Mesut Avcı - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Mesut Avcı
BÂBÜR ŞAH VE KÂBİL, 2021
BĀBUR SHĀH AND KABUL Abstract Kabul was not a big city; although it actually harbored such potent... more BĀBUR SHĀH AND KABUL
Abstract
Kabul was not a big city; although it actually harbored such potential, it never grew as much as different cities. Kabul, built on a plateau with a height of 1800 meters sur- rounded by mountains, was located at the intersection of roads from Central Asia that reached India through the Khybar Pass, crossed the Silk Road through the high passes of The Hindu Kush mountains, and came from Ghazni to Khorasan, Māvarāʾ al-Nahr and Iran. Due to its location as an army center, this place has gained the fea- ture of an important market and a passageway. With the inclusion of Islamic lands in 798, the Shadi Turks living in the region paid heavy taxes to the Muslims. In the 10th century, the city could not resist the successes of the Ghaznavids in these re- gions. But in this period, the level of welfare began to decline. When the Ghaznavids declared Ghazni, 145 km away from Kabul, the capital, all the wealth in this process flowed to Ghazni. This situation transformed Ghazni into a big metropolis at that time. From the day when the name of Kabul was known, it has continued to be an important city to this day. Kabul, which has attracted many statesmen over time, has been conquered many times by different states. Kabul, which has been in the hands of different states many times until today, has sometimes come to a state that can be called completely ruined during these conquests. During the conquest of Chinggis Khān, Kabul was destroyed.
Bābur was undoubtedly a good commander and administrator. Besides these features, he also attracted attention due to the memory he left behind. The work, which was written in Chagatai Turkish, covered many topics such as expeditions, wars, peace, defeats. In his memoirs, Babur appears as a commander at the head of an army, a son who sheds tears at his mother’s grave, and a father who celebrates when his child is born with fun. He also did not neglect to write down in his memoirs the characteris- tics of important cities in the places he conquered. In fact, this narrative about cities is sometimes written in such detail that it shows that the source of the memory is not only Bābur, but also some books written at that time were used as sources.
While Ghazni and Kabul were two important centers in Afghanistan for a while, this situation later developed in favor of Kabul. In 1504, Bābur was defeated by the Uzbeks. Thereupon, Bābur wanted to go to Ḥusayn Bāyqarā in Herat. For this rea- son, during his journey, he changed his plan while passing near the Hindu Kush Mountains and descended into the Gorband valley. After a short and small battle, he captured Kabul. In ancient times, Kapisa was constantly invaded by the fact that it was a commercial center. The city of Kabul replaced Kapisa and became an impor- tant commercial center. The trade routes that continued from Central Asia past the Hindu Kush mountains passed through here, as well as the most important military routes to India left here. Babur did not like Kabul only because of its military and economic importance; He also expressed his admiration for the weather and the beauty around the city. This love he felt for Kabul continued until the end of his life. He informed his children that Kabul was a place belonged to him as long as he lived. We can understand the importance he gave to Kabul from the fact that he often mentions Kabul in his memoirs. According to his will, he was buried on the Shidar- vaza slope in Kabul, in the upper part of Bagh-e Bābur, one of the promenades built by him and still bearing his name, which is also loved by the people of Kabul. This desire for Kabul continued for the duration of the entire empire, mostly one of the Šāhzādehs lived in Kabul constantly.
Zulum kavrami Kur’an’da bircok farkli anlamda kullanilmistir. Kur’an’in israrla ustunde durdugu ... more Zulum kavrami Kur’an’da bircok farkli anlamda kullanilmistir. Kur’an’in israrla ustunde durdugu konulardan biri zulumdur. Zulum kavrami incelendiginde, bu kavramin sirk, kufur ve nifak ile baglantili kullanildigi gorulecektir. Yine zulmun hem kisinin Allah’a karsi, insanlara karsi ve en ilginc hususlardan biri de insanin kendisine karsi bir cok yonu olabilecek genis kavramlardan biri oldugu da gozonunde tutulmalidir. Islam’in degerlerinden uzaklastikca bu kavrami toplumsal ve kisisel hayatimizda bol bol duymaktayiz. Iste bu kavramin icerdigi manalar ile birlikte, bu kavramin icerdiklerinden tasiyan kisilerin dikkat etmesi gerekmektedir. Kur’an’in siddetle sakinilmasi gerektigini ifade ettig bir kavram olan Zulumden nasil korunmali? p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 1.9px; text-align: justify; line-height: 8.1px; font: 8.0px 'Times New Roman'; color: #2f2a2b} p.p2 {margin: 1.8px 0.0px 0.0px 1.9px; text-align: justify; font: 8.0px 'Times New Roman'; color: #2f2a2b} p.p3...
Zusammenfassung Sāh Ismā ʿ īl, Grunder der persischen Safawidendynastie, ubernahm im Jahr 1499 mi... more Zusammenfassung Sāh Ismā ʿ īl, Grunder der persischen Safawidendynastie, ubernahm im Jahr 1499 mit zwolf Jahren die Herrschaftsposition uber die Qizilbāsh. Zwei Jahre spater 1501 eroberte er Tabrīz und nahm hier den alten iranischen Titel sāhān- sāh an. Unter seiner Herrschaft erreichte das Reich der Safawiden seine groste Ausdehnung (um 1510). Neben vielen relevanten Faktoren fur Ismā ʿ īls Erfolge und Siege verhalfen seine charismatische Ausstrahlung und ungewohnlichen personlichen Eigenschaften ihn zum Durchbruch. Zusatzlich dazu war er in den Augen des Volkes Imam Mahdī, die messianische Gestalt bzw. sein Vorbote. Abstract: Sah Ismā'īl, founder of the Persian Safavid dynasty, took over the position of power over the Qizilbāsh in 1499 at the age of twelve. Two years later in 1501 he conquered Tabrīz and adopted the old Iranian title sāhān-āāh. Under his reign, the empire of the Safavids reached its greatest extent (around 1510). In addition to many relevant f...
Bâbur Şah'i bircok devlet adamindan farkli kilan yasaminda bir hatirat tutmasidir. Bu hatirat... more Bâbur Şah'i bircok devlet adamindan farkli kilan yasaminda bir hatirat tutmasidir. Bu hatiratinda gittigi, fethettigi yerleri sadece anlatmakla kalmamis; ayni zamanda kendi hayati ile ilgili bircok bilgiyi de cekinmeden yazmistir. Hatirat kitaplari arasinda Bâburnâme'nin farki da yazarinin yazdiklarini daha cok objektif durmaya gayret etmesidir. Bâbur kendisinin aleyhine de olsa veya insanlar tarafindan kinanacagini da bilse bunlari anlatmaktan cekinmemistir. Biz de makalemizde Horasan bolgesinin en onemli sehirlerinden olan Herat'i Bâbur'un gozuyle degerlendirmeye calisacagiz. Bâbur'un ozelliklerinden birisinin de Şehir Tarihciligi oldugunu soylememizin cok da anormal olmayacagini dusunerek, bir sehir tarihcisi olarak Bâbur, Herat ile ilgili anlattiklarinin degerlendirmesini yapmis olacagiz. Makale'de Herat ile ilgili kisa tarihsel bir ozet ve yer yer Bâbur'un anlattiklarina izahat tarzinda bir kisim eserlerden faydalanilarak aciklamalar yapilmistir. Bâb...
BÂBÜR ŞAH VE KÂBİL, 2021
BĀBUR SHĀH AND KABUL Abstract Kabul was not a big city; although it actually harbored such potent... more BĀBUR SHĀH AND KABUL
Abstract
Kabul was not a big city; although it actually harbored such potential, it never grew as much as different cities. Kabul, built on a plateau with a height of 1800 meters sur- rounded by mountains, was located at the intersection of roads from Central Asia that reached India through the Khybar Pass, crossed the Silk Road through the high passes of The Hindu Kush mountains, and came from Ghazni to Khorasan, Māvarāʾ al-Nahr and Iran. Due to its location as an army center, this place has gained the fea- ture of an important market and a passageway. With the inclusion of Islamic lands in 798, the Shadi Turks living in the region paid heavy taxes to the Muslims. In the 10th century, the city could not resist the successes of the Ghaznavids in these re- gions. But in this period, the level of welfare began to decline. When the Ghaznavids declared Ghazni, 145 km away from Kabul, the capital, all the wealth in this process flowed to Ghazni. This situation transformed Ghazni into a big metropolis at that time. From the day when the name of Kabul was known, it has continued to be an important city to this day. Kabul, which has attracted many statesmen over time, has been conquered many times by different states. Kabul, which has been in the hands of different states many times until today, has sometimes come to a state that can be called completely ruined during these conquests. During the conquest of Chinggis Khān, Kabul was destroyed.
Bābur was undoubtedly a good commander and administrator. Besides these features, he also attracted attention due to the memory he left behind. The work, which was written in Chagatai Turkish, covered many topics such as expeditions, wars, peace, defeats. In his memoirs, Babur appears as a commander at the head of an army, a son who sheds tears at his mother’s grave, and a father who celebrates when his child is born with fun. He also did not neglect to write down in his memoirs the characteris- tics of important cities in the places he conquered. In fact, this narrative about cities is sometimes written in such detail that it shows that the source of the memory is not only Bābur, but also some books written at that time were used as sources.
While Ghazni and Kabul were two important centers in Afghanistan for a while, this situation later developed in favor of Kabul. In 1504, Bābur was defeated by the Uzbeks. Thereupon, Bābur wanted to go to Ḥusayn Bāyqarā in Herat. For this rea- son, during his journey, he changed his plan while passing near the Hindu Kush Mountains and descended into the Gorband valley. After a short and small battle, he captured Kabul. In ancient times, Kapisa was constantly invaded by the fact that it was a commercial center. The city of Kabul replaced Kapisa and became an impor- tant commercial center. The trade routes that continued from Central Asia past the Hindu Kush mountains passed through here, as well as the most important military routes to India left here. Babur did not like Kabul only because of its military and economic importance; He also expressed his admiration for the weather and the beauty around the city. This love he felt for Kabul continued until the end of his life. He informed his children that Kabul was a place belonged to him as long as he lived. We can understand the importance he gave to Kabul from the fact that he often mentions Kabul in his memoirs. According to his will, he was buried on the Shidar- vaza slope in Kabul, in the upper part of Bagh-e Bābur, one of the promenades built by him and still bearing his name, which is also loved by the people of Kabul. This desire for Kabul continued for the duration of the entire empire, mostly one of the Šāhzādehs lived in Kabul constantly.
Zulum kavrami Kur’an’da bircok farkli anlamda kullanilmistir. Kur’an’in israrla ustunde durdugu ... more Zulum kavrami Kur’an’da bircok farkli anlamda kullanilmistir. Kur’an’in israrla ustunde durdugu konulardan biri zulumdur. Zulum kavrami incelendiginde, bu kavramin sirk, kufur ve nifak ile baglantili kullanildigi gorulecektir. Yine zulmun hem kisinin Allah’a karsi, insanlara karsi ve en ilginc hususlardan biri de insanin kendisine karsi bir cok yonu olabilecek genis kavramlardan biri oldugu da gozonunde tutulmalidir. Islam’in degerlerinden uzaklastikca bu kavrami toplumsal ve kisisel hayatimizda bol bol duymaktayiz. Iste bu kavramin icerdigi manalar ile birlikte, bu kavramin icerdiklerinden tasiyan kisilerin dikkat etmesi gerekmektedir. Kur’an’in siddetle sakinilmasi gerektigini ifade ettig bir kavram olan Zulumden nasil korunmali? p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 1.9px; text-align: justify; line-height: 8.1px; font: 8.0px 'Times New Roman'; color: #2f2a2b} p.p2 {margin: 1.8px 0.0px 0.0px 1.9px; text-align: justify; font: 8.0px 'Times New Roman'; color: #2f2a2b} p.p3...
Zusammenfassung Sāh Ismā ʿ īl, Grunder der persischen Safawidendynastie, ubernahm im Jahr 1499 mi... more Zusammenfassung Sāh Ismā ʿ īl, Grunder der persischen Safawidendynastie, ubernahm im Jahr 1499 mit zwolf Jahren die Herrschaftsposition uber die Qizilbāsh. Zwei Jahre spater 1501 eroberte er Tabrīz und nahm hier den alten iranischen Titel sāhān- sāh an. Unter seiner Herrschaft erreichte das Reich der Safawiden seine groste Ausdehnung (um 1510). Neben vielen relevanten Faktoren fur Ismā ʿ īls Erfolge und Siege verhalfen seine charismatische Ausstrahlung und ungewohnlichen personlichen Eigenschaften ihn zum Durchbruch. Zusatzlich dazu war er in den Augen des Volkes Imam Mahdī, die messianische Gestalt bzw. sein Vorbote. Abstract: Sah Ismā'īl, founder of the Persian Safavid dynasty, took over the position of power over the Qizilbāsh in 1499 at the age of twelve. Two years later in 1501 he conquered Tabrīz and adopted the old Iranian title sāhān-āāh. Under his reign, the empire of the Safavids reached its greatest extent (around 1510). In addition to many relevant f...
Bâbur Şah'i bircok devlet adamindan farkli kilan yasaminda bir hatirat tutmasidir. Bu hatirat... more Bâbur Şah'i bircok devlet adamindan farkli kilan yasaminda bir hatirat tutmasidir. Bu hatiratinda gittigi, fethettigi yerleri sadece anlatmakla kalmamis; ayni zamanda kendi hayati ile ilgili bircok bilgiyi de cekinmeden yazmistir. Hatirat kitaplari arasinda Bâburnâme'nin farki da yazarinin yazdiklarini daha cok objektif durmaya gayret etmesidir. Bâbur kendisinin aleyhine de olsa veya insanlar tarafindan kinanacagini da bilse bunlari anlatmaktan cekinmemistir. Biz de makalemizde Horasan bolgesinin en onemli sehirlerinden olan Herat'i Bâbur'un gozuyle degerlendirmeye calisacagiz. Bâbur'un ozelliklerinden birisinin de Şehir Tarihciligi oldugunu soylememizin cok da anormal olmayacagini dusunerek, bir sehir tarihcisi olarak Bâbur, Herat ile ilgili anlattiklarinin degerlendirmesini yapmis olacagiz. Makale'de Herat ile ilgili kisa tarihsel bir ozet ve yer yer Bâbur'un anlattiklarina izahat tarzinda bir kisim eserlerden faydalanilarak aciklamalar yapilmistir. Bâb...