists, statisticians, basketball players, or managers. In the literature, overconfidence appears mainly in three different constructscalibration of probabilities, overestimation, and overplacement. The calibration of probabilities is measured by comparing individuals' subjective probability judgments with the real objective probability. Overestimation is based on comparing individuals' performance in a particular task with their belief about how they will perform or how they performed. Finally, overplacement is measured by comparing individuals' belief about their own performance with the belief about the performance of other individuals. According to these three constructs, overconfidence can be defined as a systematic tendency to overestimate one's own ability to make accurate forecasts, or as an overestimation of one's own performance, or knowledge, compared to his/her actual performance, or others' knowledge. In recent decades, authors from economic disciplines started to omit the direct measurement of overconfidence and instead they have often searched for various indirect variables that could serve as proxies for overconfidence; like holding options beyond rational thresholds, purchasing stocks of one's own company despite the high exposure to risk, or chief executive officers' press portrayals. Additionally, the effect of overconfidence has started to be linked and sometimes confused with other similar concepts like optimism or illusion of control. Authors often use findings from multiple different constructs as a basis for their hypotheses about the effect of overconfidence in corporate decision-making. Moreover, they often use different measurement tools or other proxies for examining overconfidence compared to the previous studies they reported. This confusion of different forms of overconfidence together with different operationalizations causes difficulty in integrating knowledge about particular overconfidence constructs. In this paper, I describe, firstly, the origins and differences in operationalization between economic and psychology studies. Several widely-used measures and proxies of overconfidence in economic research are described and the diversity of using these measures in previous studies is showed. Subsequently, I discuss how different forms of overconfidence impact the decision-making and performance of entrepreneurs. In this part, the study focuses on the three most frequent areas that are reflected in the current literature; namely the effect of overconfidence on financial decision-making, firm profitability, and entrepreneurs' innovativeness. It is showed that studies in these areas often bring contradictory findings; mainly in the context of risk-taking, debt usage, or dividend payment, and this contradiction seems to result mostly from using different operationalizations of overconfidence. The final part of the study outlines several possible ways how problems with methodology and inconclusiveness in the overconfidence research could be solved. Firstly, is the importance of finding and using a valid direct overconfidence measure in entrepreneurship research. The ability to make an accurate reasoning about one's own
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied, 2018
Prior entrepreneurship research shows that individuals often possess biased expectations regardin... more Prior entrepreneurship research shows that individuals often possess biased expectations regarding their chances of success in the market compared to objective reality, as well as to their success and profitability compared to their peers. This distorted, biased view on one's chances of success is referred to as overconfidence. The present study addresses the effect of overconfidence on corporate decision-making with regard to the methodology used in economic and psychological studies. Current research provides contradictory and inconclusive results about the effect of overconfidence on various Chief Executive Officers' decisions and profitability. In this study, I try to explain this inconclusiveness by outlining some of the most important methodological issues in the overconfidence research. In psychological literature, there is a wide consensus among researchers about the robustness of overconfidence in human reasoning. This cognitive bias has been demonstrated in many populations and work domains; like clinical psychologists, drivers, financial analysts, investors, stock market specialists, statisticians, basketball players, or managers. In the literature, overconfidence appears mainly in three different constructscalibration of probabilities, overestimation, and overplacement. The calibration of probabilities is measured by comparing individuals' subjective probability judgments with the real objective probability. Overestimation is based on comparing individuals' performance in a particular task with their belief about how they will perform or how they performed. Finally, overplacement is measured by comparing individuals' belief about their own performance with the belief about the performance of other individuals. According to these three constructs, overconfidence can be defined as a systematic tendency to overestimate one's own ability to make accurate forecasts, or as an overestimation of one's own performance, or knowledge, compared to his/her actual performance, or others' knowledge. In recent decades, authors from economic disciplines started to omit the direct measurement of overconfidence and instead they have often searched for various indirect variables that could serve as proxies for overconfidence; like holding options beyond rational thresholds, purchasing stocks of one's own company despite the high exposure to risk, or chief executive officers' press portrayals. Additionally, the effect of overconfidence has started to be linked and sometimes confused with other similar concepts like optimism or illusion of control. Authors often use findings from multiple different constructs as a basis for their hypotheses about the effect of overconfidence in corporate decision-making. Moreover, they often use different measurement tools or other proxies for examining overconfidence compared to the previous studies they reported. This confusion of different forms of overconfidence together with different operationalizations causes difficulty in integrating knowledge about particular overconfidence constructs. In this paper, I describe, firstly, the origins and differences in operationalization between economic and psychology studies. Several widely-used measures and proxies of overconfidence in economic research are described and the diversity of using these measures in previous studies is showed. Subsequently, I discuss how different forms of overconfidence impact the decision-making and performance of entrepreneurs. In this part, the study focuses on the three most frequent areas that are reflected in the current literature; namely the effect of overconfidence on financial decision-making, firm profitability, and entrepreneurs' innovativeness. It is showed that studies in these areas often bring contradictory findings; mainly in the context of risk-taking, debt usage, or dividend payment, and this contradiction seems to result mostly from using different operationalizations of overconfidence. The final part of the study outlines several possible ways how problems with methodology and inconclusiveness in the overconfidence research could be solved. Firstly, is the importance of finding and using a valid direct overconfidence measure in entrepreneurship research. The ability to make an accurate reasoning about one's own
The aim of the study is to investigate how negative emotions and subjective evaluation of individ... more The aim of the study is to investigate how negative emotions and subjective evaluation of individual's wellbeing (both financial and general satisfaction with life) and institutional trust is related to attitudes towards out-group members such as immigrants and refugees.
The present study aims to meta-analytically examine the relationship between two conceptually and... more The present study aims to meta-analytically examine the relationship between two conceptually and methodologically different measures of individuals' trust—survey-based measures and Trust Game measures—as well as their effect on trusting behaviour in real-life situations.
Personality and Individual Differences
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 2020
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of start-up and managerial experience on... more The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of start-up and managerial experience on the quality of business plans proposed by entrepreneurs applying for external angel investment. Using the Business model canvas method as a criterion, a quantitative content analysis of 310 business plan proposals was conducted in order to evaluate the ability of entrepreneurs to define the most important dimensions of a business plan. The results showed a positive effect of start-up experience and a non-significant effect of managerial experience on the quality of business plan proposals. It was shown that when defining more complex and dynamic dimensions of a business plan, a U-shaped relation between start-up experience and the quality of a business plan existed. Furthermore, we found that the quality of a business plan partially mediated the relation between prior experience and the acceptance of a business plan in an investor's first prescreen evaluation.
Health-related philanthropy is essential for biobanks. Nonetheless, little is known about the rol... more Health-related philanthropy is essential for biobanks. Nonetheless, little is known about the roles of personality and trust in particular with respect to participation in biobanking. In a sample of 600 Slovaks, the present study aimed to examine whether interpersonal trusting beliefs mediate the relationships between the Big Five personality traits and the willingness to participate in biobanking. The results showed that extraversion, agreeableness and open-mindedness were indirectly positively related to the willingness to participate in biobanking, while conscientiousness showed mixed results. Self-focused generalised trust, other-focused generalised trust, and trust in medical researchers appeared to be factors explaining these indirect relationships. The findings provide support for the theory of planned behaviour and can be applied in communication and recruitment strategies attempting to attract participants of biobanking.
The folder contains the dataset and supplementary materials for the study "Light and Dark Co... more The folder contains the dataset and supplementary materials for the study "Light and Dark Core of personality and the adherence to COVID-19 containment measures: Mediating effects of motivation and trust in government."
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 2020
Review of Behavioral Finance, 2020
PurposeThis meta-analysis reviews and summarizes the results of 34 studies to investigate the rel... more PurposeThis meta-analysis reviews and summarizes the results of 34 studies to investigate the relationship between overconfidence and financial decision-making.Design/methodology/approachA correlation meta-analysis was conducted with three moderators of the relationship between overconfidence and financial decision-making examined: the type of overconfidence construct, the type of overconfidence measuring method and the type of financial decision-making.FindingsIt was found that the effect of overconfidence on financial decision-making was significant, but the magnitude of this effect was low. Additionally, indirect measures of overconfidence showed to have stronger effect than direct measures, and the overconfidence was mostly related to investment, followed by trading and innovativeness.Originality/valueThis was the first attempt to meta-analytically integrate results concerning the relationship between overconfidence and financial decision-making. Although overconfidence is descr...
Studia Psychologica, 2017
Journal of European Psychology Students, 2013
Studia Psychologica, 2018
The theory of action versus state orientation suggests that state-oriented people are more suscep... more The theory of action versus state orientation suggests that state-oriented people are more susceptible to sunk cost fallacy than action-oriented people because they ruminate about past costs and are reluctant to change their course of actions. However, research on the role of action versus state orientation in sunk cost fallacy is fairly limited. Therefore, the present paper aims to conceptually replicate the seminal study by van Putten et al. (2010) and verify whether action versus state orientation really matters in the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. We also examined the role of gender and goal internalization in the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy. Participants (N = 205) filled an Action Control Scale and solved two sunk cost fallacy tasks in two experimental conditions. In the intrapersonal condition, the sunk costs belonged to a decision-maker. In the intrapersonal condition, an investor was not identical with the decision-maker. Eventually, our study failed to replic...
Studia Psychologica
The present research conceptually replicates and extends the results of a study on the relation b... more The present research conceptually replicates and extends the results of a study on the relation between individuals' sex, their risk attitudes and stereotype threat (Carr & Steele, 2010). The authors reported that differences between men and women in risk aversion emerged only after activating negative stereotypes about women's performance in mathematics. A total of 321 Slovaks, randomly assigned to control or experimental treatments, answered questions on their risk aversion, anxiety, analytical reasoning and gender self-concept. We expected to observe differences between men and women only after activating stereotypes. Aware of the issues with the consistency of different risk aversion measures, we investigated whether the effect of stereotype threat on risk aversion differs across three different risk aversion measures. Additionally, we explored whether this effect depends on how the stereotype threat is activated (explicit vs. implicit activation). Finally, to explain the mechanism through which stereotypes foster women's risk aversion, we explored the moderating effect of gender self-concept and mediating effects of anxiety and analytical reasoning on the relationship between stereotype threat and risk aversion. In general, the study found no differences between men and women in risk aversion and did not replicate the original effect of stereotype threat on risk aversion.
Technology, Knowledge and Learning