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We report here that interleukin (IL)-13 protects BALB/c mice from myocarditis, whether induced by... more We report here that interleukin (IL)-13 protects BALB/c mice from myocarditis, whether induced by peptide immunization or by viral infection. In contrast to mild disease in IL-4 knockout (KO) BALB/c mice, IL-13 KO BALB/c mice developed severe cox-sackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced autoimmune myocar-ditis and myocarditogenic peptide-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Such severe disease was characterized by increased cardiac inflammation, increased total intracardiac CD45 leukocytes, elevated anti-cardiac myosin autoantibodies, and increased cardiac fibrosis. Echocardiography revealed that IL-13 KO mice developed severe dilated cardio-myopathy with impaired cardiac function and heart failure. Hearts of IL-13 KO mice had increased levels of the proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines IL-1, IL-18, interferon-, transforming growth factor-1, and IL-4 as well as histamine. The hallmark of the disease in IL-13 KO mice was the up-regulation of T-cell responses. CD4 T cells were increased in IL-13 KO hearts both proportionally and in absolute number. Splenic T cells from IL-13 KO mice were highly activated, and myosin stimulation additionally increased T-cell proliferation. CD4 CD25 Foxp3 regulatory T-cell numbers were decreased in the spleens of IL-13 KO mice. IL-13 deficiency led to decreased levels of alternatively activated CD206 and CD204 macrophages and increased levels of classically activated macrophages. IL-13 KO mice had increased caspase-1 activation, leading to increased production of both IL-1 and IL-18. Therefore, IL-13 protects against myocarditis by modulating monocyte/macrophage populations and by regulating their function. (Am J
Journal of Environmental Management, 2013
Keywords: decision support system, climate change, spatial simulation, spatial evapotranspiration... more Keywords: decision support system, climate change, spatial simulation, spatial evapotranspiration, yield estimation, expert knowledge, interaction between sectoral models, interactive control by the user
We report here that interleukin (IL)-13 protects BALB/c mice from myocarditis, whether induced by... more We report here that interleukin (IL)-13 protects BALB/c mice from myocarditis, whether induced by peptide immunization or by viral infection. In contrast to mild disease in IL-4 knockout (KO) BALB/c mice, IL-13 KO BALB/c mice developed severe cox-sackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced autoimmune myocar-ditis and myocarditogenic peptide-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Such severe disease was characterized by increased cardiac inflammation, increased total intracardiac CD45 leukocytes, elevated anti-cardiac myosin autoantibodies, and increased cardiac fibrosis. Echocardiography revealed that IL-13 KO mice developed severe dilated cardio-myopathy with impaired cardiac function and heart failure. Hearts of IL-13 KO mice had increased levels of the proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines IL-1, IL-18, interferon-, transforming growth factor-1, and IL-4 as well as histamine. The hallmark of the disease in IL-13 KO mice was the up-regulation of T-cell responses. CD4 T cells were increased in IL-13 KO hearts both proportionally and in absolute number. Splenic T cells from IL-13 KO mice were highly activated, and myosin stimulation additionally increased T-cell proliferation. CD4 CD25 Foxp3 regulatory T-cell numbers were decreased in the spleens of IL-13 KO mice. IL-13 deficiency led to decreased levels of alternatively activated CD206 and CD204 macrophages and increased levels of classically activated macrophages. IL-13 KO mice had increased caspase-1 activation, leading to increased production of both IL-1 and IL-18. Therefore, IL-13 protects against myocarditis by modulating monocyte/macrophage populations and by regulating their function. (Am J
Journal of Environmental Management, 2013
Keywords: decision support system, climate change, spatial simulation, spatial evapotranspiration... more Keywords: decision support system, climate change, spatial simulation, spatial evapotranspiration, yield estimation, expert knowledge, interaction between sectoral models, interactive control by the user