L. Maxson - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by L. Maxson
Genetics, 1983
The black rat, Rattus rattus, consists of five karyotypic forms—2n = 42 (high C-banding); 2n = 42... more The black rat, Rattus rattus, consists of five karyotypic forms—2n = 42 (high C-banding); 2n = 42 (low C-banding); 2n = 40; 2n = 38; 2n = 42 Mauritius. Here, we use isozyme electrophoresis and microcomplement fixation to elucidate the genetic distance and phylogenetic relationship among each of the various karyotypic forms of R. rattus and R. norvegicus. The results show that (1) the 2n = 42 Mauritius black rat (2n = 42Mau) is genetically very similar to the 2n = 38 form, suggesting that this island population has undergone very rapid chromosomal evolution; (2) the 2n = 40 form from the highlands of Sri Lanka is genetically distinct from the 2n = 38 form from the lowlands; the genetic difference is probably insufficient, however, to prevent future introgression; (3) the level of genetic differentiation occurring between the 2n = 42 forms on the one hand and the 2n = 38, 2n = 40 and 2n = 42 Mau forms on the other support the hybrid incompatability data in suggesting that the two grou...
Albumin evolution in 12 taxa of the genus Triturus was studied by the quantitative immunological ... more Albumin evolution in 12 taxa of the genus Triturus was studied by the quantitative immunological technique of micro-complement fixation. Interpopulation albumin variation was identified within T. marmoratus and within the T. cristatus complex. Triturus cristatus and T. carnifex have very similar albumins and are each other's closest relatives; T. marmoratus is their next closest relative. All phylogenetic trees derived from reciprocal immunological distances indicate that the main lineages of modern Triturus diverged during the middle Miocene. These lineages are represented today by the T. helveticus, T. alpestris, and T. cristatus species groups.
New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1981
Page 1. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1981, Vol. 8, 543-550 543 An electrophoretic study of gen... more Page 1. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1981, Vol. 8, 543-550 543 An electrophoretic study of genetic variation in the New Zealand frog genus Leiopelma CHARLES H. DAUGHERTyl*, BEN D. BELl.", MARK ADAMS" and LINDA ...
Molecular Biology and Evolution, 1995
… phylogenetics and evolution, 2003
Tuatara (two species of Sphenodon) are the last representatives of a branch of an ancient reptili... more Tuatara (two species of Sphenodon) are the last representatives of a branch of an ancient reptilian lineage, Sphenodontia, that have been isolated on the New Zealand landmass for 82 million years. We present analyses of geographic variation in allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, ...
Molecular Biology and Evolution
Portions of two mitochondrial genes (12s ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b) were sequenced in seven ... more Portions of two mitochondrial genes (12s ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b) were sequenced in seven species to examine phylogenetic relationships within the lizard family Xantusiidae. Phylogenies derived from these sequences (709 total bp) are concordant and indicate that the Cuban species Cricosaura typica is the sister group to all other xantusiids. The Middle American genus Lepidophyma is the closest relative of Xantusia, and X. riversiana (California Islands) the closest relative of X. vigilis (mainland). These findings are not in agreement either with the results of a recent morphological analysis that united Cricosaura and Lepidophyma as closest relatives or with past studies that have recognized X. riversiana as a separate genus. Levels of sequence divergence, as well as the age and affinities of some mainland fossil taxa, suggest that the origin of Cricosaura was associated with the tectonic evolution of the Greater Antilles in the late Cretaceous. These results further demonstrate that significant resolution of phylogenies can be obtained with relatively short DNA sequences and that these mitochondrial genes are concordant in their estimation of phylogeny.
Science, 1978
Aspects of the Decision to Ban Its Registration as a Pesticide (Report EPA-540/1-75-022, Environm... more Aspects of the Decision to Ban Its Registration as a Pesticide (Report EPA-540/1-75-022, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1975). 13. H. Raybaud, unpublished data. 14. Unhatched eggs were collected within a few days after the hatching of the remainder of the clutch. The limitation of this study to unhatched eggs may have introduced two minor sources of bias. First, the most successful nests in which all eggs hatched are excluded from the study. Second, some of the more thin-shelled eggs may have been broken before they could be collected. Both biases, if present, would have been likely to have reduced the significance of the differences between successful and unsuccessful nests.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1971
Frogs are an ancient group compared to placental mammals. Yet, although there are about as many s... more Frogs are an ancient group compared to placental mammals. Yet, although there are about as many species of frogs as there are of mammals, zoologists consider that frogs have undergone only limited morphological divergence, while placental mammals have diversified greatly in morphology and way of life. The serum albumins of numerous frog species were compared by the quantitative microcomplement fixation technique. Frogs that are morphologically similar enough to merit taxonomic distinction at only the species level often exhibit differences in the serological properties of their albumins larger than those usually seen between mammals placed in distinct families or suborders. Thus, there seems to be a contrast between albumin evolution and evolution at the organismal level. The large differences between albumins among frogs can be explained by the hypothesis that albumin evolution has proceeded at the same rate in frogs as in mammals.
Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2001
Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2001
Molecular Biology and Evolution
Nucleotide sequence comparisons were used to investigate ordinal and familial relationships withi... more Nucleotide sequence comparisons were used to investigate ordinal and familial relationships within the class Amphibia. Approximately 850 base pairs of the mitochondrial 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene from representatives of 28 of the 40 families of extant amphibians were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of these data together with published data of the 12s rRNA gene for the same families and both genes for three more taxa (approximately 1,300 base pairs total for 35 taxa) support the monophyly of each of the three amphibian orders: Anura (confidence value with the interior-branch test: PC = 99%), Caudata (PC = lOO%), and Gymnophiona (PC = 99%). An analysis using the four-cluster method cannot discriminate significantly between all three possible unrooted trees involving the three orders of amphibians and an outgroup. Within the Anura, there is support for the monophyly of the two suborders: Neobatrachia (PC = 100%) and Archaeobatrachia (PC = 97%); the latter was believed to be paraphyletic on the basis of morphology.
Science (New York, N.Y.), Jan 2, 1977
Micro-complement fixation studies of eastern and western populations of the North American tree f... more Micro-complement fixation studies of eastern and western populations of the North American tree frog Hyla chrysoscelis reveal they have been genetically isolated for about 4 million years. Immunological comparisons of populations of the cryptic tetraploid Hyla versicolor indicate a recent origin, from hybridization between eastern and western H. chrysoscelis.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry, 1979
1. Rabbit antisera against purified serum albumin of Bombina bombina were used to study relations... more 1. Rabbit antisera against purified serum albumin of Bombina bombina were used to study relationships between B. bombina, B. variegata, and B. orientalis. 2. Quantitative micro-complement fixation tests indicated the albumins of B. bombina from central Poland and Bulgaria were indistinguishable. The albumins from several populations of B. variegata differed very slightly from that of B. bombina. The albumin of B. orientalis was quite distinct from that of B. bombina. 3. Using albumin as a molecular clock, we estimated B. bombina and B. variegata diverged within the last million years, whereas the B. orientalis lineage diverged roughly 10-12 mil yr ago.
Systematic Biology, 1993
... Syst. Biol. 42(2):210-215,1993 Nonreciprocity in Immunological Studies: A Reply Carla Ann Has... more ... Syst. Biol. 42(2):210-215,1993 Nonreciprocity in Immunological Studies: A Reply Carla Ann Hass and Linda R. Maxson Department of Biology and Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, ... ically detectable (Cocks and Wilson, 1972; Benjamin et al., 1984). ...
Science, 1977
Micro-complement fixation studies of eastern and western populations of the North American tree f... more Micro-complement fixation studies of eastern and western populations of the North American tree frog Hyla chrysoscelis reveal they have been genetically isolated for about 4 million years. Immunological comparisons of populations of the cryptic tetraploid Hyla versicolor indicate a recent origin, from hybridization between eastern and western H. chrysoscelis.
Science, 1974
Protein studies have uncovered an apparent case of convergent evolution among North American tree... more Protein studies have uncovered an apparent case of convergent evolution among North American tree frogs. The species Hyla eximia and Hyla regilla are so similar in external morphology that the "wrightorum" subspecies is assigned by some authorities to H. eximia and by others to H. regilla. Yet microcomplement fixation experiments show that "wrightorum" albumin, though virtually indistinguishable from authentic H. eximia albumin, differs as much from H. regilla albumin as from albumins of species outside the genus Hyla, such as Acris crepitans. The morphological resemblance of "wrightorum" to H. regilla is thus probably due to convergence.
Experientia, 1976
Specialia 1149 chromosome, for example, consists almost entirely of constitutive heterochromatin ... more Specialia 1149 chromosome, for example, consists almost entirely of constitutive heterochromatin while chromosome 12 and the X chromosome both possess interstitial C-bands halfway along their long arms, and chromosome 1 has a small C-band at the distal tip of the short arm. These variations in constitutive heterochromatin content provide an additional means of identifying these chromosome pairs.
Genetics, 1983
The black rat, Rattus rattus, consists of five karyotypic forms—2n = 42 (high C-banding); 2n = 42... more The black rat, Rattus rattus, consists of five karyotypic forms—2n = 42 (high C-banding); 2n = 42 (low C-banding); 2n = 40; 2n = 38; 2n = 42 Mauritius. Here, we use isozyme electrophoresis and microcomplement fixation to elucidate the genetic distance and phylogenetic relationship among each of the various karyotypic forms of R. rattus and R. norvegicus. The results show that (1) the 2n = 42 Mauritius black rat (2n = 42Mau) is genetically very similar to the 2n = 38 form, suggesting that this island population has undergone very rapid chromosomal evolution; (2) the 2n = 40 form from the highlands of Sri Lanka is genetically distinct from the 2n = 38 form from the lowlands; the genetic difference is probably insufficient, however, to prevent future introgression; (3) the level of genetic differentiation occurring between the 2n = 42 forms on the one hand and the 2n = 38, 2n = 40 and 2n = 42 Mau forms on the other support the hybrid incompatability data in suggesting that the two grou...
Albumin evolution in 12 taxa of the genus Triturus was studied by the quantitative immunological ... more Albumin evolution in 12 taxa of the genus Triturus was studied by the quantitative immunological technique of micro-complement fixation. Interpopulation albumin variation was identified within T. marmoratus and within the T. cristatus complex. Triturus cristatus and T. carnifex have very similar albumins and are each other's closest relatives; T. marmoratus is their next closest relative. All phylogenetic trees derived from reciprocal immunological distances indicate that the main lineages of modern Triturus diverged during the middle Miocene. These lineages are represented today by the T. helveticus, T. alpestris, and T. cristatus species groups.
New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1981
Page 1. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1981, Vol. 8, 543-550 543 An electrophoretic study of gen... more Page 1. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1981, Vol. 8, 543-550 543 An electrophoretic study of genetic variation in the New Zealand frog genus Leiopelma CHARLES H. DAUGHERTyl*, BEN D. BELl.", MARK ADAMS" and LINDA ...
Molecular Biology and Evolution, 1995
… phylogenetics and evolution, 2003
Tuatara (two species of Sphenodon) are the last representatives of a branch of an ancient reptili... more Tuatara (two species of Sphenodon) are the last representatives of a branch of an ancient reptilian lineage, Sphenodontia, that have been isolated on the New Zealand landmass for 82 million years. We present analyses of geographic variation in allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, ...
Molecular Biology and Evolution
Portions of two mitochondrial genes (12s ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b) were sequenced in seven ... more Portions of two mitochondrial genes (12s ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b) were sequenced in seven species to examine phylogenetic relationships within the lizard family Xantusiidae. Phylogenies derived from these sequences (709 total bp) are concordant and indicate that the Cuban species Cricosaura typica is the sister group to all other xantusiids. The Middle American genus Lepidophyma is the closest relative of Xantusia, and X. riversiana (California Islands) the closest relative of X. vigilis (mainland). These findings are not in agreement either with the results of a recent morphological analysis that united Cricosaura and Lepidophyma as closest relatives or with past studies that have recognized X. riversiana as a separate genus. Levels of sequence divergence, as well as the age and affinities of some mainland fossil taxa, suggest that the origin of Cricosaura was associated with the tectonic evolution of the Greater Antilles in the late Cretaceous. These results further demonstrate that significant resolution of phylogenies can be obtained with relatively short DNA sequences and that these mitochondrial genes are concordant in their estimation of phylogeny.
Science, 1978
Aspects of the Decision to Ban Its Registration as a Pesticide (Report EPA-540/1-75-022, Environm... more Aspects of the Decision to Ban Its Registration as a Pesticide (Report EPA-540/1-75-022, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1975). 13. H. Raybaud, unpublished data. 14. Unhatched eggs were collected within a few days after the hatching of the remainder of the clutch. The limitation of this study to unhatched eggs may have introduced two minor sources of bias. First, the most successful nests in which all eggs hatched are excluded from the study. Second, some of the more thin-shelled eggs may have been broken before they could be collected. Both biases, if present, would have been likely to have reduced the significance of the differences between successful and unsuccessful nests.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1971
Frogs are an ancient group compared to placental mammals. Yet, although there are about as many s... more Frogs are an ancient group compared to placental mammals. Yet, although there are about as many species of frogs as there are of mammals, zoologists consider that frogs have undergone only limited morphological divergence, while placental mammals have diversified greatly in morphology and way of life. The serum albumins of numerous frog species were compared by the quantitative microcomplement fixation technique. Frogs that are morphologically similar enough to merit taxonomic distinction at only the species level often exhibit differences in the serological properties of their albumins larger than those usually seen between mammals placed in distinct families or suborders. Thus, there seems to be a contrast between albumin evolution and evolution at the organismal level. The large differences between albumins among frogs can be explained by the hypothesis that albumin evolution has proceeded at the same rate in frogs as in mammals.
Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2001
Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2001
Molecular Biology and Evolution
Nucleotide sequence comparisons were used to investigate ordinal and familial relationships withi... more Nucleotide sequence comparisons were used to investigate ordinal and familial relationships within the class Amphibia. Approximately 850 base pairs of the mitochondrial 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene from representatives of 28 of the 40 families of extant amphibians were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of these data together with published data of the 12s rRNA gene for the same families and both genes for three more taxa (approximately 1,300 base pairs total for 35 taxa) support the monophyly of each of the three amphibian orders: Anura (confidence value with the interior-branch test: PC = 99%), Caudata (PC = lOO%), and Gymnophiona (PC = 99%). An analysis using the four-cluster method cannot discriminate significantly between all three possible unrooted trees involving the three orders of amphibians and an outgroup. Within the Anura, there is support for the monophyly of the two suborders: Neobatrachia (PC = 100%) and Archaeobatrachia (PC = 97%); the latter was believed to be paraphyletic on the basis of morphology.
Science (New York, N.Y.), Jan 2, 1977
Micro-complement fixation studies of eastern and western populations of the North American tree f... more Micro-complement fixation studies of eastern and western populations of the North American tree frog Hyla chrysoscelis reveal they have been genetically isolated for about 4 million years. Immunological comparisons of populations of the cryptic tetraploid Hyla versicolor indicate a recent origin, from hybridization between eastern and western H. chrysoscelis.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry, 1979
1. Rabbit antisera against purified serum albumin of Bombina bombina were used to study relations... more 1. Rabbit antisera against purified serum albumin of Bombina bombina were used to study relationships between B. bombina, B. variegata, and B. orientalis. 2. Quantitative micro-complement fixation tests indicated the albumins of B. bombina from central Poland and Bulgaria were indistinguishable. The albumins from several populations of B. variegata differed very slightly from that of B. bombina. The albumin of B. orientalis was quite distinct from that of B. bombina. 3. Using albumin as a molecular clock, we estimated B. bombina and B. variegata diverged within the last million years, whereas the B. orientalis lineage diverged roughly 10-12 mil yr ago.
Systematic Biology, 1993
... Syst. Biol. 42(2):210-215,1993 Nonreciprocity in Immunological Studies: A Reply Carla Ann Has... more ... Syst. Biol. 42(2):210-215,1993 Nonreciprocity in Immunological Studies: A Reply Carla Ann Hass and Linda R. Maxson Department of Biology and Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, ... ically detectable (Cocks and Wilson, 1972; Benjamin et al., 1984). ...
Science, 1977
Micro-complement fixation studies of eastern and western populations of the North American tree f... more Micro-complement fixation studies of eastern and western populations of the North American tree frog Hyla chrysoscelis reveal they have been genetically isolated for about 4 million years. Immunological comparisons of populations of the cryptic tetraploid Hyla versicolor indicate a recent origin, from hybridization between eastern and western H. chrysoscelis.
Science, 1974
Protein studies have uncovered an apparent case of convergent evolution among North American tree... more Protein studies have uncovered an apparent case of convergent evolution among North American tree frogs. The species Hyla eximia and Hyla regilla are so similar in external morphology that the "wrightorum" subspecies is assigned by some authorities to H. eximia and by others to H. regilla. Yet microcomplement fixation experiments show that "wrightorum" albumin, though virtually indistinguishable from authentic H. eximia albumin, differs as much from H. regilla albumin as from albumins of species outside the genus Hyla, such as Acris crepitans. The morphological resemblance of "wrightorum" to H. regilla is thus probably due to convergence.
Experientia, 1976
Specialia 1149 chromosome, for example, consists almost entirely of constitutive heterochromatin ... more Specialia 1149 chromosome, for example, consists almost entirely of constitutive heterochromatin while chromosome 12 and the X chromosome both possess interstitial C-bands halfway along their long arms, and chromosome 1 has a small C-band at the distal tip of the short arm. These variations in constitutive heterochromatin content provide an additional means of identifying these chromosome pairs.