Max van Etten - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
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Papers by Max van Etten
The growth of electricity generated by renewables increases the intermittency of the Dutch electr... more The growth of electricity generated by renewables increases the intermittency of the Dutch electricity production. To deal with this, the Dutch power system requires a higher amount of flexibility in the future. Demand response with heat pumps is one of the options with a high potential to provide flexibility, because it offers the potential to store energy close to demand. In this thesis, the potential for electricity cost reduction with demand response with heat pumps for space heating by using the thermal inertia of buildings in the Netherlands is investigated. The effect of different heat load profiles, seasonality, and different comfort requirements on the economic potential demand response with heat pumps is analysed. An existing Matlab model is revised and expanded to perform simulations with different cluster types, seasons and predefined comfort limits. The model simulates the DR algorithm, R.E.X., and shifts the load of clusters based upon their thermal demand and the EPEX...
The growth of electricity generated by renewables increases the intermittency of the Dutch electr... more The growth of electricity generated by renewables increases the intermittency of the Dutch electricity production. To deal with this, the Dutch power system requires a higher amount of flexibility in the future. Demand response with heat pumps is one of the options with a high potential to provide flexibility, because it offers the potential to store energy close to demand. In this article, the potential for electricity cost reduction with demand response with heat pumps for space heating by using the thermal inertia of buildings in the Netherlands is investigated. The effect of different heat load profiles, seasonality, and different comfort requirements on the economic potential demand response with heat pumps is analysed. It is concluded that the highest potential to reduce operational costs can be reached at offices and in the winter season. The impact of different comfort requirements is small. Lastly, it is found that the shape of the heat load profile has a larger impact on t...
Energy Policy
The European Union considers demand response to be an integral part of its future energy vision, ... more The European Union considers demand response to be an integral part of its future energy vision, in particular as a supporting mechanism for renewable resource integration. To achieve high demand response participation, the European Union recognises the need for adequate financial incentives for all consumers, especially for residential and service sector consumers. However, the European Energy Tax Directive, which regulates energy taxation in the European Union, is currently not in alignment with this vision, as it does not provide any financial incentives for demand response participation. This paper explores the potential of energy taxes to provide such incentives. First, through an analysis of the current energy taxation and demand response literature. Second, by quantifying the difference in financial incentives between two tax designs (per-unit and ad valorem taxes) in a simulation case study of consumers heat pumps in the Netherlands. Results show that financial incentives are 3.5 times higher for the ad valorem tax than for the per-unit tax. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy makers for the design of energy taxes that provide residential and service sector consumers with adequate financial incentives for demand response participation.
The growth of electricity generated by renewables increases the intermittency of the Dutch electr... more The growth of electricity generated by renewables increases the intermittency of the Dutch electricity production. To deal with this, the Dutch power system requires a higher amount of flexibility in the future. Demand response with heat pumps is one of the options with a high potential to provide flexibility, because it offers the potential to store energy close to demand. In this thesis, the potential for electricity cost reduction with demand response with heat pumps for space heating by using the thermal inertia of buildings in the Netherlands is investigated. The effect of different heat load profiles, seasonality, and different comfort requirements on the economic potential demand response with heat pumps is analysed. An existing Matlab model is revised and expanded to perform simulations with different cluster types, seasons and predefined comfort limits. The model simulates the DR algorithm, R.E.X., and shifts the load of clusters based upon their thermal demand and the EPEX...
The growth of electricity generated by renewables increases the intermittency of the Dutch electr... more The growth of electricity generated by renewables increases the intermittency of the Dutch electricity production. To deal with this, the Dutch power system requires a higher amount of flexibility in the future. Demand response with heat pumps is one of the options with a high potential to provide flexibility, because it offers the potential to store energy close to demand. In this article, the potential for electricity cost reduction with demand response with heat pumps for space heating by using the thermal inertia of buildings in the Netherlands is investigated. The effect of different heat load profiles, seasonality, and different comfort requirements on the economic potential demand response with heat pumps is analysed. It is concluded that the highest potential to reduce operational costs can be reached at offices and in the winter season. The impact of different comfort requirements is small. Lastly, it is found that the shape of the heat load profile has a larger impact on t...
Energy Policy
The European Union considers demand response to be an integral part of its future energy vision, ... more The European Union considers demand response to be an integral part of its future energy vision, in particular as a supporting mechanism for renewable resource integration. To achieve high demand response participation, the European Union recognises the need for adequate financial incentives for all consumers, especially for residential and service sector consumers. However, the European Energy Tax Directive, which regulates energy taxation in the European Union, is currently not in alignment with this vision, as it does not provide any financial incentives for demand response participation. This paper explores the potential of energy taxes to provide such incentives. First, through an analysis of the current energy taxation and demand response literature. Second, by quantifying the difference in financial incentives between two tax designs (per-unit and ad valorem taxes) in a simulation case study of consumers heat pumps in the Netherlands. Results show that financial incentives are 3.5 times higher for the ad valorem tax than for the per-unit tax. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy makers for the design of energy taxes that provide residential and service sector consumers with adequate financial incentives for demand response participation.