Michael Hopmeier - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Michael Hopmeier

UNCL UNCL UNCL SAR 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 33 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Jonathan Rich 19b. TELE... more UNCL UNCL UNCL SAR 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 33 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Jonathan Rich 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code} 508-233-4496 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.

Proceedings of SPIE, Aug 12, 2003

ABSTRACT We are all sadly familiar with the suicide bombings that have been occurring overseas--a... more ABSTRACT We are all sadly familiar with the suicide bombings that have been occurring overseas--and even closer to home, with the series of suicide attacks that occurred within the United States. These have so far been limited to perpetration by Muslim extremists who for the most part planned and executed their own attacks. This pattern has led to the creation of a "profile" for what we would expect a suicide attacker to be. However, as this mode of attack migrates toward the United States, this "profile," or signature, may alter. This paper discusses how some of these alterations may occur based on changes in modus operandi, and how they would manifest themselves in detectable forms within the Unites States.

2019 Third IEEE International Conference on Robotic Computing (IRC), Feb 1, 2019

Development in Practice, Oct 2, 2016

On 25 April 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal, causing huge damage. Many countries an... more On 25 April 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal, causing huge damage. Many countries and international organisations such as the United Nations started monitoring the situation and offered support to the Nepali government. This article raises points that must be examined by decision-makers before implementing delegations; these include cost effectiveness, whether it improves morale and resilience, international relations, and experience, and promotes good relationships between the two countries, and assisting their own citizens who were affected by the disaster. Le 25 avril 2015, un séisme de magnitude 7,8 a frappé le Népal, occasionnant d'immenses dégâts. De nombreux pays et organisations internationales comme les Nations Unies ont commencé à surveiller la situation et ont proposé un soutien au gouvernement népalais. Cet article soulève des aspects qui doivent être examinés par les décideurs avant de déployer des délégations ; notamment le bon rapport résultats/coûts, la question de savoir si elles améliorent le moral et la résilience, les relations internationales et l'expérience, et si elles favorisent de bonnes relations entre les deux pays, et viennent en aide à leurs propres citoyens touchés par la catastrophe. El 25 de abril de 2015 un terremoto de magnitud 7.8 sacudió Nepal, provocando enormes daños. Seguidamente, muchos países y organizaciones internacionales, como Naciones Unidas, empezaron a monitorear la situación, ofreciendo apoyo al gobierno nepalí. El presente artículo plantea ciertas cuestiones que deben ser revisadas por quienes son responsables de la toma de decisiones antes de enviar delegaciones, entre éstas, la relación costo eficacia, si efectivamente las delegaciones mejorarán el ánimo, la resiliencia y si promoverán buenas relaciones entre los dos países, así como las relaciones internacionales, el acervo de experiencias, además de ayudar a los ciudadanos de su propio país afectados por el desastre.

Springer eBooks, Apr 9, 2007

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Feb 1, 2005

The true threat of bioterrorism remains mysterious and elusive to the common citizen. It principa... more The true threat of bioterrorism remains mysterious and elusive to the common citizen. It principally has become the dominion of a few "experts", many of whom have limited apparent expertise, who have failed to effectively communicate the risks and realities to society, and have instead created an air of uncertainty surrounding the topic. Unlike the great classic deceptions of modern life (e.g., "the check is in the mail"), the misinformation and misperceptions associated with bioterrorism can be dangerous and are not merely humorous. Indeed, it is possible to grasp the facts as well as fallacies associated with bioterrorism, and, as a result, demystify this nightmare scenario and prepare for the "unthinkable".

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Apr 1, 2005

Introduction: A comparison of the number of applied treatments given to burn patients was conduct... more Introduction: A comparison of the number of applied treatments given to burn patients was conducted among patients with different numbers of hospital admissions prior to arrival at a specialized burn center. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed using data from 126 burn patients who had been hospitalized within 24 hours of injury at the Baskent University Burn Unit in Adana, Turkey, between April 2000 and June 2004. Subjects were divided into two groups: (1) those with no or one previous hospital admission (group 1, n = 64); and (2) those with two or more previous hospital admissions (group 2, n = 62) Results: Mean percentages of total body surface area burned in patients in groups 1 and 2 were 29.0% ±2.86% and 32.6% ±2.89%, respectively (/> = 0.37). Corresponding mortality rates were 17.2% and 16.1% (/> = 0.87). Conclusions: Patients transported to multiple centers on the first day following a burn require more operations for debridement and grafting, usually owing to the limited facilities for burn treatment in emergency units and the long distances traveled to specialized facilities. Burn patients transported directly to a dedicated burn unit may undergo specialized treatment earlier and, therefore, require fewer operations for debridement and grafting.

Health Physics, Jun 1, 2010

Radiation emergencies are rather new to humankind, as compared to other types of emergencies such... more Radiation emergencies are rather new to humankind, as compared to other types of emergencies such as earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes. Fortunately, they are rare, but because of that, planning for response to large-scale radiation emergencies is least understood. Along with the specific technical aspects of response to radiation emergencies, there are some general guiding principles of responding to mass casualty events of any nature, as identified by the World Health Organization in its 2007 manual for mass casualty management systems. The paper brings forward such general considerations as applicable to radiation mass casualty events, including (1) clear lines of communication; (2) scalability of approach; (3) whole-of-health approach; (4) knowledge based approach; and (5) multisectoral approach. Additionally, some key considerations of planning for mass casualty management systems are discussed, namely, health systems surge capacity and networking, risk and resources mapping, and others.

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Apr 1, 2005

s70 Abstracts-14th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine able. However, sanitation wa... more s70 Abstracts-14th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine able. However, sanitation was a problem, with a shortage of toilets and latrines. Because bottled water was distributed, water-borne diseases were not an issue. Some people complained that food and other relief goods were not distributed in a balanced way. Conclusions: Respiratory disease needs to be a primary concern, followed by psychological problems. More latrines should be made available. Recovery from the acute to the sub-acute phase was fairly good, with the exception of psychological stress. The probability of spreading infectious disease was low.

Proceedings of SPIE, Mar 28, 2002

ABSTRACT Hyperspectral (HS) imaging has been useful in the monitoring of several medical conditio... more ABSTRACT Hyperspectral (HS) imaging has been useful in the monitoring of several medical conditions, which to date have generally involved changes in skin oxygenation in isolated regions of interest such as skin flaps or small burns. Here, by contrast, we present a study in which HSI was used to assess the cutaneous manifestations of significant systemic events. HS imaging of the ventral surface of the lower jaw was used to monitor changes in skin oxygenation during hypovolemic shock induced by pulmonary contusion and hemorrhage in a porcine model, and to monitor the subsequent recovery of oxygenation following resuscitation. Changes are seen both quantitatively, in the level of skin oxygenation as determined by the fitting of reference hemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin spectra to sample spectra, and qualitatively, in the observed spatial distribution or pattern of oxygenation-related changes in the skin. Linear regression was used to correlate these changes with invasively obtained parameters to include mixed venous oxygen saturation and systemic arterial blood pressure. Historically, the assessment of skin color and mottling has been an important, albeit inexact, component of resuscitation algorithms. Now, it is possible to analyze these variables during shock and resuscitation in an objective manner. The clinical utility of these advances needs to be determined.

The proliferation of small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) has led to a security gap in the defens... more The proliferation of small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) has led to a security gap in the defense of strategic installations and at public events. One of the most proven and low-regret methods employed by Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems (CUASs) is entanglement of the hostile UAS in a net carried by a hunter UAS. Typically these hunter UASs are controlled by a human pilot. We employ a ground based RADAR system for tracking the target UAS and command the hunter UAS to follow the target UAS, using the Robot Operating System (ROS), the MAVLink protocol, and the PX4 autopilot. This system is fully autonomous, which reduces cost and response time when compared to human-in-the-loop systems. In addition, a novel cylindrical net design is presented. We demonstrate the system's effectiveness through field testing.

Computer Aided Surgery, 2001

Gerald Higgins, Ph.D., Washington DC Computer-Assisted Surgery Society; Brian Athey, Ph.D., Unive... more Gerald Higgins, Ph.D., Washington DC Computer-Assisted Surgery Society; Brian Athey, Ph.D., University of Michigan; James Bassingthwaighte, M.D., Ph.D., University of Washington; James Burgess, M.D., Inova Fairfax Hospital; Howard Champion, F.R.C.S. ( ...

Emergel'lCy management personnel at federal , stale, and local levels can benefit from th e incre... more Emergel'lCy management personnel at federal , stale, and local levels can benefit from th e increased situational awareness and operational efficiency afforded by simulation and modeling for emergency preparedness, including planning, training and exercises. To support this goal, the Depa rtment of Homeland Security 's Science & Technology Directorate is funding the Integrated Modeling, Mapping, and Simulation (IMMS) program to create an integrating framework that brings toge ther diverse models for use by the emergency response community. SUMMIT, one piece of the IMMS progra m, is the initial soltware fram ework that connects users such as emergency planners and e.ercise developers with modeling resources, bridging the gap in e.pertise and technical skills betwe en these two communities. SUMMIT was recently deployed to support exercise planning for National Level E.ercise 2010. Threat, casualty. in frastructure, and medical surge models were com bined within SUMMIT to estimate health care resource requirements for the e.ercise ground truth .

International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 2009

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries numerous threats have developed, matured and grown into wh... more Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries numerous threats have developed, matured and grown into what would be considered 'strategic' in nature. Few, however, have had as much impact on our government and its efforts at preparedness as the scourges of terrorism, nuclear war and conventional conflict. In addition, the economic costs for preparation and response to these threats have been great. Among other things, we have developed highly institutionalised and formalised processes for ensuring that these threats are identified, assessed, analysed and reanalysed within a highly complex, robust and multiredundant system to ensure that no single factor is missed and no possibility for preparation is overlooked. There remains a preeminent threat to this nation, one that during this same period of time has cost the USA almost 4.5 times as many lives (3.2 million) and nearly 7 times the expense ($4.7 trillion) as the terror, nuclear and conventional threats combined. This threat is infectious disease. This article discusses infectious diseases in comparison with other strategic threats facing our nation. This article discuss the process of creating a strategic plan which is both vital and well within our understanding and existing current processes to develop, similar to concepts applied in preparation for more conventional threats.

Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 2021

ABSTRACT This cooperative agreement covered a variety of tasks designed to enhance the economic a... more ABSTRACT This cooperative agreement covered a variety of tasks designed to enhance the economic and national security of the United States through identification and exploitation of technology maturation and transition opportunities. Due to its somewhat unusual and eclectic nature, it is not amenable to the traditional and conventional final report normally associated with a CA but instead will consist of a summary of the various major tasks performed under it.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014

The use of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer and emissions of CO, COâ, Oâ and unburned hydroc... more The use of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer and emissions of CO, COâ, Oâ and unburned hydrocarbons as surrogates for verification of hazardous-waste destruction removal efficiency (DRE) is discussed. These measurements were made in a pilot-scale firetube boiler facility and in a natural gas fired steam plant boiler. The data indicates that toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, and isopropanol are well-suited for destruction in a firetube boiler environment. Trichloroethylene and monochlorobenzene required auxillary fuel to maintain stable combustion. SF6 DRE was significantly lower than waste DREs for all runs. It also tracked waste DREs in most runs. Reduced waste and SF6 DREs were accompanied by lower emissions of COâ and by increased emissions of Oâ and total unburned hydrocarbons (TUHC). DREs tended to fall with increased CO concentration depicted by a few data points.

… Simulation & Education Conference (I/ITSEC …, 2010

... Todd Plantenga, Ernest Friedman-Hill Sandia National Laboratories1 PO Box 969, Livermore, CA ... more ... Todd Plantenga, Ernest Friedman-Hill Sandia National Laboratories1 PO Box 969, Livermore, CA 94550 tplante@sandia.gov, ejfried@sandia.gov ... The Department of Defense's High-Level Architecture (HLA) is a well-known contributor in this space (Kuhl, 1999). ...

UNCL UNCL UNCL SAR 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 33 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Jonathan Rich 19b. TELE... more UNCL UNCL UNCL SAR 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 33 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Jonathan Rich 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code} 508-233-4496 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.

Proceedings of SPIE, Aug 12, 2003

ABSTRACT We are all sadly familiar with the suicide bombings that have been occurring overseas--a... more ABSTRACT We are all sadly familiar with the suicide bombings that have been occurring overseas--and even closer to home, with the series of suicide attacks that occurred within the United States. These have so far been limited to perpetration by Muslim extremists who for the most part planned and executed their own attacks. This pattern has led to the creation of a "profile" for what we would expect a suicide attacker to be. However, as this mode of attack migrates toward the United States, this "profile," or signature, may alter. This paper discusses how some of these alterations may occur based on changes in modus operandi, and how they would manifest themselves in detectable forms within the Unites States.

2019 Third IEEE International Conference on Robotic Computing (IRC), Feb 1, 2019

Development in Practice, Oct 2, 2016

On 25 April 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal, causing huge damage. Many countries an... more On 25 April 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal, causing huge damage. Many countries and international organisations such as the United Nations started monitoring the situation and offered support to the Nepali government. This article raises points that must be examined by decision-makers before implementing delegations; these include cost effectiveness, whether it improves morale and resilience, international relations, and experience, and promotes good relationships between the two countries, and assisting their own citizens who were affected by the disaster. Le 25 avril 2015, un séisme de magnitude 7,8 a frappé le Népal, occasionnant d'immenses dégâts. De nombreux pays et organisations internationales comme les Nations Unies ont commencé à surveiller la situation et ont proposé un soutien au gouvernement népalais. Cet article soulève des aspects qui doivent être examinés par les décideurs avant de déployer des délégations ; notamment le bon rapport résultats/coûts, la question de savoir si elles améliorent le moral et la résilience, les relations internationales et l'expérience, et si elles favorisent de bonnes relations entre les deux pays, et viennent en aide à leurs propres citoyens touchés par la catastrophe. El 25 de abril de 2015 un terremoto de magnitud 7.8 sacudió Nepal, provocando enormes daños. Seguidamente, muchos países y organizaciones internacionales, como Naciones Unidas, empezaron a monitorear la situación, ofreciendo apoyo al gobierno nepalí. El presente artículo plantea ciertas cuestiones que deben ser revisadas por quienes son responsables de la toma de decisiones antes de enviar delegaciones, entre éstas, la relación costo eficacia, si efectivamente las delegaciones mejorarán el ánimo, la resiliencia y si promoverán buenas relaciones entre los dos países, así como las relaciones internacionales, el acervo de experiencias, además de ayudar a los ciudadanos de su propio país afectados por el desastre.

Springer eBooks, Apr 9, 2007

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Feb 1, 2005

The true threat of bioterrorism remains mysterious and elusive to the common citizen. It principa... more The true threat of bioterrorism remains mysterious and elusive to the common citizen. It principally has become the dominion of a few "experts", many of whom have limited apparent expertise, who have failed to effectively communicate the risks and realities to society, and have instead created an air of uncertainty surrounding the topic. Unlike the great classic deceptions of modern life (e.g., "the check is in the mail"), the misinformation and misperceptions associated with bioterrorism can be dangerous and are not merely humorous. Indeed, it is possible to grasp the facts as well as fallacies associated with bioterrorism, and, as a result, demystify this nightmare scenario and prepare for the "unthinkable".

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Apr 1, 2005

Introduction: A comparison of the number of applied treatments given to burn patients was conduct... more Introduction: A comparison of the number of applied treatments given to burn patients was conducted among patients with different numbers of hospital admissions prior to arrival at a specialized burn center. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed using data from 126 burn patients who had been hospitalized within 24 hours of injury at the Baskent University Burn Unit in Adana, Turkey, between April 2000 and June 2004. Subjects were divided into two groups: (1) those with no or one previous hospital admission (group 1, n = 64); and (2) those with two or more previous hospital admissions (group 2, n = 62) Results: Mean percentages of total body surface area burned in patients in groups 1 and 2 were 29.0% ±2.86% and 32.6% ±2.89%, respectively (/> = 0.37). Corresponding mortality rates were 17.2% and 16.1% (/> = 0.87). Conclusions: Patients transported to multiple centers on the first day following a burn require more operations for debridement and grafting, usually owing to the limited facilities for burn treatment in emergency units and the long distances traveled to specialized facilities. Burn patients transported directly to a dedicated burn unit may undergo specialized treatment earlier and, therefore, require fewer operations for debridement and grafting.

Health Physics, Jun 1, 2010

Radiation emergencies are rather new to humankind, as compared to other types of emergencies such... more Radiation emergencies are rather new to humankind, as compared to other types of emergencies such as earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes. Fortunately, they are rare, but because of that, planning for response to large-scale radiation emergencies is least understood. Along with the specific technical aspects of response to radiation emergencies, there are some general guiding principles of responding to mass casualty events of any nature, as identified by the World Health Organization in its 2007 manual for mass casualty management systems. The paper brings forward such general considerations as applicable to radiation mass casualty events, including (1) clear lines of communication; (2) scalability of approach; (3) whole-of-health approach; (4) knowledge based approach; and (5) multisectoral approach. Additionally, some key considerations of planning for mass casualty management systems are discussed, namely, health systems surge capacity and networking, risk and resources mapping, and others.

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Apr 1, 2005

s70 Abstracts-14th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine able. However, sanitation wa... more s70 Abstracts-14th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine able. However, sanitation was a problem, with a shortage of toilets and latrines. Because bottled water was distributed, water-borne diseases were not an issue. Some people complained that food and other relief goods were not distributed in a balanced way. Conclusions: Respiratory disease needs to be a primary concern, followed by psychological problems. More latrines should be made available. Recovery from the acute to the sub-acute phase was fairly good, with the exception of psychological stress. The probability of spreading infectious disease was low.

Proceedings of SPIE, Mar 28, 2002

ABSTRACT Hyperspectral (HS) imaging has been useful in the monitoring of several medical conditio... more ABSTRACT Hyperspectral (HS) imaging has been useful in the monitoring of several medical conditions, which to date have generally involved changes in skin oxygenation in isolated regions of interest such as skin flaps or small burns. Here, by contrast, we present a study in which HSI was used to assess the cutaneous manifestations of significant systemic events. HS imaging of the ventral surface of the lower jaw was used to monitor changes in skin oxygenation during hypovolemic shock induced by pulmonary contusion and hemorrhage in a porcine model, and to monitor the subsequent recovery of oxygenation following resuscitation. Changes are seen both quantitatively, in the level of skin oxygenation as determined by the fitting of reference hemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin spectra to sample spectra, and qualitatively, in the observed spatial distribution or pattern of oxygenation-related changes in the skin. Linear regression was used to correlate these changes with invasively obtained parameters to include mixed venous oxygen saturation and systemic arterial blood pressure. Historically, the assessment of skin color and mottling has been an important, albeit inexact, component of resuscitation algorithms. Now, it is possible to analyze these variables during shock and resuscitation in an objective manner. The clinical utility of these advances needs to be determined.

The proliferation of small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) has led to a security gap in the defens... more The proliferation of small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) has led to a security gap in the defense of strategic installations and at public events. One of the most proven and low-regret methods employed by Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems (CUASs) is entanglement of the hostile UAS in a net carried by a hunter UAS. Typically these hunter UASs are controlled by a human pilot. We employ a ground based RADAR system for tracking the target UAS and command the hunter UAS to follow the target UAS, using the Robot Operating System (ROS), the MAVLink protocol, and the PX4 autopilot. This system is fully autonomous, which reduces cost and response time when compared to human-in-the-loop systems. In addition, a novel cylindrical net design is presented. We demonstrate the system's effectiveness through field testing.

Computer Aided Surgery, 2001

Gerald Higgins, Ph.D., Washington DC Computer-Assisted Surgery Society; Brian Athey, Ph.D., Unive... more Gerald Higgins, Ph.D., Washington DC Computer-Assisted Surgery Society; Brian Athey, Ph.D., University of Michigan; James Bassingthwaighte, M.D., Ph.D., University of Washington; James Burgess, M.D., Inova Fairfax Hospital; Howard Champion, F.R.C.S. ( ...

Emergel'lCy management personnel at federal , stale, and local levels can benefit from th e incre... more Emergel'lCy management personnel at federal , stale, and local levels can benefit from th e increased situational awareness and operational efficiency afforded by simulation and modeling for emergency preparedness, including planning, training and exercises. To support this goal, the Depa rtment of Homeland Security 's Science & Technology Directorate is funding the Integrated Modeling, Mapping, and Simulation (IMMS) program to create an integrating framework that brings toge ther diverse models for use by the emergency response community. SUMMIT, one piece of the IMMS progra m, is the initial soltware fram ework that connects users such as emergency planners and e.ercise developers with modeling resources, bridging the gap in e.pertise and technical skills betwe en these two communities. SUMMIT was recently deployed to support exercise planning for National Level E.ercise 2010. Threat, casualty. in frastructure, and medical surge models were com bined within SUMMIT to estimate health care resource requirements for the e.ercise ground truth .

International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 2009

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries numerous threats have developed, matured and grown into wh... more Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries numerous threats have developed, matured and grown into what would be considered 'strategic' in nature. Few, however, have had as much impact on our government and its efforts at preparedness as the scourges of terrorism, nuclear war and conventional conflict. In addition, the economic costs for preparation and response to these threats have been great. Among other things, we have developed highly institutionalised and formalised processes for ensuring that these threats are identified, assessed, analysed and reanalysed within a highly complex, robust and multiredundant system to ensure that no single factor is missed and no possibility for preparation is overlooked. There remains a preeminent threat to this nation, one that during this same period of time has cost the USA almost 4.5 times as many lives (3.2 million) and nearly 7 times the expense ($4.7 trillion) as the terror, nuclear and conventional threats combined. This threat is infectious disease. This article discusses infectious diseases in comparison with other strategic threats facing our nation. This article discuss the process of creating a strategic plan which is both vital and well within our understanding and existing current processes to develop, similar to concepts applied in preparation for more conventional threats.

Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 2021

ABSTRACT This cooperative agreement covered a variety of tasks designed to enhance the economic a... more ABSTRACT This cooperative agreement covered a variety of tasks designed to enhance the economic and national security of the United States through identification and exploitation of technology maturation and transition opportunities. Due to its somewhat unusual and eclectic nature, it is not amenable to the traditional and conventional final report normally associated with a CA but instead will consist of a summary of the various major tasks performed under it.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014

The use of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer and emissions of CO, COâ, Oâ and unburned hydroc... more The use of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer and emissions of CO, COâ, Oâ and unburned hydrocarbons as surrogates for verification of hazardous-waste destruction removal efficiency (DRE) is discussed. These measurements were made in a pilot-scale firetube boiler facility and in a natural gas fired steam plant boiler. The data indicates that toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, and isopropanol are well-suited for destruction in a firetube boiler environment. Trichloroethylene and monochlorobenzene required auxillary fuel to maintain stable combustion. SF6 DRE was significantly lower than waste DREs for all runs. It also tracked waste DREs in most runs. Reduced waste and SF6 DREs were accompanied by lower emissions of COâ and by increased emissions of Oâ and total unburned hydrocarbons (TUHC). DREs tended to fall with increased CO concentration depicted by a few data points.

… Simulation & Education Conference (I/ITSEC …, 2010

... Todd Plantenga, Ernest Friedman-Hill Sandia National Laboratories1 PO Box 969, Livermore, CA ... more ... Todd Plantenga, Ernest Friedman-Hill Sandia National Laboratories1 PO Box 969, Livermore, CA 94550 tplante@sandia.gov, ejfried@sandia.gov ... The Department of Defense's High-Level Architecture (HLA) is a well-known contributor in this space (Kuhl, 1999). ...