Mauno Mäkinen - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Mauno Mäkinen

Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2015

The proportion of overweight and obese youths is high. The present study aimed to investigate the... more The proportion of overweight and obese youths is high. The present study aimed to investigate the development of self-image and its components during a one-year follow-up among non-referred adolescents with excess and normal weight. Furthermore, we separately analyzed the data for girls and boys. Altogether 86 8(th) grades (41 girls and 45 boys) with a relative weight of 26% or more above the median and 91 controls (43 girls and 48 boys) with normal weight participated the follow-up. The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire, Revised (OSIQ-R) was used to assess self-image at baseline and on follow-up. In the OSIQ-R, a low total raw score implies positive adjustment, while a high raw score implies poor adjustment and a negative self-image. The study design was doubly correlated (pairs and time), and a linear mixed model was used in the statistical analysis. In OSIQ-R total scores, a comparative improvement was observed in girls with normal weight. Among these girls, significant change score...

A collaboration project between HUS, University of Helsinki, City of Espoo and THL yielded good r... more A collaboration project between HUS, University of Helsinki, City of Espoo and THL yielded good results from implementing a structured mental health intervention to secondary schools for the treatment of mild and moderate depression in adolescents. A controlled trial showed that it is possible to treat depression in the school. In all, 66 workers from all secondary schools of Espoo – school social workers, psychologists, nurses – were trained to deliver interpersonal counselling (IPC) in the years 2016–2017. IPC is a shortened version of interpersonal therapy, a six-session, practically oriented therapeutic intervention for treatment of depression. Based on reports from both adolescents and the IPC counsellors the IPC intervention resulted in a clinically significant reduction in depressive symptoms. The effect was maintained, even partially strengthened at 3 month and 6 months follow-up. Only 8 per cent of all treated adolescents were referred to secondary level services during the...

The psychological influence of obesity on health is less clear than the physical impacts. Further... more The psychological influence of obesity on health is less clear than the physical impacts. Further follow-up studies are needed to examine causality/directionality. To investigate psychiatric disorders in excess-weight adolescents, more studies with diagnostic interviews are required, because the results of previous studies have been contradictory, probably reflecting methodological differences. The aim of the study presented in this dissertation was to examine psychological well-being and psychiatric disorders linked to overweight and obesity in a general mid-adolescent population. The study population comprised 8th graders with Finnish as their mother tongue who attended normal education programs in secondary schools in Helsinki and consented to participate in the research project. The study was performed from 2003 to 2005, involving girls and boys aged approximately 14.5 years. The study population comprised 1370 students, of whom 659 were girls and 711 boys. The students completed self-assessments surveying self-esteem (RSES), their thoughts and ideas concerning eating behaviors (EDI), as well as their lifestyle. Both measured and self-reported weights and heights were recorded (Study I sample: 650 girls, 693 boys; Study II sample: 614 girls, 651 boys). A subgroup of adolescents (Study III subsample: 86 girls, 96 boys) was diagnosed by an adolescent psychiatrist using a semi-structured diagnostic instrument (K-SADS-PL). Furthermore, a subgroup (Study IV follow-up subsample: 78 girls, 88 boys) was followed up for one year and completed a questionnaire assessing the self-image (OSIQ-R) both at baseline and on follow-up. In summary, psychological well-being was good in most of the overweight and obese adolescents. However, the excess-weight adolescents significantly more often revealed body dissatisfaction and other symptoms related to eating disorders (p < 0.001) and abnormal dietary behavior (p < 0.001) than their normal-weight peers. Adolescents with abnormal eating behavior reported significantly greater body dissatisfaction than those with normal eating behavior (p < 0.001). The excess-weight adolescents significantly more seldom reported experiences of dating than their normal-weight peers (p < 0.001). The boys with excess weight exercised significantly more seldom than their normal-weight peers (p < 0.001). The prevalence of lifetime and current psychiatric disorders did not significantly differ between the excess-weight and normal-weight adolescents. The prevalence of one or more current psychiatric disorders was 13.2% among adolescents with excessweight. The self-image of girls with normal weight developed intensively during the one-year follow-up period compared to girls with excess weight (p < 0.024). The difference in change scores was largest in sexuality (p = 0.018) and vocational attitudes (p = 0.041), showing better self-image development among normal-weight girls than excess-weight girls, especially in these two component scales.

BMC Psychiatry, 2012

Background: In the transition from early to mid-adolescence, gender differences in pubertal devel... more Background: In the transition from early to mid-adolescence, gender differences in pubertal development become significant. Body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low self-esteem and abnormal eating habits. The majority of studies investigating body dissatisfaction and its associations have been conducted on female populations. However, some evidence suggests that males also suffer from these problems and that gender differences might already be observed in adolescence. Aims: To examine body dissatisfaction and its relationship with body mass, as well as self-esteem and eating habits, in girls and boys in transition from early to mid-adolescence. Methods: School nurses recorded the heights and weights of 659 girls and 711 boys with a mean age of 14.5 years. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory were used as self-appraisal scales. Eating data were self-reported. Results: The girls were less satisfied with their bodies than boys were with theirs (mean score (SD): 30.6 (SD 12.2) vs. 18.9 (SD 9.5); p < 0.001). The girls expressed most satisfaction with their bodies when they were underweight, more dissatisfaction when they were of normal weight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. The boys also expressed most satisfaction when they were underweight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. The boys reported higher levels of self-esteem than did the girls (mean (SD): 31.3 (4.8) vs. 28.0 (5.9); p < 0.001). The adolescents self-reporting abnormal eating habits were less satisfied with their bodies than those describing normal eating habits (mean (SD): 33.0 (12.9) vs. 21.2 (10.2); p < 0.001). Conclusions: Body mass, self-esteem and eating habits revealed a significant relationship with body dissatisfaction in the transitional phase from early to mid-adolescence in girls and boys, but significant gender differences were also found.

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2015

Self-esteem, perceived health, weight satisfaction, eating habits, physical activity, friendships... more Self-esteem, perceived health, weight satisfaction, eating habits, physical activity, friendships, intimate relationships, smoking and substance use habits can be regarded as important correlates of psychological well-being in adolescence. The present study aimed to determine whether problems in the above-mentioned elements of psychological well-being were more prevalent among mid-adolescent pupils with excess weight than among their healthy-weight peers. The study participants comprised 178 adolescents with excess weight and 1087 healthy-weight peers with a mean age of 14.7 years attending the 8th grade at secondary school. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Eating Disorder Inventory and a questionnaire assessing health- and food-related attitudes and habits were used. The adolescents with excess weight more often reported weight dissatisfaction, abnormal eating habits and signs of eating disorder pathology than those with healthy weight. No significant difference in self-esteem was observed between weight groups. The proportion of adolescents who were non-smokers, did not use alcohol and had one or more close friends did not differ between those with excess and healthy weight. However, a lower proportion of excess-weight adolescents had dating experience. Inadequate physical activity was highly prevalent among adolescents in both weight groups. Despite the high prevalence of eating pathology and weight dissatisfaction, most mid-adolescent pupils with excess weight expressed good psychological health. Targeted psychological interventions should be offered to some adolescents with overweight problems.

BMC Psychiatry, 2012

Background: In the transition from early to mid-adolescence, gender differences in pubertal devel... more Background: In the transition from early to mid-adolescence, gender differences in pubertal development become significant. Body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low self-esteem and abnormal eating habits. The majority of studies investigating body dissatisfaction and its associations have been conducted on female populations. However, some evidence suggests that males also suffer from these problems and that gender differences might already be observed in adolescence. Aims: To examine body dissatisfaction and its relationship with body mass, as well as self-esteem and eating habits, in girls and boys in transition from early to mid-adolescence. Methods: School nurses recorded the heights and weights of 659 girls and 711 boys with a mean age of 14.5 years. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory were used as self-appraisal scales. Eating data were self-reported. Results: The girls were less satisfied with their bodies than boys were with theirs (mean score (SD): 30.6 (SD 12.2) vs. 18.9 (SD 9.5); p < 0.001). The girls expressed most satisfaction with their bodies when they were underweight, more dissatisfaction when they were of normal weight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. The boys also expressed most satisfaction when they were underweight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. The boys reported higher levels of self-esteem than did the girls (mean (SD): 31.3 (4.8) vs. 28.0 (5.9); p < 0.001). The adolescents self-reporting abnormal eating habits were less satisfied with their bodies than those describing normal eating habits (mean (SD): 33.0 (12.9) vs. 21.2 (10.2); p < 0.001). Conclusions: Body mass, self-esteem and eating habits revealed a significant relationship with body dissatisfaction in the transitional phase from early to mid-adolescence in girls and boys, but significant gender differences were also found.

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2015

Self-esteem, perceived health, weight satisfaction, eating habits, physical activity, friendships... more Self-esteem, perceived health, weight satisfaction, eating habits, physical activity, friendships, intimate relationships, smoking and substance use habits can be regarded as important correlates of psychological well-being in adolescence. The present study aimed to determine whether problems in the above-mentioned elements of psychological well-being were more prevalent among mid-adolescent pupils with excess weight than among their healthy-weight peers. The study participants comprised 178 adolescents with excess weight and 1087 healthy-weight peers with a mean age of 14.7 years attending the 8th grade at secondary school. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Eating Disorder Inventory and a questionnaire assessing health- and food-related attitudes and habits were used. The adolescents with excess weight more often reported weight dissatisfaction, abnormal eating habits and signs of eating disorder pathology than those with healthy weight. No significant difference in self-esteem was observed between weight groups. The proportion of adolescents who were non-smokers, did not use alcohol and had one or more close friends did not differ between those with excess and healthy weight. However, a lower proportion of excess-weight adolescents had dating experience. Inadequate physical activity was highly prevalent among adolescents in both weight groups. Despite the high prevalence of eating pathology and weight dissatisfaction, most mid-adolescent pupils with excess weight expressed good psychological health. Targeted psychological interventions should be offered to some adolescents with overweight problems.

Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2015

The proportion of overweight and obese youths is high. The present study aimed to investigate the... more The proportion of overweight and obese youths is high. The present study aimed to investigate the development of self-image and its components during a one-year follow-up among non-referred adolescents with excess and normal weight. Furthermore, we separately analyzed the data for girls and boys. Altogether 86 8(th) grades (41 girls and 45 boys) with a relative weight of 26% or more above the median and 91 controls (43 girls and 48 boys) with normal weight participated the follow-up. The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire, Revised (OSIQ-R) was used to assess self-image at baseline and on follow-up. In the OSIQ-R, a low total raw score implies positive adjustment, while a high raw score implies poor adjustment and a negative self-image. The study design was doubly correlated (pairs and time), and a linear mixed model was used in the statistical analysis. In OSIQ-R total scores, a comparative improvement was observed in girls with normal weight. Among these girls, significant change score...

Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2015

The proportion of overweight and obese youths is high. The present study aimed to investigate the... more The proportion of overweight and obese youths is high. The present study aimed to investigate the development of self-image and its components during a one-year follow-up among non-referred adolescents with excess and normal weight. Furthermore, we separately analyzed the data for girls and boys. Altogether 86 8(th) grades (41 girls and 45 boys) with a relative weight of 26% or more above the median and 91 controls (43 girls and 48 boys) with normal weight participated the follow-up. The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire, Revised (OSIQ-R) was used to assess self-image at baseline and on follow-up. In the OSIQ-R, a low total raw score implies positive adjustment, while a high raw score implies poor adjustment and a negative self-image. The study design was doubly correlated (pairs and time), and a linear mixed model was used in the statistical analysis. In OSIQ-R total scores, a comparative improvement was observed in girls with normal weight. Among these girls, significant change score...

A collaboration project between HUS, University of Helsinki, City of Espoo and THL yielded good r... more A collaboration project between HUS, University of Helsinki, City of Espoo and THL yielded good results from implementing a structured mental health intervention to secondary schools for the treatment of mild and moderate depression in adolescents. A controlled trial showed that it is possible to treat depression in the school. In all, 66 workers from all secondary schools of Espoo – school social workers, psychologists, nurses – were trained to deliver interpersonal counselling (IPC) in the years 2016–2017. IPC is a shortened version of interpersonal therapy, a six-session, practically oriented therapeutic intervention for treatment of depression. Based on reports from both adolescents and the IPC counsellors the IPC intervention resulted in a clinically significant reduction in depressive symptoms. The effect was maintained, even partially strengthened at 3 month and 6 months follow-up. Only 8 per cent of all treated adolescents were referred to secondary level services during the...

The psychological influence of obesity on health is less clear than the physical impacts. Further... more The psychological influence of obesity on health is less clear than the physical impacts. Further follow-up studies are needed to examine causality/directionality. To investigate psychiatric disorders in excess-weight adolescents, more studies with diagnostic interviews are required, because the results of previous studies have been contradictory, probably reflecting methodological differences. The aim of the study presented in this dissertation was to examine psychological well-being and psychiatric disorders linked to overweight and obesity in a general mid-adolescent population. The study population comprised 8th graders with Finnish as their mother tongue who attended normal education programs in secondary schools in Helsinki and consented to participate in the research project. The study was performed from 2003 to 2005, involving girls and boys aged approximately 14.5 years. The study population comprised 1370 students, of whom 659 were girls and 711 boys. The students completed self-assessments surveying self-esteem (RSES), their thoughts and ideas concerning eating behaviors (EDI), as well as their lifestyle. Both measured and self-reported weights and heights were recorded (Study I sample: 650 girls, 693 boys; Study II sample: 614 girls, 651 boys). A subgroup of adolescents (Study III subsample: 86 girls, 96 boys) was diagnosed by an adolescent psychiatrist using a semi-structured diagnostic instrument (K-SADS-PL). Furthermore, a subgroup (Study IV follow-up subsample: 78 girls, 88 boys) was followed up for one year and completed a questionnaire assessing the self-image (OSIQ-R) both at baseline and on follow-up. In summary, psychological well-being was good in most of the overweight and obese adolescents. However, the excess-weight adolescents significantly more often revealed body dissatisfaction and other symptoms related to eating disorders (p < 0.001) and abnormal dietary behavior (p < 0.001) than their normal-weight peers. Adolescents with abnormal eating behavior reported significantly greater body dissatisfaction than those with normal eating behavior (p < 0.001). The excess-weight adolescents significantly more seldom reported experiences of dating than their normal-weight peers (p < 0.001). The boys with excess weight exercised significantly more seldom than their normal-weight peers (p < 0.001). The prevalence of lifetime and current psychiatric disorders did not significantly differ between the excess-weight and normal-weight adolescents. The prevalence of one or more current psychiatric disorders was 13.2% among adolescents with excessweight. The self-image of girls with normal weight developed intensively during the one-year follow-up period compared to girls with excess weight (p < 0.024). The difference in change scores was largest in sexuality (p = 0.018) and vocational attitudes (p = 0.041), showing better self-image development among normal-weight girls than excess-weight girls, especially in these two component scales.

BMC Psychiatry, 2012

Background: In the transition from early to mid-adolescence, gender differences in pubertal devel... more Background: In the transition from early to mid-adolescence, gender differences in pubertal development become significant. Body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low self-esteem and abnormal eating habits. The majority of studies investigating body dissatisfaction and its associations have been conducted on female populations. However, some evidence suggests that males also suffer from these problems and that gender differences might already be observed in adolescence. Aims: To examine body dissatisfaction and its relationship with body mass, as well as self-esteem and eating habits, in girls and boys in transition from early to mid-adolescence. Methods: School nurses recorded the heights and weights of 659 girls and 711 boys with a mean age of 14.5 years. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory were used as self-appraisal scales. Eating data were self-reported. Results: The girls were less satisfied with their bodies than boys were with theirs (mean score (SD): 30.6 (SD 12.2) vs. 18.9 (SD 9.5); p < 0.001). The girls expressed most satisfaction with their bodies when they were underweight, more dissatisfaction when they were of normal weight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. The boys also expressed most satisfaction when they were underweight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. The boys reported higher levels of self-esteem than did the girls (mean (SD): 31.3 (4.8) vs. 28.0 (5.9); p < 0.001). The adolescents self-reporting abnormal eating habits were less satisfied with their bodies than those describing normal eating habits (mean (SD): 33.0 (12.9) vs. 21.2 (10.2); p < 0.001). Conclusions: Body mass, self-esteem and eating habits revealed a significant relationship with body dissatisfaction in the transitional phase from early to mid-adolescence in girls and boys, but significant gender differences were also found.

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2015

Self-esteem, perceived health, weight satisfaction, eating habits, physical activity, friendships... more Self-esteem, perceived health, weight satisfaction, eating habits, physical activity, friendships, intimate relationships, smoking and substance use habits can be regarded as important correlates of psychological well-being in adolescence. The present study aimed to determine whether problems in the above-mentioned elements of psychological well-being were more prevalent among mid-adolescent pupils with excess weight than among their healthy-weight peers. The study participants comprised 178 adolescents with excess weight and 1087 healthy-weight peers with a mean age of 14.7 years attending the 8th grade at secondary school. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Eating Disorder Inventory and a questionnaire assessing health- and food-related attitudes and habits were used. The adolescents with excess weight more often reported weight dissatisfaction, abnormal eating habits and signs of eating disorder pathology than those with healthy weight. No significant difference in self-esteem was observed between weight groups. The proportion of adolescents who were non-smokers, did not use alcohol and had one or more close friends did not differ between those with excess and healthy weight. However, a lower proportion of excess-weight adolescents had dating experience. Inadequate physical activity was highly prevalent among adolescents in both weight groups. Despite the high prevalence of eating pathology and weight dissatisfaction, most mid-adolescent pupils with excess weight expressed good psychological health. Targeted psychological interventions should be offered to some adolescents with overweight problems.

BMC Psychiatry, 2012

Background: In the transition from early to mid-adolescence, gender differences in pubertal devel... more Background: In the transition from early to mid-adolescence, gender differences in pubertal development become significant. Body dissatisfaction is often associated with body mass, low self-esteem and abnormal eating habits. The majority of studies investigating body dissatisfaction and its associations have been conducted on female populations. However, some evidence suggests that males also suffer from these problems and that gender differences might already be observed in adolescence. Aims: To examine body dissatisfaction and its relationship with body mass, as well as self-esteem and eating habits, in girls and boys in transition from early to mid-adolescence. Methods: School nurses recorded the heights and weights of 659 girls and 711 boys with a mean age of 14.5 years. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory were used as self-appraisal scales. Eating data were self-reported. Results: The girls were less satisfied with their bodies than boys were with theirs (mean score (SD): 30.6 (SD 12.2) vs. 18.9 (SD 9.5); p < 0.001). The girls expressed most satisfaction with their bodies when they were underweight, more dissatisfaction when they were of normal weight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. The boys also expressed most satisfaction when they were underweight and most dissatisfaction when they had excess body weight. The boys reported higher levels of self-esteem than did the girls (mean (SD): 31.3 (4.8) vs. 28.0 (5.9); p < 0.001). The adolescents self-reporting abnormal eating habits were less satisfied with their bodies than those describing normal eating habits (mean (SD): 33.0 (12.9) vs. 21.2 (10.2); p < 0.001). Conclusions: Body mass, self-esteem and eating habits revealed a significant relationship with body dissatisfaction in the transitional phase from early to mid-adolescence in girls and boys, but significant gender differences were also found.

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2015

Self-esteem, perceived health, weight satisfaction, eating habits, physical activity, friendships... more Self-esteem, perceived health, weight satisfaction, eating habits, physical activity, friendships, intimate relationships, smoking and substance use habits can be regarded as important correlates of psychological well-being in adolescence. The present study aimed to determine whether problems in the above-mentioned elements of psychological well-being were more prevalent among mid-adolescent pupils with excess weight than among their healthy-weight peers. The study participants comprised 178 adolescents with excess weight and 1087 healthy-weight peers with a mean age of 14.7 years attending the 8th grade at secondary school. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Eating Disorder Inventory and a questionnaire assessing health- and food-related attitudes and habits were used. The adolescents with excess weight more often reported weight dissatisfaction, abnormal eating habits and signs of eating disorder pathology than those with healthy weight. No significant difference in self-esteem was observed between weight groups. The proportion of adolescents who were non-smokers, did not use alcohol and had one or more close friends did not differ between those with excess and healthy weight. However, a lower proportion of excess-weight adolescents had dating experience. Inadequate physical activity was highly prevalent among adolescents in both weight groups. Despite the high prevalence of eating pathology and weight dissatisfaction, most mid-adolescent pupils with excess weight expressed good psychological health. Targeted psychological interventions should be offered to some adolescents with overweight problems.

Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2015

The proportion of overweight and obese youths is high. The present study aimed to investigate the... more The proportion of overweight and obese youths is high. The present study aimed to investigate the development of self-image and its components during a one-year follow-up among non-referred adolescents with excess and normal weight. Furthermore, we separately analyzed the data for girls and boys. Altogether 86 8(th) grades (41 girls and 45 boys) with a relative weight of 26% or more above the median and 91 controls (43 girls and 48 boys) with normal weight participated the follow-up. The Offer Self-Image Questionnaire, Revised (OSIQ-R) was used to assess self-image at baseline and on follow-up. In the OSIQ-R, a low total raw score implies positive adjustment, while a high raw score implies poor adjustment and a negative self-image. The study design was doubly correlated (pairs and time), and a linear mixed model was used in the statistical analysis. In OSIQ-R total scores, a comparative improvement was observed in girls with normal weight. Among these girls, significant change score...