Michael Campos - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Michael Campos

Research paper thumbnail of Mental Health Need and Substance Abuse Problem Risk: Acculturation Among Latinas as a Protective Factor Among CalWORKs Applicants and Recipients

Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2008

Recipients of welfare benefits have elevated rates of mental health and substance-related problem... more Recipients of welfare benefits have elevated rates of mental health and substance-related problems relative to the general public; however, low acculturation among Latinos may be a protective factor for both conditions. Lower acculturation among Latinos is associated with lower levels of mental health and substance-related problems relative to highly acculturated individuals. To our knowledge, there are few published studies examining the potential protective effects of low acculturation, defined herein as Spanish language preference, among Latina participants in welfare programs. Screening and treatment of mental health and substance-related problems in this population are important because work requirements for benefits receipt have been implemented and mental health or substance-related problems may be barriers to meeting these requirements. This analysis assesses the prevalence of mental health and substance-related problems among female participants in California's response to 1990s federal welfare reform legislation--the California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs). Although mental health needs may be similar among CalWORKs recipients regardless of acculturation, substance-related problems may be less frequent among Spanish-speaking Latinas participating in the CalWORKs program. Low acculturation was not a significant predictor of mental health need but had a protective effect with regard to substance-problem risk after controlling for several other substance-problem risk variables.

Research paper thumbnail of Social and behavioral problems among five gambling severity groups

Psychiatry Research, 2015

Gambling has been associated with various social and behavioral problems, but previous analyses h... more Gambling has been associated with various social and behavioral problems, but previous analyses have been limited by sample bias regarding gambling symptom severity range and the role of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). This study utilized a nationally representative data set and examined various characteristics of behavioral problems and ASPD among five gambling severity groups. Participants were 42,038 individuals who took part in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) and provided information on social and behavioral problems, ASPD, and gambling. Using DSM-IV criteria, we derived five gambling groups from the total sample: non-gambling, low-risk, at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling. Associations between all problematic behaviors and nearly every gambling severity level were significant prior to adjustment for sociodemographic variables and ASPD. Following the adjustment, all significant associations persisted, with the exception of sexual coercion. In the adjusted model, the financially oriented behaviors had the strongest associations with gambling. All gambling severity levels were associated with an increased risk for a number of problematic behaviors and social problems in comparison to non-gamblers.Further examination of gambling problems in financial and criminal justice settings is recommended.

Research paper thumbnail of A Longitudinal Examination of Depression Among Gambling Inpatients

Journal of Gambling Studies, 2014

Problem and pathological gamblers demonstrate high levels of depression, which may be related to ... more Problem and pathological gamblers demonstrate high levels of depression, which may be related to coping styles, reactive emotional states, and/or genetics (Potenza et al., Arch Gen Psychiat 62(9):1015-1021, 2005; Getty et al., J Gambl Stud 16(4):377-391, 2000). Although depression impacts treatment outcomes (Morefield et al., Int J Men Healt Addict 12(3):367-379, 2013), research regarding depression among gamblers in residential treatment is particularly limited. This study attempts to address this deficit by examining the course of depressive symptoms among clients at a residential gambling program in the Western United States. Forty-four adults were administered a weekly measure of depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II, BDI-II) for eight consecutive weeks. Levels of depression were classified into three groups based on standard scoring criteria for the BDI-II: no/minimal, mild/moderate, and severe depression. Results from a mixed-model analysis indicated a main effect for group and time, as well as an interaction between group and time. Examination of the slopes for the rate of change for the three depression groups indicated no change in the non-depressed group and a decrease in depression scores over time for both the mild/moderate and severely depressed groups. The slopes for the two symptomatic depression groups were not significantly different, indicating a similar rate of change. We speculate that reductions in depression symptoms may be related to feelings of self-efficacy, environmental containment/stabilization, and therapeutic effects of treatment. These results help to illuminate the role of significant processes in residential treatment, including initial stabilization, insight, self-efficacy, and termination.

Research paper thumbnail of Do cultural and linguistic competence matter in Latinos' completion of mandated substance abuse treatment?

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2012

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that culturally and linguistically responsive programs m... more Background: Increasing evidence suggests that culturally and linguistically responsive programs may improve substance abuse treatment outcomes among Latinos. However, little is known about whether individual practices or culturally and linguistically responsive contexts support efforts by first-time Latino clients to successfully complete mandated treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act: Client Characteristics, Treatment Completion and Re-Offending Three Years After Implementation

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Problem Gambling Knowledge and Perceived Community Impact Among Asian-Pacific Islanders and Non Asian-Pacific Islanders

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 2010

Background Emerging data suggest that problem/pathological gambling may be highly prevalent among... more Background Emerging data suggest that problem/pathological gambling may be highly prevalent among Asian-Pacific Islanders (APIs) and that can be a major concern to their communities. Methods This study surveyed problem/pathological gambling knowledge, attitudes, and perceived community impact of problem gambling among self-identified male and female APIs and non-APIs attending one of two API community events in Los Angeles County. Results Unexpectedly, our results indicated no effect for ethnicity with regards to ratings of problem/pathological gambling knowledge, community impact, or consequences. However, a gender effect with women reporting less problem/pathological-gamblingrelated knowledge than men, regardless of ethnicity was found. Over 40% of all respondents reported that problem/ pathological gambling impacted their communities 'a lot', and the ratings for the impact of problem/pathological gambling was equal to ratings for other significant public health issues like diabetes, depression, drug abuse, and alcohol abuse. Discussion Based on these results, it is recommended that evidence-based legislation support the development of culturally-relevant prevention and intervention programs for problem/pathological gambling in Los Angeles County.

Research paper thumbnail of Problem and Pathological Gambling in a Sample of Casino Patrons

Journal of Gambling Studies, 2011

Relatively few studies have examined gambling problems among individuals in a casino setting. The... more Relatively few studies have examined gambling problems among individuals in a casino setting. The current study sought to examine the prevalence of gambling problems among a sample of casino patrons and examine alcohol and tobacco use, health status, and quality of life by gambling problem status. To these ends, 176 casino patrons were recruited by going to a Southern California casino and requesting that they complete an anonymous survey. Results indicated the following lifetime rates for at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling: 29.2, 10.7, and 29.8%. Differences were found with regards to gambling behavior, and results indicated higher rates of smoking among individuals with gambling problems, but not higher rates of alcohol use. Self-rated quality of life was lower among pathological gamblers relative to non-problem gamblers, but did not differ from atrisk or problem gamblers. Although subject to some limitations, our data support the notion of higher frequency of gambling problems among casino patrons and may suggest the need for increased interventions for gambling problems on-site at casinos.

Research paper thumbnail of Mental Health Need and Substance Abuse Problem Risk: Acculturation Among Latinas as a Protective Factor Among CalWORKs Applicants and Recipients

Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2008

Recipients of welfare benefits have elevated rates of mental health and substance-related problem... more Recipients of welfare benefits have elevated rates of mental health and substance-related problems relative to the general public; however, low acculturation among Latinos may be a protective factor for both conditions. Lower acculturation among Latinos is associated with lower levels of mental health and substance-related problems relative to highly acculturated individuals. To our knowledge, there are few published studies examining the potential protective effects of low acculturation, defined herein as Spanish language preference, among Latina participants in welfare programs. Screening and treatment of mental health and substance-related problems in this population are important because work requirements for benefits receipt have been implemented and mental health or substance-related problems may be barriers to meeting these requirements. This analysis assesses the prevalence of mental health and substance-related problems among female participants in California's response to 1990s federal welfare reform legislation--the California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs). Although mental health needs may be similar among CalWORKs recipients regardless of acculturation, substance-related problems may be less frequent among Spanish-speaking Latinas participating in the CalWORKs program. Low acculturation was not a significant predictor of mental health need but had a protective effect with regard to substance-problem risk after controlling for several other substance-problem risk variables.

Research paper thumbnail of Gambling in the Iranian-American Community and an Assessment of Motives: A Case Study

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2012

Nearly half a million United States residents identify themselves as being of Iranian origin, and... more Nearly half a million United States residents identify themselves as being of Iranian origin, and many in this population are of high socioeconomic status. Although games of chance have been a notable part of Iranian culture for thousands of years, there is almost no research exploring gambling in this population. The objective of this case study is to explore gambling pathology, gambling behavior, and gambling motives among Iranian-Americans using a convenience sample (N0182) at a September 2010 Iranian festival in Southern California. Of this sample, 20% (n037) and 7% (n013) screened positive for problem and pathological gambling, respectively. According to the Gambling Motives Questionnaire, enhancement was the preferred motive for gambling ("because you like the feeling, because it's exciting, to get a high feeling, because it's fun, because it makes you feel good"). Pathological gamblers showed a considerable difference in subscale scores between enhancement and either coping or social motives, and problem gamblers showed a considerable difference between enhancement and coping motives. Possible explanations for the higher prevalence of gambling disorders in this sample are discussed. Our results support the notion that underlying cultural factors play a role in the development of gambling disorders.

Research paper thumbnail of Contributing factors to depressed mood in multiple sclerosis

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2002

By applying the behavioral theory of An integrative theory of depression. In: S. Reiss, & R. R. B... more By applying the behavioral theory of An integrative theory of depression. In: S. Reiss, & R. R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 331-359). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.] to Multiple Sclerosis (MS), it was hypothesized that physical disability, fatigue, and psychosocial dysfunction would be significantly predictive of depressed mood in MS patients. Seventy-six MS patients completed the following measures: the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), and the mood subscale from the Chicago Multiscale Depression Inventory (CMDI). Structural equation modeling revealed that physical disability and fatigue were indirectly predictive of depressed mood via their effects on recreational functioning. Fatigue also had a direct effect on mood. If reductions in recreational activities actually cause decrements in mood, depressed mood in MS may be treatable by helping patients identify recreational activities that they can enjoy regardless of physical or fatigue-related difficulties. D

Research paper thumbnail of How transparent is behavioral intervention research on pathological gambling and other gambling-related disorders? A systematic literature review

Addiction, 2012

To review the transparency of reports of behavioral interventions for pathological gambling and o... more To review the transparency of reports of behavioral interventions for pathological gambling and other gambling-related disorders. Methods We used the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) Statement to develop the 59-question Adapted TREND Questionnaire (ATQ). Each ATQ question corresponds to a transparency guideline and asks how clearly a study reports its objectives, research design, analytical methods and conclusions. A subset of 23 ATQ questions is considered particularly important. We searched PubMed, PsychINFO and Web of Science to identify experimental evaluations published between 2000 and 2011 aiming to reduce problem gambling behaviors or decrease problems caused by gambling. Twenty-six English-language reports met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed by three abstractors using the ATQ. Results The average report adhered to 38.4 (65.1%) of the 59 ATQ transparency guidelines. Each of the 59 ATQ questions received positive responses from an average of 16.9 (63.8%) of the reports. The subset of 23 particularly relevant questions received an average of 15.3 (66.5%) positive responses. Thirty-two of 59 (54%) ATQ questions were answered positively by 75% or more of the study reports, while 12 (20.3%) received positive responses by 25% or fewer. Publication year did not affect these findings. Conclusions Gambling intervention reports need to improve their transparency by adhering to currently neglected and particularly relevant guidelines. Among them are recommendations for comparing study participants who are lost to follow-up and those who are retained, comparing study participants with the target population, describing methods used to minimize potential bias due to group assignment, and reporting adverse events or unintended effects.

Research paper thumbnail of Reducing Substance Use in Prison: The California Department of Corrections Drug Reduction Strategy Project

The Prison Journal, 2004

... DOI: 10.1177/0032885504265485 2004 84: 265 The Prison Journal Michael L. Prendergast,Michael ... more ... DOI: 10.1177/0032885504265485 2004 84: 265 The Prison Journal Michael L. Prendergast,Michael Campos, David Farabee, William K. Evans and Julian Martinez ... MICHAEL L. PRENDERGAST MICHAEL CAMPOS DAVID FARABEE University of California, Los Angeles ...

Research paper thumbnail of Mental Health Need and Substance Abuse Problem Risk: Acculturation Among Latinas as a Protective Factor Among CalWORKs Applicants and Recipients

Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2008

Recipients of welfare benefits have elevated rates of mental health and substance-related problem... more Recipients of welfare benefits have elevated rates of mental health and substance-related problems relative to the general public; however, low acculturation among Latinos may be a protective factor for both conditions. Lower acculturation among Latinos is associated with lower levels of mental health and substance-related problems relative to highly acculturated individuals. To our knowledge, there are few published studies examining the potential protective effects of low acculturation, defined herein as Spanish language preference, among Latina participants in welfare programs. Screening and treatment of mental health and substance-related problems in this population are important because work requirements for benefits receipt have been implemented and mental health or substance-related problems may be barriers to meeting these requirements. This analysis assesses the prevalence of mental health and substance-related problems among female participants in California's response to 1990s federal welfare reform legislation--the California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs). Although mental health needs may be similar among CalWORKs recipients regardless of acculturation, substance-related problems may be less frequent among Spanish-speaking Latinas participating in the CalWORKs program. Low acculturation was not a significant predictor of mental health need but had a protective effect with regard to substance-problem risk after controlling for several other substance-problem risk variables.

Research paper thumbnail of Social and behavioral problems among five gambling severity groups

Psychiatry Research, 2015

Gambling has been associated with various social and behavioral problems, but previous analyses h... more Gambling has been associated with various social and behavioral problems, but previous analyses have been limited by sample bias regarding gambling symptom severity range and the role of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). This study utilized a nationally representative data set and examined various characteristics of behavioral problems and ASPD among five gambling severity groups. Participants were 42,038 individuals who took part in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) and provided information on social and behavioral problems, ASPD, and gambling. Using DSM-IV criteria, we derived five gambling groups from the total sample: non-gambling, low-risk, at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling. Associations between all problematic behaviors and nearly every gambling severity level were significant prior to adjustment for sociodemographic variables and ASPD. Following the adjustment, all significant associations persisted, with the exception of sexual coercion. In the adjusted model, the financially oriented behaviors had the strongest associations with gambling. All gambling severity levels were associated with an increased risk for a number of problematic behaviors and social problems in comparison to non-gamblers.Further examination of gambling problems in financial and criminal justice settings is recommended.

Research paper thumbnail of A Longitudinal Examination of Depression Among Gambling Inpatients

Journal of Gambling Studies, 2014

Problem and pathological gamblers demonstrate high levels of depression, which may be related to ... more Problem and pathological gamblers demonstrate high levels of depression, which may be related to coping styles, reactive emotional states, and/or genetics (Potenza et al., Arch Gen Psychiat 62(9):1015-1021, 2005; Getty et al., J Gambl Stud 16(4):377-391, 2000). Although depression impacts treatment outcomes (Morefield et al., Int J Men Healt Addict 12(3):367-379, 2013), research regarding depression among gamblers in residential treatment is particularly limited. This study attempts to address this deficit by examining the course of depressive symptoms among clients at a residential gambling program in the Western United States. Forty-four adults were administered a weekly measure of depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II, BDI-II) for eight consecutive weeks. Levels of depression were classified into three groups based on standard scoring criteria for the BDI-II: no/minimal, mild/moderate, and severe depression. Results from a mixed-model analysis indicated a main effect for group and time, as well as an interaction between group and time. Examination of the slopes for the rate of change for the three depression groups indicated no change in the non-depressed group and a decrease in depression scores over time for both the mild/moderate and severely depressed groups. The slopes for the two symptomatic depression groups were not significantly different, indicating a similar rate of change. We speculate that reductions in depression symptoms may be related to feelings of self-efficacy, environmental containment/stabilization, and therapeutic effects of treatment. These results help to illuminate the role of significant processes in residential treatment, including initial stabilization, insight, self-efficacy, and termination.

Research paper thumbnail of Do cultural and linguistic competence matter in Latinos' completion of mandated substance abuse treatment?

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2012

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that culturally and linguistically responsive programs m... more Background: Increasing evidence suggests that culturally and linguistically responsive programs may improve substance abuse treatment outcomes among Latinos. However, little is known about whether individual practices or culturally and linguistically responsive contexts support efforts by first-time Latino clients to successfully complete mandated treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act: Client Characteristics, Treatment Completion and Re-Offending Three Years After Implementation

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2006

Research paper thumbnail of Problem Gambling Knowledge and Perceived Community Impact Among Asian-Pacific Islanders and Non Asian-Pacific Islanders

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 2010

Background Emerging data suggest that problem/pathological gambling may be highly prevalent among... more Background Emerging data suggest that problem/pathological gambling may be highly prevalent among Asian-Pacific Islanders (APIs) and that can be a major concern to their communities. Methods This study surveyed problem/pathological gambling knowledge, attitudes, and perceived community impact of problem gambling among self-identified male and female APIs and non-APIs attending one of two API community events in Los Angeles County. Results Unexpectedly, our results indicated no effect for ethnicity with regards to ratings of problem/pathological gambling knowledge, community impact, or consequences. However, a gender effect with women reporting less problem/pathological-gamblingrelated knowledge than men, regardless of ethnicity was found. Over 40% of all respondents reported that problem/ pathological gambling impacted their communities 'a lot', and the ratings for the impact of problem/pathological gambling was equal to ratings for other significant public health issues like diabetes, depression, drug abuse, and alcohol abuse. Discussion Based on these results, it is recommended that evidence-based legislation support the development of culturally-relevant prevention and intervention programs for problem/pathological gambling in Los Angeles County.

Research paper thumbnail of Problem and Pathological Gambling in a Sample of Casino Patrons

Journal of Gambling Studies, 2011

Relatively few studies have examined gambling problems among individuals in a casino setting. The... more Relatively few studies have examined gambling problems among individuals in a casino setting. The current study sought to examine the prevalence of gambling problems among a sample of casino patrons and examine alcohol and tobacco use, health status, and quality of life by gambling problem status. To these ends, 176 casino patrons were recruited by going to a Southern California casino and requesting that they complete an anonymous survey. Results indicated the following lifetime rates for at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling: 29.2, 10.7, and 29.8%. Differences were found with regards to gambling behavior, and results indicated higher rates of smoking among individuals with gambling problems, but not higher rates of alcohol use. Self-rated quality of life was lower among pathological gamblers relative to non-problem gamblers, but did not differ from atrisk or problem gamblers. Although subject to some limitations, our data support the notion of higher frequency of gambling problems among casino patrons and may suggest the need for increased interventions for gambling problems on-site at casinos.

Research paper thumbnail of Mental Health Need and Substance Abuse Problem Risk: Acculturation Among Latinas as a Protective Factor Among CalWORKs Applicants and Recipients

Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2008

Recipients of welfare benefits have elevated rates of mental health and substance-related problem... more Recipients of welfare benefits have elevated rates of mental health and substance-related problems relative to the general public; however, low acculturation among Latinos may be a protective factor for both conditions. Lower acculturation among Latinos is associated with lower levels of mental health and substance-related problems relative to highly acculturated individuals. To our knowledge, there are few published studies examining the potential protective effects of low acculturation, defined herein as Spanish language preference, among Latina participants in welfare programs. Screening and treatment of mental health and substance-related problems in this population are important because work requirements for benefits receipt have been implemented and mental health or substance-related problems may be barriers to meeting these requirements. This analysis assesses the prevalence of mental health and substance-related problems among female participants in California's response to 1990s federal welfare reform legislation--the California Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs). Although mental health needs may be similar among CalWORKs recipients regardless of acculturation, substance-related problems may be less frequent among Spanish-speaking Latinas participating in the CalWORKs program. Low acculturation was not a significant predictor of mental health need but had a protective effect with regard to substance-problem risk after controlling for several other substance-problem risk variables.

Research paper thumbnail of Gambling in the Iranian-American Community and an Assessment of Motives: A Case Study

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2012

Nearly half a million United States residents identify themselves as being of Iranian origin, and... more Nearly half a million United States residents identify themselves as being of Iranian origin, and many in this population are of high socioeconomic status. Although games of chance have been a notable part of Iranian culture for thousands of years, there is almost no research exploring gambling in this population. The objective of this case study is to explore gambling pathology, gambling behavior, and gambling motives among Iranian-Americans using a convenience sample (N0182) at a September 2010 Iranian festival in Southern California. Of this sample, 20% (n037) and 7% (n013) screened positive for problem and pathological gambling, respectively. According to the Gambling Motives Questionnaire, enhancement was the preferred motive for gambling ("because you like the feeling, because it's exciting, to get a high feeling, because it's fun, because it makes you feel good"). Pathological gamblers showed a considerable difference in subscale scores between enhancement and either coping or social motives, and problem gamblers showed a considerable difference between enhancement and coping motives. Possible explanations for the higher prevalence of gambling disorders in this sample are discussed. Our results support the notion that underlying cultural factors play a role in the development of gambling disorders.

Research paper thumbnail of Contributing factors to depressed mood in multiple sclerosis

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2002

By applying the behavioral theory of An integrative theory of depression. In: S. Reiss, & R. R. B... more By applying the behavioral theory of An integrative theory of depression. In: S. Reiss, & R. R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 331-359). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.] to Multiple Sclerosis (MS), it was hypothesized that physical disability, fatigue, and psychosocial dysfunction would be significantly predictive of depressed mood in MS patients. Seventy-six MS patients completed the following measures: the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), and the mood subscale from the Chicago Multiscale Depression Inventory (CMDI). Structural equation modeling revealed that physical disability and fatigue were indirectly predictive of depressed mood via their effects on recreational functioning. Fatigue also had a direct effect on mood. If reductions in recreational activities actually cause decrements in mood, depressed mood in MS may be treatable by helping patients identify recreational activities that they can enjoy regardless of physical or fatigue-related difficulties. D

Research paper thumbnail of How transparent is behavioral intervention research on pathological gambling and other gambling-related disorders? A systematic literature review

Addiction, 2012

To review the transparency of reports of behavioral interventions for pathological gambling and o... more To review the transparency of reports of behavioral interventions for pathological gambling and other gambling-related disorders. Methods We used the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) Statement to develop the 59-question Adapted TREND Questionnaire (ATQ). Each ATQ question corresponds to a transparency guideline and asks how clearly a study reports its objectives, research design, analytical methods and conclusions. A subset of 23 ATQ questions is considered particularly important. We searched PubMed, PsychINFO and Web of Science to identify experimental evaluations published between 2000 and 2011 aiming to reduce problem gambling behaviors or decrease problems caused by gambling. Twenty-six English-language reports met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed by three abstractors using the ATQ. Results The average report adhered to 38.4 (65.1%) of the 59 ATQ transparency guidelines. Each of the 59 ATQ questions received positive responses from an average of 16.9 (63.8%) of the reports. The subset of 23 particularly relevant questions received an average of 15.3 (66.5%) positive responses. Thirty-two of 59 (54%) ATQ questions were answered positively by 75% or more of the study reports, while 12 (20.3%) received positive responses by 25% or fewer. Publication year did not affect these findings. Conclusions Gambling intervention reports need to improve their transparency by adhering to currently neglected and particularly relevant guidelines. Among them are recommendations for comparing study participants who are lost to follow-up and those who are retained, comparing study participants with the target population, describing methods used to minimize potential bias due to group assignment, and reporting adverse events or unintended effects.

Research paper thumbnail of Reducing Substance Use in Prison: The California Department of Corrections Drug Reduction Strategy Project

The Prison Journal, 2004

... DOI: 10.1177/0032885504265485 2004 84: 265 The Prison Journal Michael L. Prendergast,Michael ... more ... DOI: 10.1177/0032885504265485 2004 84: 265 The Prison Journal Michael L. Prendergast,Michael Campos, David Farabee, William K. Evans and Julian Martinez ... MICHAEL L. PRENDERGAST MICHAEL CAMPOS DAVID FARABEE University of California, Los Angeles ...