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Papers by Michael Andrews
AI-based systems are "black boxes," resulting in massive information asymmetries between the deve... more AI-based systems are "black boxes," resulting in massive information asymmetries between the developers of such systems and consumers and policymakers. In order to bridge this information gap, this article proposes a conceptual framework for thinking about governance for AI. M any sectors of society rapidly adopt digital technologies and big data, resulting in the quiet and often seamless integration of AI, autonomous systems, and algorith-mic decision-making into billions of human lives. 1,2 AI and algorithmic systems already guide a vast array of decisions in both private and public sectors. For example, private global platforms, such as Google and Facebook, use AI-based filtering algorithms to control access to information. AI algorithms that control self-driving cars must decide on how to weigh the safety of passengers and pedestrians. 3 Various applications, including security and safety decision-making systems, rely heavily on AI-based face recognition algorithms. And a recent study from Stanford University describes an AI algorithm that can deduce the sexuality of people on a dating site with up to 91 percent accuracy. 4 Voicing alarm at the capabilities of AI evidenced within this study, and as AI technologies move toward broader adoption, some voices in society have expressed concern about the unintended consequences and potential downsides of widespread use of these technologies. To ensure transparency, accountability, and explainability for the AI ecosystem, our governments , civil society, the private sector, and academia must be at the table to discuss gover-nance mechanisms that minimize the risks and possible downsides of AI and autonomous systems while harnessing the full potential of this technology. 5 Yet the process of designing a gov-ernance ecosystem for AI, autonomous systems, and algorithms is complex for several reasons. As researchers at the University of Oxford point out, 3 separate regulation solutions for decision-making algorithms, AI, and robot-ics could misinterpret legal and ethical challenges as unrelated, which is no longer accurate in today's systems. Algorithms, hardware, software, and data are always part of AI and autonomous systems. To regulate ahead of time is difficult for any kind of industry. Although AI technologies are evolving rapidly, they are still in the development stages. A global AI governance system must be flexible enough to accommodate cultural differences and bridge gaps across different national legal systems. While there are many approaches we can take to design a governance structure for AI, one option is to take inspiration from the development and evolution of governance structures that act on the Internet environment. Thus, here we discuss different issues associated with gov-ernance of AI systems, and introduce a conceptual framework for thinking about governance for AI, autonomous systems, and algorithmic decision-making processes. The Nature of AI Although AI-based applications are increasingly adopted in hospitals, courtrooms, schools, at home, and on the road to support (and in some instances, even guide) human decision-making,
4 Thus, although proposing institutional changes, and arguing that institutions matter, the paper... more 4 Thus, although proposing institutional changes, and arguing that institutions matter, the paper acknowledges that the options of change are restrained by (a) the current division of competencies among the Union and various national authorities, and (b) the present structure for intelligence cooperation. This argument borrows from the modified new institutionalist framework for understanding the origins and evolution of security agencies presented by Amy Zegart. In her excellent study, she argues that an agency's evolution can be explained principally by its initial structure, and to a lesser extent by the ongoing interests of relevant political actors and exogenous events. Applied to the subject of this study, the changes in the objective threats against European security interests come in third place, when it comes to initiating and designing institutional changes, i.e. modifications in the structure of intelligence cooperation. See Amy B. Zegart, Flawed by Design: the evolution of the CIA, JCS, and NSC (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1999).
Journal of business continuity & emergency planning, 2016
Large, complex, multi-stakeholder exercises are the culmination of years of gradual progression t... more Large, complex, multi-stakeholder exercises are the culmination of years of gradual progression through a comprehensive training and exercise programme. Exercises intended to validate training, refine procedures and test processes initially tested in isolation are combined to ensure seamless response and coordination during actual crises. The challenges of integrating timely and accurate situational awareness from an array of sources, including response agencies, municipal departments, partner agencies and the public, on an ever-growing range of media platforms, increase information management complexity in emergencies. Considering that many municipal emergency operations centre roles are filled by staff whose day jobs have little to do with crisis management, there is a need to simplify emergency management and make it more intuitive. North Shore Emergency Management has accepted the challenge of making emergency management less onerous to occasional practitioners through a series ...
Analecta Husserliana, 2006
If every event is an appearing, then every perception o ff oreign experience (most radically char... more If every event is an appearing, then every perception o ff oreign experience (most radically characterized in terms of absolute infinity) marks the event of a (hidden) appearance: what appears as ‘‘foreign’’ appears only to the extent to which foreign phenomena show themselves.1 Even the most radical characterizations of foreign experience, therefore, can be associated with the origin of Greek
This IQP's objectives were to investigate the bothersome nature of performing and listening to mu... more This IQP's objectives were to investigate the bothersome nature of performing and listening to music in Spaulding Recital Hall and to suggest improvements and areas of further study. This research was conducted through impulse response testing, resonance testing and computer simulations. The objectives were met and recommendations were made to install a resonant-cavity absorber designed to control modes that existed near 250 Hz and 500 Hz whose surface would provide adequate diffusion and proper absorption for all frequencies.
Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology in Dialogue, 2000
AI-based systems are "black boxes," resulting in massive information asymmetries between the deve... more AI-based systems are "black boxes," resulting in massive information asymmetries between the developers of such systems and consumers and policymakers. In order to bridge this information gap, this article proposes a conceptual framework for thinking about governance for AI. M any sectors of society rapidly adopt digital technologies and big data, resulting in the quiet and often seamless integration of AI, autonomous systems, and algorith-mic decision-making into billions of human lives. 1,2 AI and algorithmic systems already guide a vast array of decisions in both private and public sectors. For example, private global platforms, such as Google and Facebook, use AI-based filtering algorithms to control access to information. AI algorithms that control self-driving cars must decide on how to weigh the safety of passengers and pedestrians. 3 Various applications, including security and safety decision-making systems, rely heavily on AI-based face recognition algorithms. And a recent study from Stanford University describes an AI algorithm that can deduce the sexuality of people on a dating site with up to 91 percent accuracy. 4 Voicing alarm at the capabilities of AI evidenced within this study, and as AI technologies move toward broader adoption, some voices in society have expressed concern about the unintended consequences and potential downsides of widespread use of these technologies. To ensure transparency, accountability, and explainability for the AI ecosystem, our governments , civil society, the private sector, and academia must be at the table to discuss gover-nance mechanisms that minimize the risks and possible downsides of AI and autonomous systems while harnessing the full potential of this technology. 5 Yet the process of designing a gov-ernance ecosystem for AI, autonomous systems, and algorithms is complex for several reasons. As researchers at the University of Oxford point out, 3 separate regulation solutions for decision-making algorithms, AI, and robot-ics could misinterpret legal and ethical challenges as unrelated, which is no longer accurate in today's systems. Algorithms, hardware, software, and data are always part of AI and autonomous systems. To regulate ahead of time is difficult for any kind of industry. Although AI technologies are evolving rapidly, they are still in the development stages. A global AI governance system must be flexible enough to accommodate cultural differences and bridge gaps across different national legal systems. While there are many approaches we can take to design a governance structure for AI, one option is to take inspiration from the development and evolution of governance structures that act on the Internet environment. Thus, here we discuss different issues associated with gov-ernance of AI systems, and introduce a conceptual framework for thinking about governance for AI, autonomous systems, and algorithmic decision-making processes. The Nature of AI Although AI-based applications are increasingly adopted in hospitals, courtrooms, schools, at home, and on the road to support (and in some instances, even guide) human decision-making,
4 Thus, although proposing institutional changes, and arguing that institutions matter, the paper... more 4 Thus, although proposing institutional changes, and arguing that institutions matter, the paper acknowledges that the options of change are restrained by (a) the current division of competencies among the Union and various national authorities, and (b) the present structure for intelligence cooperation. This argument borrows from the modified new institutionalist framework for understanding the origins and evolution of security agencies presented by Amy Zegart. In her excellent study, she argues that an agency's evolution can be explained principally by its initial structure, and to a lesser extent by the ongoing interests of relevant political actors and exogenous events. Applied to the subject of this study, the changes in the objective threats against European security interests come in third place, when it comes to initiating and designing institutional changes, i.e. modifications in the structure of intelligence cooperation. See Amy B. Zegart, Flawed by Design: the evolution of the CIA, JCS, and NSC (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1999).
Journal of business continuity & emergency planning, 2016
Large, complex, multi-stakeholder exercises are the culmination of years of gradual progression t... more Large, complex, multi-stakeholder exercises are the culmination of years of gradual progression through a comprehensive training and exercise programme. Exercises intended to validate training, refine procedures and test processes initially tested in isolation are combined to ensure seamless response and coordination during actual crises. The challenges of integrating timely and accurate situational awareness from an array of sources, including response agencies, municipal departments, partner agencies and the public, on an ever-growing range of media platforms, increase information management complexity in emergencies. Considering that many municipal emergency operations centre roles are filled by staff whose day jobs have little to do with crisis management, there is a need to simplify emergency management and make it more intuitive. North Shore Emergency Management has accepted the challenge of making emergency management less onerous to occasional practitioners through a series ...
Analecta Husserliana, 2006
If every event is an appearing, then every perception o ff oreign experience (most radically char... more If every event is an appearing, then every perception o ff oreign experience (most radically characterized in terms of absolute infinity) marks the event of a (hidden) appearance: what appears as ‘‘foreign’’ appears only to the extent to which foreign phenomena show themselves.1 Even the most radical characterizations of foreign experience, therefore, can be associated with the origin of Greek
This IQP's objectives were to investigate the bothersome nature of performing and listening to mu... more This IQP's objectives were to investigate the bothersome nature of performing and listening to music in Spaulding Recital Hall and to suggest improvements and areas of further study. This research was conducted through impulse response testing, resonance testing and computer simulations. The objectives were met and recommendations were made to install a resonant-cavity absorber designed to control modes that existed near 250 Hz and 500 Hz whose surface would provide adequate diffusion and proper absorption for all frequencies.
Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology in Dialogue, 2000