Michael Raupp - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Michael Raupp
Journal of Insect Science
The periodical cicadas in the genus Magicicada are remarkable for their unusual life histories an... more The periodical cicadas in the genus Magicicada are remarkable for their unusual life histories and dramatic synchronized emergences every 13 or 17 years. While aspects of their evolution, mating behaviors, and general biology have been well-characterized, there is surprising uncertainty surrounding the feeding habits of the short-lived adult stage. Despite a tentative scientific consensus to the contrary, the perception that adult Magicicada do not feed has persisted among the general public, and recent studies are lacking. We directly investigated the feeding behavior of Magicicada spp. through high-throughput sequencing (HTS)-based dietary analysis of nymphs, freshly molted (teneral) adults, and fully sclerotized adults collected from orchard and wooded habitats during the 2021 emergence of Brood X. Identifiable plant DNA (trnF, ITS amplicons) was successfully recovered from nymphs and adults. No plant DNA was recovered from teneral adults, suggesting that all DNA recovered from s...
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, Mar 1, 2004
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, Sep 1, 2003
Journal of environmental horticulture, Sep 1, 2001
To direct, fund, promote and communicate horticultural research, which increases the quality and ... more To direct, fund, promote and communicate horticultural research, which increases the quality and value of ornamental plants, improves the productivity and profitability of the nursery and landscape industry, and protects and enhances the environment. The use of any trade name in this article does not imply an endorsement of the equipment, product or process named, nor any criticism of any similar products that are not mentioned.
CRC Press eBooks, Apr 23, 2020
Florida Entomologist, Jun 22, 2023
BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access t... more BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, Mar 1, 2012
Boxwoods are one of the most widely used woody shrubs in managed landscapes, but they suffer freq... more Boxwoods are one of the most widely used woody shrubs in managed landscapes, but they suffer frequent attack by the boxwood leafminer (Monarthropalpus flavus). The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid is highly efficacious in reducing the abundance of M. flavus when applied as a foliar spray or a soil drench. Recent reports of elevated populations of spider mites following applications of imidacloprid to other species of woody plants prompted an investigation to determine the effects of imidacloprid on abundance of a specialist spider mite, Eurytetranychus buxi, and the resultant damage it causes. Boxwoods treated with imidacloprid housed significantly more E. buxi and sustained more discoloration than untreated boxwoods. Moreover, there was a direct relationship between the abundance of E. buxi and the amount of associated injury. Arborists and landscape managers should be aware of the potential for elevated abundance of spider mites on boxwoods and greater levels of discoloration following applications of imidacloprid.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Feb 1, 1986
Economic and Environmental Assessment of an Integrated Pest Management Program for Community-owne... more Economic and Environmental Assessment of an Integrated Pest Management Program for Community-owned Landscape ... in satisfying objectives 1 and 2, to maintain or increase the aestheticquality of plants. ... The third corporation consisted of townhouse-style condominiums. ...
The Bryologist, 1994
PHYTOCHEMICAL RESPONSES TO HERBIVORE ATTACK: Damage-Induced Alkaloids in Wild Tobacco Carbon Allo... more PHYTOCHEMICAL RESPONSES TO HERBIVORE ATTACK: Damage-Induced Alkaloids in Wild Tobacco Carbon Allocation, Phenotypic Plasticity, and Induced Defences IMPACT OF INDUCIBLE PHYTOCHEMICALS ON HERBIVORE FITNESS, BEHAVIOUR, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND COMMUNITIES: Effects of Mammal Browsing on the Chemistry of Deciduous Woody Plants Squash Beetles, Cucumber Beetles and Inducible Cucurbit Responses Thorns, Spines, Prickles and Hairs AGRICULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF INDUCIBLE PHYTOCHEMICALS: Inducible Defences in Soybean Against Herbivorous Insects.
Journal of environmental horticulture, Jun 1, 1999
Journal of environmental horticulture, Mar 1, 2007
To direct, fund, promote and communicate horticultural research, which increases the quality and ... more To direct, fund, promote and communicate horticultural research, which increases the quality and value of ornamental plants, improves the productivity and profitability of the nursery and landscape industry, and protects and enhances the environment. The use of any trade name in this article does not imply an endorsement of the equipment, product or process named, nor any criticism of any similar products that are not mentioned.
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, Apr 1, 1990
Scientific Reports, Oct 10, 2022
Periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Magicicada) have coevolved with obligate bacteriome-inhabiting mic... more Periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Magicicada) have coevolved with obligate bacteriome-inhabiting microbial symbionts, yet little is known about gut microbial symbiont composition or differences in composition among allochronic Magicicada broods (year classes) which emerge parapatrically or allopatrically in the eastern United States. Here, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed to determine gut bacterial community profiles of three periodical broods, including II (Connecticut and Virginia, 2013), VI (North Carolina, 2017), and X (Maryland, 2021, and an early emerging nymph collected in Ohio, 2017). Results showed similarities among all nymphal gut microbiomes and between morphologically distinct 17-year Magicicada, namely Magicicada septendecim (Broods II and VI) and 17-year Magicicada cassini (Brood X) providing evidence of a core microbiome, distinct from the microbiome of burrow soil inhabited by the nymphs. Generally, phyla Bacteroidetes [Bacteroidota] (> 50% relative abundance), Actinobacteria [Actinomycetota], or Proteobacteria [Pseudomonadota] represented the core. Acidobacteria and genera Cupriavidus, Mesorhizobium, and Delftia were prevalent in nymphs but less frequent in adults. The primary obligate endosymbiont, Sulcia (Bacteroidetes), was dominant amongst core genera detected. Chryseobacterium were common in Broods VI and X. Chitinophaga, Arthrobacter, and Renibacterium were common in Brood X, and Pedobacter were common to nymphs of Broods II and VI. Further taxonomic assignment of unclassified Alphaproteobacteria sequencing reads allowed for detection of multiple copies of the Hodgkinia 16S rRNA gene, distinguishable as separate operational taxonomic units present simultaneously. As major emergences of the broods examined here occur at 17-year intervals, this study will provide a valuable comparative baseline in this era of a changing climate. Diverse microbial communities flourish in a wide spectrum of complex environments ranging from the rhizosphere of plants, the gut of humans and other eukaryotes, and even in conventionally inhospitable habitats. These microbes play critical roles in the biogeochemistry of the planet and in maintaining life globally 1. A prime example of these complex microbial communities is found in insects, which comprise ca. 90% of all known animal species. Nearly all insect species are associated with endosymbiotic bacteria, many of which are able to form mutualistic relationships and/or influence biological functions of their insect host 2. While some important endosymbiotic microbiota can also be selected from the environment by their insect hosts, others are inherited from the parent. Inherited microbes are for the most part obligate such that insects lacking their bacteria are unable to develop properly, and their bacteria are unable to reproduce outside the host 2,3. Obligate endosymbiotic microbiota provide their hosts with nutritional compounds essential for survival and development 4. They
CRC Press eBooks, Jul 17, 2007
Michael Raupp cared the "pests" section, Paolo Gonthier cared the "diseases" section Introduction... more Michael Raupp cared the "pests" section, Paolo Gonthier cared the "diseases" section Introduction Arthropod pests including insects and mites and plant pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and especially fungi severely affect survival, growth and aesthetics of amenity trees in urban environments. Factors such as the loss of plant biodiversity and reductions in the diversity and abundance of natural enemies and antagonists predispose urban forests to pest and disease outbreaks and catastrophic tree loss. The introduction of nonnative plants can disrupt ecosystem processes with varying and sometimes contradictory results. Some nonnative plants are not consumed by native herbivores in the new range. The result is fewer consumers at higher trophic levels and simplification of predator communities in urban areas. When nonnative plants are introduced with their associated nonnative insects and mites, eruptive outbreaks of pests can occur in the absence of important natural enemies left behind in the aboriginal range. Moreover, nonnative pathogens that arrive on a plant from one region may spread to new hosts in the new geographic range. Nonnative plants lacking an evolutionary history with insects and pathogens in a new geographic location may lack defenses and succumb to indigenous pests and diseases. Similar and calamitous tree loss occurs when nonnative arthropod pests and pathogens are introduced to evolutionarily naïve plant hosts in a new geographic region. Classic examples of nonnative pests and pathogens devastating trees in a new location include emerald ash borer, hemlock woolly adelgid, chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease. Other features of the built environment including impervious surfaces and elevated temperatures stress plants lowering their defenses or increasing their nutritional value and predisposing them to attack by insects, mites and pathogens. Several anthropogenic inputs including ozone, nitrogen, and de-icing salts are associated with urban infrastructure. These too may increase the susceptibility of trees to attack by biotic agents. In this chapter we discuss several features of built environments that threaten the vitality and resilience of urban forests. We also deal with globally important pests and diseases in urban environments. Arthropod pests treated in the chapter include lethal borers, foliar pests, and sucking arthropods including scale insects, lace bugs, and spider mites. Specific arthropod case studies include oak processionary moth, Thaumetopoea processionea, emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, and horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella. Diseases encompass root rots and wood decays, canker diseases, including the canker stain of planetrees caused by Ceratocystis platani and ash dieback associated with Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, vascular diseases, including Dutch elm disease and oak wilt caused by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and Ceratocystis fagacearum, respectively, as well as the most important anthracnose and foliar diseases of oaks, planes, maples and horse chestnuts. Pests and diseases are described in their significance, impact and diagnostic characters. Integrated management strategies and tactics are discussed. BIOTIC FACTORS-1: PESTS Factors of urban forests affecting outbreaks of insects and mites Herbivorous insects and mites often attain much greater densities and cause greater amounts of injury to trees and shrubs in urban environments compared to those found on woody plants in natural forests (Raupp et al., 2010, 2012). In recent reviews of arthropod outbreaks in built environments, (Raupp et al., 2010, 2012) discussed several key features contributing to insect and mite outbreaks. Here we present a summary of several of these factors and discuss mechanisms underlying outbreaks of insects and mites. Low street tree diversity and catastrophic tree loss Lack of plant diversity seriously compromises the sustainability of the urban forest when trees and shrubs confront new pests for which they lack coevolved defenses (Gandhi and Herms, 2010; Raupp et al., 2012). The catastrophic loss of elms to Dutch elm disease sounded a call for greater floristic diversity in urban forests; however, Raupp et al. (2006) found species and cultivars of Acer and Fraxinus had largely supplanted elms as the dominant the genera of street trees in North America thereby setting the stage for catastrophic tree losses with the arrival of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, and the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. The domination of urban landscapes by a few species or genera of woody plants predisposes cities to catastrophic loss due to pests. Loss of top-down regulation in simplified habitats Regulation of arthropod populations has been broadly categorized as either top-down meaning population control by predators, parasites, or pathogens; bottom-up meaning limitations imposed by the plant on the pest; or a combination of both forces. Urban habitats sometimes have reduced floristic diversity and complexity (Raupp et al., 2010, 2012). This may be accompanied by reductions in the richness and abundance of natural enemies (Raupp et al. 2010, 2012; Martinson and Raupp, 2013). However, urban habitats with greater diversity of plant material and more layers (e.g. trees, shrubs, groundcovers) of vegetation are known to support greater numbers of species and greater densities of natural enemies, especially generalist predators that may aid in suppressing outbreaks of insect pests (Shrewsbury and Raupp, 2006). These generalist predators likely play an important role in limiting pest outbreaks not only in diverse natural landscapes, but also in diverse human-altered ones. Nonnative plants and nonnative insects Nonnative plants Nonnative plants are widely used in urban landscapes (Berghardt et al., 2009). The addition of nonnative plants to urban landscapes can affect population dynamics of pests in several ways. Herbivorous insects with narrow host ranges and specialized feeding habits like Lepidoptera may not recognize nonnative plants as food (Berghardt et al., 2009). In turn this can reduce the abundance of caterpillars on nonnative plants. A paucity of prey in landscapes dominated by nonnative plants could result in fewer predators and loss of top-down regulation of pests in these alien dominated landscapes (Berghardt et al., 2009). This problem is exacerbated when nonnative pests accompany their host plant into the new realm where coevolved natural enemies may be absent (Raupp et al., 2010). In North America the nonnative azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides is a classic example of a nonnative pest that now outbreaks perennially on their nonnative hosts in the invaded range (Shrewsbury and Raupp, 2006). An additional problem arises when nonnative plants enter a new biotic realm. Pests enjoy what has been termed "defense free space" due to lack of a shared coevolutionary history with plants in the invaded range (Gandhi and Herms, 2010). Without a long standing association with a pest, plants may lack evolved defenses and be more susceptible to attack by novel pests. A notable example of this is seen in the high degree of susceptibility of North American ash trees to the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, a native of Asia, and the relative resistance of Asian ash trees to this pest (Herms and McCullough, 2014). Another prominent example is hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, which attacks and kills eastern North American hemlocks while Asian hemlocks are much more resistant (Gandhi and Herms, 2010). A mirror image of this relationship is seen in the high degree of susceptibility of Eurasian birches to the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius, a native of North America, and the strong resistance of North American birches to this pest (Nielsen et al., 2011). Nonnative insects Invasions by nonnative insects and mites result in direct and indirect disruption to ecological processes and economic losses in urban landscapes amounting to billions of dollars annually in the United States due to costs associated detecting and eradicating pests, protecting and removing trees, and lost property values (Gandhi and Herms, 2010; Aukema et al., 2011). The following three vignettes describe the significance and impact, diagnosis, life cycle, and management of three major invasive insect pests of urban forests. More encyclopedic guides to the biology and management of insect and mite pests on woody landscape plants include works by Johnson and Lyon (1991), and Alford (2012). Thaumetopoea processionea, Oak Processionary Moth Significance and impact-A major defoliator of several species of Quercus, caterpillars of this moth also attack Fagus, Carpinus, Corylus, Betula, and Castanea from Sweden to Southern Europe. In 2005 it was discovered in the United Kingdom. In addition to its pest status as a defoliator, it poses a major health risk to people exposed to urticating hairs found on larger caterpillars. These toxin-laced hairs cause dermatitis, severe rashes, eye irritations, and respiratory problems (Alford, 2012; Forestry Commission of the United Kingdom, 2015) (Fig.1). In southern Europe where the moth is native top-down pressure from indigenous natural enemies
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2022
Insecticide and acaricide tests, 1984
Mean chinch bugs/ft^ at Treatment and lb (AI)/acre 7 DAT Dursban 4E 1.0 8.3c Aspon 6E 4.0 21.1bc ... more Mean chinch bugs/ft^ at Treatment and lb (AI)/acre 7 DAT Dursban 4E 1.0 8.3c Aspon 6E 4.0 21.1bc Dymet EC (Diazinon 0.4 & Methoxychlor 0.8 83.9ab Control 173.9a Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different using (P = 0.05; DMRT). DAT, days after treatment.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2022
Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 1999
Certain arthropods feed selectively and perform better on plants and plant tissues with elevated ... more Certain arthropods feed selectively and perform better on plants and plant tissues with elevated levels of nitrogen. Yet it is a common practice to use supplemental nitrogen in the production and maintenance of woody landscape plants. The link between elevated nitrogen levels and improved performance of herbivorous arthropods is particularly strong for sap suckers in the order Heteroptera, the majority of which are phloem feeders. There have been no studies to date on the effects of fertilization of woody plants on important mesophyll-feeding Heteroptera, such as azalea lace bug. We examined the relationship between the movement and injury of azalea lace bug and levels of fertilization of azaleas. The objective of this study was to determine if this insect responded to supplemental nitrogen fertilization in a way similar to many phloem-feeding Heteroptera and mesophyll-feeding Acarina. In these taxa, numerous studies documented improved performance and increased host plant injury as...
Journal of Insect Science
The periodical cicadas in the genus Magicicada are remarkable for their unusual life histories an... more The periodical cicadas in the genus Magicicada are remarkable for their unusual life histories and dramatic synchronized emergences every 13 or 17 years. While aspects of their evolution, mating behaviors, and general biology have been well-characterized, there is surprising uncertainty surrounding the feeding habits of the short-lived adult stage. Despite a tentative scientific consensus to the contrary, the perception that adult Magicicada do not feed has persisted among the general public, and recent studies are lacking. We directly investigated the feeding behavior of Magicicada spp. through high-throughput sequencing (HTS)-based dietary analysis of nymphs, freshly molted (teneral) adults, and fully sclerotized adults collected from orchard and wooded habitats during the 2021 emergence of Brood X. Identifiable plant DNA (trnF, ITS amplicons) was successfully recovered from nymphs and adults. No plant DNA was recovered from teneral adults, suggesting that all DNA recovered from s...
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, Mar 1, 2004
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, Sep 1, 2003
Journal of environmental horticulture, Sep 1, 2001
To direct, fund, promote and communicate horticultural research, which increases the quality and ... more To direct, fund, promote and communicate horticultural research, which increases the quality and value of ornamental plants, improves the productivity and profitability of the nursery and landscape industry, and protects and enhances the environment. The use of any trade name in this article does not imply an endorsement of the equipment, product or process named, nor any criticism of any similar products that are not mentioned.
CRC Press eBooks, Apr 23, 2020
Florida Entomologist, Jun 22, 2023
BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access t... more BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, Mar 1, 2012
Boxwoods are one of the most widely used woody shrubs in managed landscapes, but they suffer freq... more Boxwoods are one of the most widely used woody shrubs in managed landscapes, but they suffer frequent attack by the boxwood leafminer (Monarthropalpus flavus). The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid is highly efficacious in reducing the abundance of M. flavus when applied as a foliar spray or a soil drench. Recent reports of elevated populations of spider mites following applications of imidacloprid to other species of woody plants prompted an investigation to determine the effects of imidacloprid on abundance of a specialist spider mite, Eurytetranychus buxi, and the resultant damage it causes. Boxwoods treated with imidacloprid housed significantly more E. buxi and sustained more discoloration than untreated boxwoods. Moreover, there was a direct relationship between the abundance of E. buxi and the amount of associated injury. Arborists and landscape managers should be aware of the potential for elevated abundance of spider mites on boxwoods and greater levels of discoloration following applications of imidacloprid.
Journal of Economic Entomology, Feb 1, 1986
Economic and Environmental Assessment of an Integrated Pest Management Program for Community-owne... more Economic and Environmental Assessment of an Integrated Pest Management Program for Community-owned Landscape ... in satisfying objectives 1 and 2, to maintain or increase the aestheticquality of plants. ... The third corporation consisted of townhouse-style condominiums. ...
The Bryologist, 1994
PHYTOCHEMICAL RESPONSES TO HERBIVORE ATTACK: Damage-Induced Alkaloids in Wild Tobacco Carbon Allo... more PHYTOCHEMICAL RESPONSES TO HERBIVORE ATTACK: Damage-Induced Alkaloids in Wild Tobacco Carbon Allocation, Phenotypic Plasticity, and Induced Defences IMPACT OF INDUCIBLE PHYTOCHEMICALS ON HERBIVORE FITNESS, BEHAVIOUR, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND COMMUNITIES: Effects of Mammal Browsing on the Chemistry of Deciduous Woody Plants Squash Beetles, Cucumber Beetles and Inducible Cucurbit Responses Thorns, Spines, Prickles and Hairs AGRICULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF INDUCIBLE PHYTOCHEMICALS: Inducible Defences in Soybean Against Herbivorous Insects.
Journal of environmental horticulture, Jun 1, 1999
Journal of environmental horticulture, Mar 1, 2007
To direct, fund, promote and communicate horticultural research, which increases the quality and ... more To direct, fund, promote and communicate horticultural research, which increases the quality and value of ornamental plants, improves the productivity and profitability of the nursery and landscape industry, and protects and enhances the environment. The use of any trade name in this article does not imply an endorsement of the equipment, product or process named, nor any criticism of any similar products that are not mentioned.
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, Apr 1, 1990
Scientific Reports, Oct 10, 2022
Periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Magicicada) have coevolved with obligate bacteriome-inhabiting mic... more Periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Magicicada) have coevolved with obligate bacteriome-inhabiting microbial symbionts, yet little is known about gut microbial symbiont composition or differences in composition among allochronic Magicicada broods (year classes) which emerge parapatrically or allopatrically in the eastern United States. Here, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed to determine gut bacterial community profiles of three periodical broods, including II (Connecticut and Virginia, 2013), VI (North Carolina, 2017), and X (Maryland, 2021, and an early emerging nymph collected in Ohio, 2017). Results showed similarities among all nymphal gut microbiomes and between morphologically distinct 17-year Magicicada, namely Magicicada septendecim (Broods II and VI) and 17-year Magicicada cassini (Brood X) providing evidence of a core microbiome, distinct from the microbiome of burrow soil inhabited by the nymphs. Generally, phyla Bacteroidetes [Bacteroidota] (> 50% relative abundance), Actinobacteria [Actinomycetota], or Proteobacteria [Pseudomonadota] represented the core. Acidobacteria and genera Cupriavidus, Mesorhizobium, and Delftia were prevalent in nymphs but less frequent in adults. The primary obligate endosymbiont, Sulcia (Bacteroidetes), was dominant amongst core genera detected. Chryseobacterium were common in Broods VI and X. Chitinophaga, Arthrobacter, and Renibacterium were common in Brood X, and Pedobacter were common to nymphs of Broods II and VI. Further taxonomic assignment of unclassified Alphaproteobacteria sequencing reads allowed for detection of multiple copies of the Hodgkinia 16S rRNA gene, distinguishable as separate operational taxonomic units present simultaneously. As major emergences of the broods examined here occur at 17-year intervals, this study will provide a valuable comparative baseline in this era of a changing climate. Diverse microbial communities flourish in a wide spectrum of complex environments ranging from the rhizosphere of plants, the gut of humans and other eukaryotes, and even in conventionally inhospitable habitats. These microbes play critical roles in the biogeochemistry of the planet and in maintaining life globally 1. A prime example of these complex microbial communities is found in insects, which comprise ca. 90% of all known animal species. Nearly all insect species are associated with endosymbiotic bacteria, many of which are able to form mutualistic relationships and/or influence biological functions of their insect host 2. While some important endosymbiotic microbiota can also be selected from the environment by their insect hosts, others are inherited from the parent. Inherited microbes are for the most part obligate such that insects lacking their bacteria are unable to develop properly, and their bacteria are unable to reproduce outside the host 2,3. Obligate endosymbiotic microbiota provide their hosts with nutritional compounds essential for survival and development 4. They
CRC Press eBooks, Jul 17, 2007
Michael Raupp cared the "pests" section, Paolo Gonthier cared the "diseases" section Introduction... more Michael Raupp cared the "pests" section, Paolo Gonthier cared the "diseases" section Introduction Arthropod pests including insects and mites and plant pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and especially fungi severely affect survival, growth and aesthetics of amenity trees in urban environments. Factors such as the loss of plant biodiversity and reductions in the diversity and abundance of natural enemies and antagonists predispose urban forests to pest and disease outbreaks and catastrophic tree loss. The introduction of nonnative plants can disrupt ecosystem processes with varying and sometimes contradictory results. Some nonnative plants are not consumed by native herbivores in the new range. The result is fewer consumers at higher trophic levels and simplification of predator communities in urban areas. When nonnative plants are introduced with their associated nonnative insects and mites, eruptive outbreaks of pests can occur in the absence of important natural enemies left behind in the aboriginal range. Moreover, nonnative pathogens that arrive on a plant from one region may spread to new hosts in the new geographic range. Nonnative plants lacking an evolutionary history with insects and pathogens in a new geographic location may lack defenses and succumb to indigenous pests and diseases. Similar and calamitous tree loss occurs when nonnative arthropod pests and pathogens are introduced to evolutionarily naïve plant hosts in a new geographic region. Classic examples of nonnative pests and pathogens devastating trees in a new location include emerald ash borer, hemlock woolly adelgid, chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease. Other features of the built environment including impervious surfaces and elevated temperatures stress plants lowering their defenses or increasing their nutritional value and predisposing them to attack by insects, mites and pathogens. Several anthropogenic inputs including ozone, nitrogen, and de-icing salts are associated with urban infrastructure. These too may increase the susceptibility of trees to attack by biotic agents. In this chapter we discuss several features of built environments that threaten the vitality and resilience of urban forests. We also deal with globally important pests and diseases in urban environments. Arthropod pests treated in the chapter include lethal borers, foliar pests, and sucking arthropods including scale insects, lace bugs, and spider mites. Specific arthropod case studies include oak processionary moth, Thaumetopoea processionea, emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, and horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella. Diseases encompass root rots and wood decays, canker diseases, including the canker stain of planetrees caused by Ceratocystis platani and ash dieback associated with Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, vascular diseases, including Dutch elm disease and oak wilt caused by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and Ceratocystis fagacearum, respectively, as well as the most important anthracnose and foliar diseases of oaks, planes, maples and horse chestnuts. Pests and diseases are described in their significance, impact and diagnostic characters. Integrated management strategies and tactics are discussed. BIOTIC FACTORS-1: PESTS Factors of urban forests affecting outbreaks of insects and mites Herbivorous insects and mites often attain much greater densities and cause greater amounts of injury to trees and shrubs in urban environments compared to those found on woody plants in natural forests (Raupp et al., 2010, 2012). In recent reviews of arthropod outbreaks in built environments, (Raupp et al., 2010, 2012) discussed several key features contributing to insect and mite outbreaks. Here we present a summary of several of these factors and discuss mechanisms underlying outbreaks of insects and mites. Low street tree diversity and catastrophic tree loss Lack of plant diversity seriously compromises the sustainability of the urban forest when trees and shrubs confront new pests for which they lack coevolved defenses (Gandhi and Herms, 2010; Raupp et al., 2012). The catastrophic loss of elms to Dutch elm disease sounded a call for greater floristic diversity in urban forests; however, Raupp et al. (2006) found species and cultivars of Acer and Fraxinus had largely supplanted elms as the dominant the genera of street trees in North America thereby setting the stage for catastrophic tree losses with the arrival of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, and the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. The domination of urban landscapes by a few species or genera of woody plants predisposes cities to catastrophic loss due to pests. Loss of top-down regulation in simplified habitats Regulation of arthropod populations has been broadly categorized as either top-down meaning population control by predators, parasites, or pathogens; bottom-up meaning limitations imposed by the plant on the pest; or a combination of both forces. Urban habitats sometimes have reduced floristic diversity and complexity (Raupp et al., 2010, 2012). This may be accompanied by reductions in the richness and abundance of natural enemies (Raupp et al. 2010, 2012; Martinson and Raupp, 2013). However, urban habitats with greater diversity of plant material and more layers (e.g. trees, shrubs, groundcovers) of vegetation are known to support greater numbers of species and greater densities of natural enemies, especially generalist predators that may aid in suppressing outbreaks of insect pests (Shrewsbury and Raupp, 2006). These generalist predators likely play an important role in limiting pest outbreaks not only in diverse natural landscapes, but also in diverse human-altered ones. Nonnative plants and nonnative insects Nonnative plants Nonnative plants are widely used in urban landscapes (Berghardt et al., 2009). The addition of nonnative plants to urban landscapes can affect population dynamics of pests in several ways. Herbivorous insects with narrow host ranges and specialized feeding habits like Lepidoptera may not recognize nonnative plants as food (Berghardt et al., 2009). In turn this can reduce the abundance of caterpillars on nonnative plants. A paucity of prey in landscapes dominated by nonnative plants could result in fewer predators and loss of top-down regulation of pests in these alien dominated landscapes (Berghardt et al., 2009). This problem is exacerbated when nonnative pests accompany their host plant into the new realm where coevolved natural enemies may be absent (Raupp et al., 2010). In North America the nonnative azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides is a classic example of a nonnative pest that now outbreaks perennially on their nonnative hosts in the invaded range (Shrewsbury and Raupp, 2006). An additional problem arises when nonnative plants enter a new biotic realm. Pests enjoy what has been termed "defense free space" due to lack of a shared coevolutionary history with plants in the invaded range (Gandhi and Herms, 2010). Without a long standing association with a pest, plants may lack evolved defenses and be more susceptible to attack by novel pests. A notable example of this is seen in the high degree of susceptibility of North American ash trees to the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, a native of Asia, and the relative resistance of Asian ash trees to this pest (Herms and McCullough, 2014). Another prominent example is hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae, which attacks and kills eastern North American hemlocks while Asian hemlocks are much more resistant (Gandhi and Herms, 2010). A mirror image of this relationship is seen in the high degree of susceptibility of Eurasian birches to the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius, a native of North America, and the strong resistance of North American birches to this pest (Nielsen et al., 2011). Nonnative insects Invasions by nonnative insects and mites result in direct and indirect disruption to ecological processes and economic losses in urban landscapes amounting to billions of dollars annually in the United States due to costs associated detecting and eradicating pests, protecting and removing trees, and lost property values (Gandhi and Herms, 2010; Aukema et al., 2011). The following three vignettes describe the significance and impact, diagnosis, life cycle, and management of three major invasive insect pests of urban forests. More encyclopedic guides to the biology and management of insect and mite pests on woody landscape plants include works by Johnson and Lyon (1991), and Alford (2012). Thaumetopoea processionea, Oak Processionary Moth Significance and impact-A major defoliator of several species of Quercus, caterpillars of this moth also attack Fagus, Carpinus, Corylus, Betula, and Castanea from Sweden to Southern Europe. In 2005 it was discovered in the United Kingdom. In addition to its pest status as a defoliator, it poses a major health risk to people exposed to urticating hairs found on larger caterpillars. These toxin-laced hairs cause dermatitis, severe rashes, eye irritations, and respiratory problems (Alford, 2012; Forestry Commission of the United Kingdom, 2015) (Fig.1). In southern Europe where the moth is native top-down pressure from indigenous natural enemies
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2022
Insecticide and acaricide tests, 1984
Mean chinch bugs/ft^ at Treatment and lb (AI)/acre 7 DAT Dursban 4E 1.0 8.3c Aspon 6E 4.0 21.1bc ... more Mean chinch bugs/ft^ at Treatment and lb (AI)/acre 7 DAT Dursban 4E 1.0 8.3c Aspon 6E 4.0 21.1bc Dymet EC (Diazinon 0.4 & Methoxychlor 0.8 83.9ab Control 173.9a Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different using (P = 0.05; DMRT). DAT, days after treatment.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2022
Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 1999
Certain arthropods feed selectively and perform better on plants and plant tissues with elevated ... more Certain arthropods feed selectively and perform better on plants and plant tissues with elevated levels of nitrogen. Yet it is a common practice to use supplemental nitrogen in the production and maintenance of woody landscape plants. The link between elevated nitrogen levels and improved performance of herbivorous arthropods is particularly strong for sap suckers in the order Heteroptera, the majority of which are phloem feeders. There have been no studies to date on the effects of fertilization of woody plants on important mesophyll-feeding Heteroptera, such as azalea lace bug. We examined the relationship between the movement and injury of azalea lace bug and levels of fertilization of azaleas. The objective of this study was to determine if this insect responded to supplemental nitrogen fertilization in a way similar to many phloem-feeding Heteroptera and mesophyll-feeding Acarina. In these taxa, numerous studies documented improved performance and increased host plant injury as...