Maya Mohamed - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Maya Mohamed

Chemosphere, 2022

The microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has appeared in the late 20th century and received consi... more The microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has appeared in the late 20th century and received considerable attention over the last decade due to its multiple and unique potential in converting the substrates into electricity and valuable productions. Extensive efforts have been paid to improve the MFCs performance, leading to the publication of a massive amount of research that developed various aspects of these systems. Most of these improvements have focused on optimization parameters, which is currently inappropriate to provide an innovational developing vision for MFC systems. The convergent results in most of the previous conventional studies (12,643 studies according to the WOS database) have reduced the value of MFCs by drawing an incomplete image for the performance of the systems. Therefore, this paper aimed to provide a comprehensive comparison between the highly reliable studies that innovatively developed the MFC systems and the conventional MFCs studies. The current paper discusses the novel MFCs development history, designs, efficiency, and challenges compared to conventional MFCs. The discussion has displayed the high efficiency of the novel MFCs in removing over 90% of substrates and generating power of 800 mW m-2. The paper also analyzed the literature trends, history and suggested recommendations for future studies. This is the first paper highlighting the substantial differences between the innovative and conventional MFC systems, nominating it to be a vital reference for novel MFCs studies in the future.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2020

The aim of the current study was to optimize the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) for r... more The aim of the current study was to optimize the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) for reducing color from the ink effluent. The optimization process was conducted based pH, coagulant dose, mixing time and mixing speed. The phytotoxicity in treated dye effluent using green bean seeds to use on seed germination test. The optimal reduction efficiency for dye samples color was 98.53%, while was 71.02% for chemical oxygen demand, 85.89% for turbidity and 88.01% for total suspended solid. The phytotoxicity concentration was 43.24%. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the use of PAC in coagulation-flocculation had led to settle the particles.

Phycoremediation using microalgae has high potential for reducing nutrient load in public market ... more Phycoremediation using microalgae has high potential for reducing nutrient load in public market wastewater (PMWW). However, the reduction efficiency depends on the initial concentrations of microalgae and PMWW. In the present study, the reduction of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) in PMWW using Scenedesmus sp., was investigated as a function of different PMWW concentrations. Scenedesmus sp. was inoculated with 106 cell/mL into 500 ml of PMWW and incubated outdoors under full sunlight for 19 days. The results revealed that higher microalgae growth was recorded in PMWW than in Bold’s basal medium (BBM). The maximum reduction values of nutrients were 91.51% for TN, 92.67% for TP, and 90.2% for TOC were achieved by 50% of PMWW. The findings indicated that phycoremediation with Scenedesmus sp. can successfully reduce the nutrient load of PMWW.

The adverse effects of hazardous materials emanating from the industrial activities on human heal... more The adverse effects of hazardous materials emanating from the industrial activities on human health and environments have been extinsively documented.

Fresh Market Wastewater (FMWW) is rich with high amounts of suspended solids, organic and inorgan... more Fresh Market Wastewater (FMWW) is rich with high amounts of suspended solids, organic and inorganic compounds, nutrients, gases and some elements which come from fish entrails and seafood preparation sales, meat cutting, poultry slaughtering, fruits and vegetables sales. The excess of these parameters are harmful to the aquatic life since the FMWW is usually discharged into the drainage systems without any treatment or partial treatment. The FMWW technologies are developed due to some technical factors influencing the designation and construction. There are several projects of fresh market treatment technologies used on site area in small scale which could be replicated to other fresh market, and some case study have been tested in laboratory batch experiments. All the projects exhibited an efficiency to reduce critical parameters in FMWW and give positive impacts to the locals and responsible parties.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2021

Bathroom greywater represent the major portion of the total greywater production from the househo... more Bathroom greywater represent the major portion of the total greywater production from the household activity. These wastes should be subjected to a treatment process before being discharged directly into the environment to avoid the occurrence of the eutrophication phenomenon. Hence, the current work aimed to investigate the potential of phycoremediation process for removing nutrients from artificial bathroom greywater (ABGW) by Botryococcus sp. The phycoremediation process was conducted for 30 d, while the microalgae cell growth in ABGW was measured daily. The biokinetic absorption using Michaelis-Menten were determined for NO 3-N and PO 4-P. The results revealed that the maximum microalgae cell growth was recorded on the 10th day with 2.0 × 10 6 cells/mL. The highest removal of NO 3-N (97%) and PO 4-P (87%) were achieved on the 30th day of phycoremediation. The biokinetic absorption rate using Michaelis-Menten coefficient were K = 0.265 mg NO 3-N mg/Chl-a/d and K m = 2.38 mg/L, while for PO 4-P were K = 1.057 mg PO 4-P mg/ Chl-a/d and K m = 12.04 mg/L. In conclusion, phycoremediation using Botryococcus sp. exhibited a high potential for the nutrients removal from ABGW.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

Slaughterhouse and wet market wastes are pollutants that have been always neglected by society. A... more Slaughterhouse and wet market wastes are pollutants that have been always neglected by society. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, more than three billion and nineteen million livestock were consumed worldwide in 2018, which reflects the vast amount and the broad spectrum of the biowastes generated. Slaughterhouse biowastes are a significant volume of biohazards that poses a high risk of contamination to the environment, an outbreak of diseases, and insecure food safety. This work comprehensively reviewed existing biowaste disposal practices and revealed the limitations of technological advancements to eradicate the threat of possible harmful infectious agents from these wastes. Policies, including strict supervision and uniform minimum hygienic regulations at all raw food processing factories, should therefore be tightened to ensure the protection of the food supply. The vast quantity of biowastes also offers a zero-waste potential for a circular economy, but the incorporation of biowaste recycling, including composting, anaerobic digestion, and thermal treatment, nevertheless remains challenging.

Chemosphere, 2021

Textile industry is one of the most environmental unfriendly industrial processes due to the mass... more Textile industry is one of the most environmental unfriendly industrial processes due to the massive generation of colored wastewater contaminated with dyes and other chemical auxiliaries. These contaminants are known to have undesirable consequences to ecosystem. The present study investigated the best operating parameters for the removal of congo red (CR, as the model for dye wastewater) by orange peels extract biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) via photocatalysis in an aqueous solution. The response surface methodology (RSM) with ZnO NPs loadings (0.05-0.20 g), pH (3.00-11.00), and initial CR concentration (5-20 ppm) were used for the optimization process. The applicability of ZnO NPs in the dye wastewater treatment was evaluated based on the techno-economic analysis (TEA). ZnO NPs exhibited hexagonal wurtzite structure with = C-H, C-O, -C-O-C, CC, O-H as the main functional groups. The maximum degradation of CR was more than 96% with 0.171 g of ZnO NPs, at pH 6.43 and 5 ppm of CR and 90% of the R2 coefficient. The specific cost of ZnO NPs production is USD 20.25 per kg. These findings indicated that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs with orange peels extract provides alternative method for treating dye wastewater.

Management of Greywater in Developing Countries, 2018

The potential of greywater to be used as a production medium for biomass lie in the high concentr... more The potential of greywater to be used as a production medium for biomass lie in the high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as the organic matter necessary for microalgae growth. Microalgae have high potential to adapt and utilise nitrogen, phosphate and other nutrients available in wastewater. Other factors which affect the production of biomass in microalgae include light, temperature, aeration and mixing. The effect of pH might also contribute to the quality and quantity of the produced biomass. The critical step in the production of biomass lies in the harvesting of microalgae cells, extraction of the lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. The objective of this review was to identify the criteria required for selecting greywater as a production medium and microalgae species. The harvesting and extractions techniques used in this process are also discussed and also the quality of the produced biomass and the further utilisation based on the toxicity, nutrients values and microbiological aspects.

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021

In this article, the removal of cephalexin (CFX) antibiotic from non-clinical environment is revi... more In this article, the removal of cephalexin (CFX) antibiotic from non-clinical environment is reviewed. Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation techniques are widely used to remove CFX from waters and wastewaters, the combination of these methods is becoming more common for CFX removal. The treatment methods of CFX has not been reviewed before, the present article aim is to organize the scattered available information regarding sustainable approaches for CFX removal from non-clinical environment. These include adsorption by nanoparticles, bacterial biomass, biodegradation by bacterial enzymes and the photocatalysis using different catalysts and Photo-Fenton photocatalysis. The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) appeared to have high potential for CFX degradation. It is evident from the recently papers reviewed that the effective methods could be used in place of commercial activated carbon. The widespread uses of photocatalytic degradation for CFX remediation are strongly recommended due to their engineering applicability, technical feasibility, and high effectiveness. The adsorption capacity of the CFX is ranging from 7 mg CFX g-1 of activated carbon nanoparticles to 1667 mg CFX g-1 of Nano-zero-valent iron from Nettle. In contrast, the photo-degradation was 45% using Photo-Fenton while has increased to 100% using heterogeneous photoelectro-Fenton (HPEF) with UVA light using chalcopyrite catalyst.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2020

A combined process of acrylic biomass carrier and activated sludge system (traditional system) wa... more A combined process of acrylic biomass carrier and activated sludge system (traditional system) was accomplished to treat sanitary landfill young leachate with a high concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen and organic material. Stable treatment performance of an acrylic biomass carrier reactor with activated sludge traditional reactor combined with bio-fringe loaded with microorganisms (CASBF) compared to activated sludge traditional reactor (CASR) was obtained under 10 L laboratory-scale reactor as 24 h sequencing batch reactor system and 2-5 mg/L dissolved oxygen, the temperature of (20°C-25°C), pH 7 ± 1, a volumetric organic load of 1,968 mg/L COD (chemical oxygen demand-COD), high ammoniacal nitrogen loading rates of 1,904.1 mg/L, food to microorganism ratio of 0.25, mixed liquor volatile suspended solid of 1,500 mg/L, sludge age of 2.7 d and hydraulic retention time of 1.7 d for 13 d duration of the experiment, respectively. The efficiency of both reactors was assessed based on the reduction in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5), COD, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 3-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), phosphate (PO 4 3-), nitrite (NO 2-1), nitrate (NO 3-1), suspended solids and color. The results revealed that the reactor with CASBF efficiency removed NO 2-1 , NO 3-1 and PO 4 3were 77.7% with effluent concentration 10 mg L-1 , 86.25% with effluent concentration 21.0 mg L-1 , and 63.2% with effluent concentration 18.1 mg L-1 respectively from young leachate in comparison to CASR which exhibited the efficiently removed of NO 2-1 , NO 3-1 , and PO 4 3was 20.7% with effluent concentration 36.1 mg L-1 , 54.2% with effluent concentration 69.9 mg L-1 , and 45.6% with effluent concentration 26.5 mg L-1 , respectively. However, the reduction of NH 3-N also TKN was more within the CASR and achieved 68.7% with effluent concentration 538.90 mg L-1 for TKN and 92.5% with effluent concentration 134.2 mg L-1 for NH 3-N. This reduction is achieved via nitrification and denitrification processes. These findings indicated that CASBF has high efficiency of removal of COD, BOD, NO 3-1 , and PO 4 3from sanitary landfill young leachate and have the applicability for sanitary landfill young leachate treatment.

Sustainability, 2020

Azo dyes including C. I. Basic Brown 16 (BB16) are one of the coloured organic compounds that hav... more Azo dyes including C. I. Basic Brown 16 (BB16) are one of the coloured organic compounds that have adverse effects on human health and the environment. The current work aims to optimise the adsorption of C.I BB16 in aqueous solution using durian (Durio zibethinus murray) shell as a low-cost green adsorbent. Durian shell was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption process was optimised with response surface methodology (RSM) based on pH (4–8), time (30–240 min), durian shell dosage (0.1–1.0 g/L) and initial concentration of C.I BB16 (10–20 ppm). The removal efficiency was determined based on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the decolourisation of C.I BB16. The techno-economic analysis was described in the current work to know the economic feasibility of durian shells as an adsorbent. The SEM images showed that durian shell adsorbent has a smooth surface with no pores. FTIR spectra confirme...

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020

The present study is aimed to determine heavy metal concentration in Benut River, Simpang Renggam... more The present study is aimed to determine heavy metal concentration in Benut River, Simpang Renggam, Johor. Heavy metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and Arsenic (As) were selected for the water quality assessment due to the potential sources from natural and anthropogenic sources at the case study. Sampling was conducted twice which was on April 2019 and July 2019 at eight (8) sampling points in Benut River. Eight (8) sampling points were chosen due high potential of pollutant at point sources include chicken farm, landfill, oil palm plantation and residential. Heavy metals were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) followed the APHA (2012) standard. It can be concluded the Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cr, As and Al are detected at Benut River and most of the heavy metals are within allowable standard by INWQS Class II and DWQS except for Al concentration. Therefore, concentration of heavy m...

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020

The current work aims to optimise the photocatalytic degradation of Basic Red (BR51) in artificia... more The current work aims to optimise the photocatalytic degradation of Basic Red (BR51) in artificial bathroom greywater (ABGW) using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). A fixed volume (100 mL) of ABGW was exposed to direct sunlight irradiation for 5.5 h to investigate the degradation of BR51 in ABGW is due to photocatalytic degradation.The factors investigated included ZnO NPs (10-200 mg), pH (3-9) and BR51 concentration (1-10 ppm). In order to confirm the degradation of BR51 in ABGW, initial and final absorbance of BR51 in ABGW were recorded. Reusability of the ZnO NPs was evaluated for the degradation of BR51 in ABGW at optimum conditions. The results revealed that the maximum degradation (89.01%) of BR51 was recorded with 100 mg of ZnO NPs, pH 5 and 1 ppm of BR51. In conclusion, the ZnO NPs are able to degrade the BR51dye in ABGW effectively.

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2019

The prompt population increment, rapid urbanization of the cities and fast development of the ind... more The prompt population increment, rapid urbanization of the cities and fast development of the industries leads the generation of much pollution in our atmosphere. Among the other pollutants; water pollution is one of the important issues for addressing seriously. Such pollution not only affects human health but also harmful for agriculture and the earth. Drinking safe and clean water is one of the rising problems around the globe. Various developed countries are utterly working for providing safe and clean water by treating the water. Such countries not only ground water treatment but also proper treatment of wastewater. There are various conventional and non-conventional wastewater treatment techniques. This research work highlights the issues of water, wastewater treatment and few conventional and nonconventional wastewater treatment techniques. More than 50 latest and critical articles relating to the subject area of this research work had been reviewed and also few web blogs has been used to address the challenges in the wastewater treatment. On the basis of reviewed material in this research work, it is concluded that drinking water shortage increased to scary level and needs serious address. Also non-conventional wastewater treatment techniques are more feasible than the conventional techniques. Among the other non-conventional techniques, the constructed wetlands are more beneficial for the wastewater treatment.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019

A study was carried out to determine the status of the water quality condition in UTHM campus are... more A study was carried out to determine the status of the water quality condition in UTHM campus area located in Teknologi Lake, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Sampling was conducted in two different times; the first sampling was in 22 March 2018 and the second sampling in 13 September 2018. A total of ten water quality parameters was selected, analyzed in-situ and exsitu, and classified based on NWQS Classifications. The status of lakes were determined by using Water Quality Index (WQI). Results for in-situ water quality parameters are: pH contents ranged from 6.42 to 6.61; DO from 9.0 to 9.8 mg/L; temperature from 28.7 to 28.9 o C. Ex-situ water quality parameters are; BOD was ranged from 105.2 to 106.0 mg/L, COD was ranged from 1 to 19 mg/L, TSS was ranged from 19 to 20 mg/L, turbidity was ranged from 12 to 13 NTU, ammoniacal nitrogen from was ranged 3.6 to 4.3 mg/L, nitrite was ranged from 0.13 to 0.11 mg/L and nitrate was ranged from 1.4 to 1.5 mg/L. The observed values for seven parameters in both sampling period of Teknologi Lake were classified as IIA/B. The results of the lake can be used for recreational purposes and suitable for sensitive aquatic species. However, based on WQI calculated value, the status of the lake during the study period was indicated as slightly polluted for Teknologi Lake. Overall, Teknologi Lake was classified as class IV due to agricultural activites and the water suitable for irrigation uses only.

An investigation was conducted to examine the variation trend of heavy metal concentration and di... more An investigation was conducted to examine the variation trend of heavy metal concentration and distribution in ambient air in university campus located in the industrial area. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of heavy metals of concern (lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) composition). The heavy metals were chosen based on the types of industry. Three sampling points were set up according to the distance from the industrial area. The sampling points were located at the Convocation Hall (3, 000m), Tun Dr. Ismail Residential College (390 m), and the Material Laboratory (10 m) in the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) campus, and all of the locations were in the Parit Raja industrial area. Heavy metals particulates were sampled from the E-Sampler Particulate Matter (PM 10) Collector (Met One Instrument, Inc) in 24 h period for samplings of October 2013 to Jun 2014. Determination of heavy metals concentrations was conducted using two instruments; Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) (Perkin Elmer Elan 900) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 800). The analysis was performed after the filter paper was digested using aqua regia method. The relationship between metrological factor and concentration of heavy metals were clarified using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The data were compared to the air quality standards by the World Health Organization Health (WHO), the Ambient Air Quality Criteria Act 1994 (AAQC), the National Environment Protection Council (NEPS), Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), and also the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA). It was found that the concentrations of Cr, Cd, and Ni exceeded the standard concentrations which were 0.0100 μg/m³, 0.0050 μg/m³ and 0.0150 μg/m³, respectively. In contrast, Pb, Cu, and Zn in ambient air had low concentration compared to the standard, which were 0.500 μg/m³, 1.0000 μg/m³ and 1000 μg/m³, respectively. Generally the nearest distance of sampling site to the industrial area was indicated high levels of heavy metals. This finding is significant in contributing some knowledge of the heavy metals concentration in ambient air to communities surrounded by an industrial district. It identifies research needs and suggests possible approaches to addressing outstanding questions.

Journal - American Water Works Association, 2016

Journal of Sustainable Development, 2016

Ablution process consumes a huge amount of water especially in mosques for cleaning certain part ... more Ablution process consumes a huge amount of water especially in mosques for cleaning certain part of the body before performing prayers. The high volume of ablution water produced in mosques and its low strength in quality makes it a feasible option to be reused. This paper introduced an assessment of conventional filtration (sand and gravel) in treating ablution water for reuse purposes and its water savings potential in mosques. The treatment system has assessed its capability for reuse and its water savings potential. A pilot scale of filtration system was developed and was run with the ablution water from the Parit Raja mosque and the Pintas Puding mosque. The samples were taken during Friday noon prayer between January to March 2013. The efficiency of the conventional filtration system was tested for the effluent quality of NH 3 , TSS, COD, and BOD. The case study of water savings estimation for the proposed system was undertaken at Pintas Puding mosque. It was determined based on the quantity of ablution water, water consumption, water demand, and water bills record. The results deduced that the conventional sand filtration can improve the water quality parameters; 0.60-0.05mg/L reduction of nitrogen ammonia (NH 3), 6.0-1.53mg/L of suspended solids (TSS), 3.12-0.15mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 27.67-4.16mg/L of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The treatment system was projected to save water consumption by 41.73% and RM180.16 of water saving per month. Water consumption was estimated to be further reduced to 50.83% if reused activities such as irrigation and toilet flushing were applied. Hence, annual water savings could reach up to RM2161.92 per year. With the current instability of water resources, the implementation of the conventional filtration system for ablution water in the mosques provides water security and water resources conservation option for the country.

Chemosphere, 2022

The microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has appeared in the late 20th century and received consi... more The microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has appeared in the late 20th century and received considerable attention over the last decade due to its multiple and unique potential in converting the substrates into electricity and valuable productions. Extensive efforts have been paid to improve the MFCs performance, leading to the publication of a massive amount of research that developed various aspects of these systems. Most of these improvements have focused on optimization parameters, which is currently inappropriate to provide an innovational developing vision for MFC systems. The convergent results in most of the previous conventional studies (12,643 studies according to the WOS database) have reduced the value of MFCs by drawing an incomplete image for the performance of the systems. Therefore, this paper aimed to provide a comprehensive comparison between the highly reliable studies that innovatively developed the MFC systems and the conventional MFCs studies. The current paper discusses the novel MFCs development history, designs, efficiency, and challenges compared to conventional MFCs. The discussion has displayed the high efficiency of the novel MFCs in removing over 90% of substrates and generating power of 800 mW m-2. The paper also analyzed the literature trends, history and suggested recommendations for future studies. This is the first paper highlighting the substantial differences between the innovative and conventional MFC systems, nominating it to be a vital reference for novel MFCs studies in the future.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2020

The aim of the current study was to optimize the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) for r... more The aim of the current study was to optimize the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) for reducing color from the ink effluent. The optimization process was conducted based pH, coagulant dose, mixing time and mixing speed. The phytotoxicity in treated dye effluent using green bean seeds to use on seed germination test. The optimal reduction efficiency for dye samples color was 98.53%, while was 71.02% for chemical oxygen demand, 85.89% for turbidity and 88.01% for total suspended solid. The phytotoxicity concentration was 43.24%. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the use of PAC in coagulation-flocculation had led to settle the particles.

Phycoremediation using microalgae has high potential for reducing nutrient load in public market ... more Phycoremediation using microalgae has high potential for reducing nutrient load in public market wastewater (PMWW). However, the reduction efficiency depends on the initial concentrations of microalgae and PMWW. In the present study, the reduction of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) in PMWW using Scenedesmus sp., was investigated as a function of different PMWW concentrations. Scenedesmus sp. was inoculated with 106 cell/mL into 500 ml of PMWW and incubated outdoors under full sunlight for 19 days. The results revealed that higher microalgae growth was recorded in PMWW than in Bold’s basal medium (BBM). The maximum reduction values of nutrients were 91.51% for TN, 92.67% for TP, and 90.2% for TOC were achieved by 50% of PMWW. The findings indicated that phycoremediation with Scenedesmus sp. can successfully reduce the nutrient load of PMWW.

The adverse effects of hazardous materials emanating from the industrial activities on human heal... more The adverse effects of hazardous materials emanating from the industrial activities on human health and environments have been extinsively documented.

Fresh Market Wastewater (FMWW) is rich with high amounts of suspended solids, organic and inorgan... more Fresh Market Wastewater (FMWW) is rich with high amounts of suspended solids, organic and inorganic compounds, nutrients, gases and some elements which come from fish entrails and seafood preparation sales, meat cutting, poultry slaughtering, fruits and vegetables sales. The excess of these parameters are harmful to the aquatic life since the FMWW is usually discharged into the drainage systems without any treatment or partial treatment. The FMWW technologies are developed due to some technical factors influencing the designation and construction. There are several projects of fresh market treatment technologies used on site area in small scale which could be replicated to other fresh market, and some case study have been tested in laboratory batch experiments. All the projects exhibited an efficiency to reduce critical parameters in FMWW and give positive impacts to the locals and responsible parties.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2021

Bathroom greywater represent the major portion of the total greywater production from the househo... more Bathroom greywater represent the major portion of the total greywater production from the household activity. These wastes should be subjected to a treatment process before being discharged directly into the environment to avoid the occurrence of the eutrophication phenomenon. Hence, the current work aimed to investigate the potential of phycoremediation process for removing nutrients from artificial bathroom greywater (ABGW) by Botryococcus sp. The phycoremediation process was conducted for 30 d, while the microalgae cell growth in ABGW was measured daily. The biokinetic absorption using Michaelis-Menten were determined for NO 3-N and PO 4-P. The results revealed that the maximum microalgae cell growth was recorded on the 10th day with 2.0 × 10 6 cells/mL. The highest removal of NO 3-N (97%) and PO 4-P (87%) were achieved on the 30th day of phycoremediation. The biokinetic absorption rate using Michaelis-Menten coefficient were K = 0.265 mg NO 3-N mg/Chl-a/d and K m = 2.38 mg/L, while for PO 4-P were K = 1.057 mg PO 4-P mg/ Chl-a/d and K m = 12.04 mg/L. In conclusion, phycoremediation using Botryococcus sp. exhibited a high potential for the nutrients removal from ABGW.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

Slaughterhouse and wet market wastes are pollutants that have been always neglected by society. A... more Slaughterhouse and wet market wastes are pollutants that have been always neglected by society. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, more than three billion and nineteen million livestock were consumed worldwide in 2018, which reflects the vast amount and the broad spectrum of the biowastes generated. Slaughterhouse biowastes are a significant volume of biohazards that poses a high risk of contamination to the environment, an outbreak of diseases, and insecure food safety. This work comprehensively reviewed existing biowaste disposal practices and revealed the limitations of technological advancements to eradicate the threat of possible harmful infectious agents from these wastes. Policies, including strict supervision and uniform minimum hygienic regulations at all raw food processing factories, should therefore be tightened to ensure the protection of the food supply. The vast quantity of biowastes also offers a zero-waste potential for a circular economy, but the incorporation of biowaste recycling, including composting, anaerobic digestion, and thermal treatment, nevertheless remains challenging.

Chemosphere, 2021

Textile industry is one of the most environmental unfriendly industrial processes due to the mass... more Textile industry is one of the most environmental unfriendly industrial processes due to the massive generation of colored wastewater contaminated with dyes and other chemical auxiliaries. These contaminants are known to have undesirable consequences to ecosystem. The present study investigated the best operating parameters for the removal of congo red (CR, as the model for dye wastewater) by orange peels extract biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) via photocatalysis in an aqueous solution. The response surface methodology (RSM) with ZnO NPs loadings (0.05-0.20 g), pH (3.00-11.00), and initial CR concentration (5-20 ppm) were used for the optimization process. The applicability of ZnO NPs in the dye wastewater treatment was evaluated based on the techno-economic analysis (TEA). ZnO NPs exhibited hexagonal wurtzite structure with = C-H, C-O, -C-O-C, CC, O-H as the main functional groups. The maximum degradation of CR was more than 96% with 0.171 g of ZnO NPs, at pH 6.43 and 5 ppm of CR and 90% of the R2 coefficient. The specific cost of ZnO NPs production is USD 20.25 per kg. These findings indicated that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs with orange peels extract provides alternative method for treating dye wastewater.

Management of Greywater in Developing Countries, 2018

The potential of greywater to be used as a production medium for biomass lie in the high concentr... more The potential of greywater to be used as a production medium for biomass lie in the high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as the organic matter necessary for microalgae growth. Microalgae have high potential to adapt and utilise nitrogen, phosphate and other nutrients available in wastewater. Other factors which affect the production of biomass in microalgae include light, temperature, aeration and mixing. The effect of pH might also contribute to the quality and quantity of the produced biomass. The critical step in the production of biomass lies in the harvesting of microalgae cells, extraction of the lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. The objective of this review was to identify the criteria required for selecting greywater as a production medium and microalgae species. The harvesting and extractions techniques used in this process are also discussed and also the quality of the produced biomass and the further utilisation based on the toxicity, nutrients values and microbiological aspects.

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021

In this article, the removal of cephalexin (CFX) antibiotic from non-clinical environment is revi... more In this article, the removal of cephalexin (CFX) antibiotic from non-clinical environment is reviewed. Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation techniques are widely used to remove CFX from waters and wastewaters, the combination of these methods is becoming more common for CFX removal. The treatment methods of CFX has not been reviewed before, the present article aim is to organize the scattered available information regarding sustainable approaches for CFX removal from non-clinical environment. These include adsorption by nanoparticles, bacterial biomass, biodegradation by bacterial enzymes and the photocatalysis using different catalysts and Photo-Fenton photocatalysis. The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) appeared to have high potential for CFX degradation. It is evident from the recently papers reviewed that the effective methods could be used in place of commercial activated carbon. The widespread uses of photocatalytic degradation for CFX remediation are strongly recommended due to their engineering applicability, technical feasibility, and high effectiveness. The adsorption capacity of the CFX is ranging from 7 mg CFX g-1 of activated carbon nanoparticles to 1667 mg CFX g-1 of Nano-zero-valent iron from Nettle. In contrast, the photo-degradation was 45% using Photo-Fenton while has increased to 100% using heterogeneous photoelectro-Fenton (HPEF) with UVA light using chalcopyrite catalyst.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT, 2020

A combined process of acrylic biomass carrier and activated sludge system (traditional system) wa... more A combined process of acrylic biomass carrier and activated sludge system (traditional system) was accomplished to treat sanitary landfill young leachate with a high concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen and organic material. Stable treatment performance of an acrylic biomass carrier reactor with activated sludge traditional reactor combined with bio-fringe loaded with microorganisms (CASBF) compared to activated sludge traditional reactor (CASR) was obtained under 10 L laboratory-scale reactor as 24 h sequencing batch reactor system and 2-5 mg/L dissolved oxygen, the temperature of (20°C-25°C), pH 7 ± 1, a volumetric organic load of 1,968 mg/L COD (chemical oxygen demand-COD), high ammoniacal nitrogen loading rates of 1,904.1 mg/L, food to microorganism ratio of 0.25, mixed liquor volatile suspended solid of 1,500 mg/L, sludge age of 2.7 d and hydraulic retention time of 1.7 d for 13 d duration of the experiment, respectively. The efficiency of both reactors was assessed based on the reduction in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5), COD, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 3-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), phosphate (PO 4 3-), nitrite (NO 2-1), nitrate (NO 3-1), suspended solids and color. The results revealed that the reactor with CASBF efficiency removed NO 2-1 , NO 3-1 and PO 4 3were 77.7% with effluent concentration 10 mg L-1 , 86.25% with effluent concentration 21.0 mg L-1 , and 63.2% with effluent concentration 18.1 mg L-1 respectively from young leachate in comparison to CASR which exhibited the efficiently removed of NO 2-1 , NO 3-1 , and PO 4 3was 20.7% with effluent concentration 36.1 mg L-1 , 54.2% with effluent concentration 69.9 mg L-1 , and 45.6% with effluent concentration 26.5 mg L-1 , respectively. However, the reduction of NH 3-N also TKN was more within the CASR and achieved 68.7% with effluent concentration 538.90 mg L-1 for TKN and 92.5% with effluent concentration 134.2 mg L-1 for NH 3-N. This reduction is achieved via nitrification and denitrification processes. These findings indicated that CASBF has high efficiency of removal of COD, BOD, NO 3-1 , and PO 4 3from sanitary landfill young leachate and have the applicability for sanitary landfill young leachate treatment.

Sustainability, 2020

Azo dyes including C. I. Basic Brown 16 (BB16) are one of the coloured organic compounds that hav... more Azo dyes including C. I. Basic Brown 16 (BB16) are one of the coloured organic compounds that have adverse effects on human health and the environment. The current work aims to optimise the adsorption of C.I BB16 in aqueous solution using durian (Durio zibethinus murray) shell as a low-cost green adsorbent. Durian shell was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption process was optimised with response surface methodology (RSM) based on pH (4–8), time (30–240 min), durian shell dosage (0.1–1.0 g/L) and initial concentration of C.I BB16 (10–20 ppm). The removal efficiency was determined based on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the decolourisation of C.I BB16. The techno-economic analysis was described in the current work to know the economic feasibility of durian shells as an adsorbent. The SEM images showed that durian shell adsorbent has a smooth surface with no pores. FTIR spectra confirme...

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020

The present study is aimed to determine heavy metal concentration in Benut River, Simpang Renggam... more The present study is aimed to determine heavy metal concentration in Benut River, Simpang Renggam, Johor. Heavy metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and Arsenic (As) were selected for the water quality assessment due to the potential sources from natural and anthropogenic sources at the case study. Sampling was conducted twice which was on April 2019 and July 2019 at eight (8) sampling points in Benut River. Eight (8) sampling points were chosen due high potential of pollutant at point sources include chicken farm, landfill, oil palm plantation and residential. Heavy metals were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) followed the APHA (2012) standard. It can be concluded the Cu, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cr, As and Al are detected at Benut River and most of the heavy metals are within allowable standard by INWQS Class II and DWQS except for Al concentration. Therefore, concentration of heavy m...

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020

The current work aims to optimise the photocatalytic degradation of Basic Red (BR51) in artificia... more The current work aims to optimise the photocatalytic degradation of Basic Red (BR51) in artificial bathroom greywater (ABGW) using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). A fixed volume (100 mL) of ABGW was exposed to direct sunlight irradiation for 5.5 h to investigate the degradation of BR51 in ABGW is due to photocatalytic degradation.The factors investigated included ZnO NPs (10-200 mg), pH (3-9) and BR51 concentration (1-10 ppm). In order to confirm the degradation of BR51 in ABGW, initial and final absorbance of BR51 in ABGW were recorded. Reusability of the ZnO NPs was evaluated for the degradation of BR51 in ABGW at optimum conditions. The results revealed that the maximum degradation (89.01%) of BR51 was recorded with 100 mg of ZnO NPs, pH 5 and 1 ppm of BR51. In conclusion, the ZnO NPs are able to degrade the BR51dye in ABGW effectively.

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2019

The prompt population increment, rapid urbanization of the cities and fast development of the ind... more The prompt population increment, rapid urbanization of the cities and fast development of the industries leads the generation of much pollution in our atmosphere. Among the other pollutants; water pollution is one of the important issues for addressing seriously. Such pollution not only affects human health but also harmful for agriculture and the earth. Drinking safe and clean water is one of the rising problems around the globe. Various developed countries are utterly working for providing safe and clean water by treating the water. Such countries not only ground water treatment but also proper treatment of wastewater. There are various conventional and non-conventional wastewater treatment techniques. This research work highlights the issues of water, wastewater treatment and few conventional and nonconventional wastewater treatment techniques. More than 50 latest and critical articles relating to the subject area of this research work had been reviewed and also few web blogs has been used to address the challenges in the wastewater treatment. On the basis of reviewed material in this research work, it is concluded that drinking water shortage increased to scary level and needs serious address. Also non-conventional wastewater treatment techniques are more feasible than the conventional techniques. Among the other non-conventional techniques, the constructed wetlands are more beneficial for the wastewater treatment.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019

A study was carried out to determine the status of the water quality condition in UTHM campus are... more A study was carried out to determine the status of the water quality condition in UTHM campus area located in Teknologi Lake, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. Sampling was conducted in two different times; the first sampling was in 22 March 2018 and the second sampling in 13 September 2018. A total of ten water quality parameters was selected, analyzed in-situ and exsitu, and classified based on NWQS Classifications. The status of lakes were determined by using Water Quality Index (WQI). Results for in-situ water quality parameters are: pH contents ranged from 6.42 to 6.61; DO from 9.0 to 9.8 mg/L; temperature from 28.7 to 28.9 o C. Ex-situ water quality parameters are; BOD was ranged from 105.2 to 106.0 mg/L, COD was ranged from 1 to 19 mg/L, TSS was ranged from 19 to 20 mg/L, turbidity was ranged from 12 to 13 NTU, ammoniacal nitrogen from was ranged 3.6 to 4.3 mg/L, nitrite was ranged from 0.13 to 0.11 mg/L and nitrate was ranged from 1.4 to 1.5 mg/L. The observed values for seven parameters in both sampling period of Teknologi Lake were classified as IIA/B. The results of the lake can be used for recreational purposes and suitable for sensitive aquatic species. However, based on WQI calculated value, the status of the lake during the study period was indicated as slightly polluted for Teknologi Lake. Overall, Teknologi Lake was classified as class IV due to agricultural activites and the water suitable for irrigation uses only.

An investigation was conducted to examine the variation trend of heavy metal concentration and di... more An investigation was conducted to examine the variation trend of heavy metal concentration and distribution in ambient air in university campus located in the industrial area. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of heavy metals of concern (lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) composition). The heavy metals were chosen based on the types of industry. Three sampling points were set up according to the distance from the industrial area. The sampling points were located at the Convocation Hall (3, 000m), Tun Dr. Ismail Residential College (390 m), and the Material Laboratory (10 m) in the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) campus, and all of the locations were in the Parit Raja industrial area. Heavy metals particulates were sampled from the E-Sampler Particulate Matter (PM 10) Collector (Met One Instrument, Inc) in 24 h period for samplings of October 2013 to Jun 2014. Determination of heavy metals concentrations was conducted using two instruments; Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) (Perkin Elmer Elan 900) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 800). The analysis was performed after the filter paper was digested using aqua regia method. The relationship between metrological factor and concentration of heavy metals were clarified using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The data were compared to the air quality standards by the World Health Organization Health (WHO), the Ambient Air Quality Criteria Act 1994 (AAQC), the National Environment Protection Council (NEPS), Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), and also the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA). It was found that the concentrations of Cr, Cd, and Ni exceeded the standard concentrations which were 0.0100 μg/m³, 0.0050 μg/m³ and 0.0150 μg/m³, respectively. In contrast, Pb, Cu, and Zn in ambient air had low concentration compared to the standard, which were 0.500 μg/m³, 1.0000 μg/m³ and 1000 μg/m³, respectively. Generally the nearest distance of sampling site to the industrial area was indicated high levels of heavy metals. This finding is significant in contributing some knowledge of the heavy metals concentration in ambient air to communities surrounded by an industrial district. It identifies research needs and suggests possible approaches to addressing outstanding questions.

Journal - American Water Works Association, 2016

Journal of Sustainable Development, 2016

Ablution process consumes a huge amount of water especially in mosques for cleaning certain part ... more Ablution process consumes a huge amount of water especially in mosques for cleaning certain part of the body before performing prayers. The high volume of ablution water produced in mosques and its low strength in quality makes it a feasible option to be reused. This paper introduced an assessment of conventional filtration (sand and gravel) in treating ablution water for reuse purposes and its water savings potential in mosques. The treatment system has assessed its capability for reuse and its water savings potential. A pilot scale of filtration system was developed and was run with the ablution water from the Parit Raja mosque and the Pintas Puding mosque. The samples were taken during Friday noon prayer between January to March 2013. The efficiency of the conventional filtration system was tested for the effluent quality of NH 3 , TSS, COD, and BOD. The case study of water savings estimation for the proposed system was undertaken at Pintas Puding mosque. It was determined based on the quantity of ablution water, water consumption, water demand, and water bills record. The results deduced that the conventional sand filtration can improve the water quality parameters; 0.60-0.05mg/L reduction of nitrogen ammonia (NH 3), 6.0-1.53mg/L of suspended solids (TSS), 3.12-0.15mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 27.67-4.16mg/L of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The treatment system was projected to save water consumption by 41.73% and RM180.16 of water saving per month. Water consumption was estimated to be further reduced to 50.83% if reused activities such as irrigation and toilet flushing were applied. Hence, annual water savings could reach up to RM2161.92 per year. With the current instability of water resources, the implementation of the conventional filtration system for ablution water in the mosques provides water security and water resources conservation option for the country.