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Papers by Michel Raymond

Research paper thumbnail of Social Learners Require Process Information

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Research paper thumbnail of Carving Non-Proximal Explanations for Same-Sex Sexual Orientation

Archives of Sexual Behavior, Dec 5, 2022

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Research paper thumbnail of Carving Non-Proximal Explanations for Same-Sex Sexual Orientation

Archives of Sexual Behavior

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Research paper thumbnail of Fear and cultural background drive sexual orientation prejudice in France

Sexual stereotyping and its negative consequences remain major issues in Western societies. Sexua... more Sexual stereotyping and its negative consequences remain major issues in Western societies. Sexual prejudice is often nurtured by the socio-cultural background in which individuals grow up, making differences in sexual prejudice especially visible in multicultural societies. In France, one example of such a multicultural society with a high number of French citizens with recent migratory background from Maghreb, the socio-cultural basis of sexual prejudice has largely remained unexplored. Here, we report results from an experimental study investigating sexual stereotyping in France. We base our analyses on an elicited corpus of spontaneous speech samples. We consider in particular the effects of the participants’ cultural background (France vs. Maghreb), age and gender on the expression of prejudicial attitudes. Specifically, we tested in a context-sensitive sentiment analysis approach which attitudes (negative vs. positive) and emotions (joy, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) were voi...

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Research paper thumbnail of No Evidence for Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains from Humans to Wild Western Lowland Gorillas in Lopé National Park, Gabon

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2012

The intensification of human activities within the habitats of wild animals is increasing the ris... more The intensification of human activities within the habitats of wild animals is increasing the risk of interspecies disease transmission. This risk is particularly important for great apes, given their close phylogenetic relationship with humans. Areas of high human density or intense research and ecotourism activities expose apes to a high risk of disease spillover from humans. Is this risk lower in areas of low human density? We determined the prevalence of Escherichia coli antibiotic-resistant isolates in a population of the critically endangered western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) and other wild mammals in Lopé National Park (LNP), Gabon, and we tested whether the observed pattern could be explained by bacterial transmission from humans and domestic animals into wildlife populations. Our results show a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates in humans and low levels in gorillas and other wildlife. The significant differences in the genetic backg...

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Research paper thumbnail of From parasite encounter to infection: Multiple‐scale drivers of parasite richness in a wild social primate population

American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2011

Host parasite diversity plays a fundamental role in ecological and evolutionary processes, yet th... more Host parasite diversity plays a fundamental role in ecological and evolutionary processes, yet the factors that drive it are still poorly understood. A variety of processes, operating across a range of spatial scales, are likely to influence both the probability of parasite encounter and subsequent infection. Here, we explored eight possible determinants of parasite richness, comprising rainfall and temperature at the population level, ranging behavior and home range productivity at the group level, and age, sex, body condition, and social rank at the individual level. We used a unique dataset describing gastrointestinal parasites in a terrestrial subtropical vertebrate (chacma baboons, Papio ursinus), comprising 662 fecal samples from 86 individuals representing all age–sex classes across two groups over two dry seasons in a desert population. Three mixed models were used to identify the most important factor at each of the three spatial scales (population, group, individual); thes...

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Research paper thumbnail of Increased birth rank of homosexual males: disentangling the older brother effect and sexual antagonism hypothesis

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Feb 28, 2022

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Research paper thumbnail of Men’s Preference for Women’s Facial Features: Testing Homogamy and the Paternity Uncertainty Hypothesis

PLoS ONE, 2012

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Research paper thumbnail of Amplification of various esterase B's responsible for organophosphate resistance inCulex mosquitoes

Biochemical Genetics, 1989

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Research paper thumbnail of Dietary Glycemic Load and Plasma Amyloid-β Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease

Nutrients

Previous studies have highlighted links between a high-glycemic-load (GL) diet and Alzheimer’s di... more Previous studies have highlighted links between a high-glycemic-load (GL) diet and Alzheimer’s disease in apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) carriers. However, the impact of high-GL diet on plasma amyloid-β (Aβ), an Alzheimer’s disease hallmark that can be detected decades before clinical symptomatology, is unknown. This study examined the association between plasma Aβ peptides (Aβ40, Aβ42 concentration and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio) and GL. The influence of the GL of four meal types (breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack, and dinner) was also determined. From the prospective Three-City study, 377 participants with plasma Aβ measurements, and who completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire, were selected. The association between plasma Aβ and GL was tested using an adjusted linear regression model. Lunch GL was associated with a lower plasma Aβ42 concentration (β = −2.2 [CI = −4.27, −0.12], p = 0.038) and lower Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (β = −0.009 [CI = −0.0172, −0.0007], p = 0.034) in the model adjusted for cent...

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Research paper thumbnail of Developmental plasticity of human reproductive development: Effects of early family environment in modern-day France

Physiology & Behavior, 2008

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Research paper thumbnail of Is cooperativeness readable in static facial features? An inter-cultural approach

Evolution and Human Behavior, 2013

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Research paper thumbnail of Facial attractiveness and fertility in populations with low levels of modern birth control

Evolution and Human Behavior, 2012

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Research paper thumbnail of Increased birth rank of homosexual males: disentangling the older brother effect and sexual antagonism hypothesis

Peer Community Journal

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Research paper thumbnail of M: On the worldwide spread of an insecticide resistance gene: a role for local selection

Adaptation occurs by gene replacement at one or several loci. In a large or structured population... more Adaptation occurs by gene replacement at one or several loci. In a large or structured population, several adaptive alleles may segregate simultaneously at a single locus. In the long run different outcomes are possible: (i) one of

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Research paper thumbnail of A Dual-Successive-Screen Model at Pollen/Stigma and Pollen Tube/Ovary Explaining Paradoxical Self-Incompatibility Diagnosis in the Olive Tree—An Interpretative Update of the Literature

Plants, 2021

The ‘pollen test’ and ‘fruit set test’ following controlled crossing combinations of parents are ... more The ‘pollen test’ and ‘fruit set test’ following controlled crossing combinations of parents are the most commonly used methods for pollination incompatibility studies in Olea europaea L. Self-incompatibility (SI), with diagnoses based on the pollen test and pollen germination, indicating self-compatibility, is not always followed by fruit set in this species. To solve this dispute, we have reconciled all observations into a new model. Mismatches between field and laboratory data and between methods are resolved by the dual-successive-screen model (DSSM) supposing two different loci for the expression of the two SI mechanisms. Pollen/stigma is controlled by diallelic SI, or DSI, inferring two G1 and G2 compatibility/incompatibility (C/I) groups for varieties, whereas pollen tubes in ovaries are controlled by poly-allelic SI or PASI with twenty C/I groups. To explain the selfing of varieties, we have suggested that some determinants in the pollen tube and stigma are unstable and degr...

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Research paper thumbnail of Evaluating Gene Flow Using Selected Markers: A Case Study

Genetics, 1998

The extent to which an organism is locally adapted in an environmental pocket depends on the sele... more The extent to which an organism is locally adapted in an environmental pocket depends on the selection intensities inside and outside the pocket, on migration, and on the size of the pocket. When two or more loci are involved in this local adaptation, measuring their frequency gradients and their linkage disequilbria allows one to disentangle the forces—migration and selection—acting on the system. We apply this method to the case of a local adaptation to organophosphate insecticides in the mosquito Culex pipiens pipiens in southern France. The study of two different resistance loci allowed us to estimate with support limits gene flow as well as selection pressure on insecticide resistance and the fitness costs associated with each locus. These estimates permit us to pinpoint the conditions for the maintenance of this pocket of adaptation as well as the effect of the interaction between the two resistance loci.

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Research paper thumbnail of Interactions between pesticide genes: model and experiment

Genetics, 1989

In response to years of intense selection pressure by organophosphate insecticides, several diffe... more In response to years of intense selection pressure by organophosphate insecticides, several different insecticide resistance mechanisms have evolved in natural populations of the mosquito Culex pipiens. We examined interactions between two of the most important mechanisms using a four-compartment model of insecticide pharmacokinetics. The joint effect of different mechanisms of resistance can be expressed in terms of epistasis at the physiological level in this model. The type of epistasis predicted by the model depends on the particular physiological mechanisms of resistance involved. Resistance due to a reduced penetration of the insecticide combines multiplicatively with other resistance factors, but resistance due to detoxicative processes and to insensitivity of the target site combines additively. How the pattern of epistasis at the physiological level is translated into fitness epistasis in natural populations of this mosquito depends on the intensity and pattern of insectici...

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Research paper thumbnail of Dominance of Insecticide Resistance Presents a Plastic Response

Genetics, 1996

Dominance level of insecticide resistance provided by one major gene (an insensitive acetylcholin... more Dominance level of insecticide resistance provided by one major gene (an insensitive acetylcholinesterase) in the mosquito Culex pipiens was studied in two distinct environments. Dominance level was found to be very different between environments, varying from almost complete dominance to almost recessive when either propoxur (a carbamate insecticide) or chlorpyrifos (an organophosphorus insecticide) was used. To better understand this plastic response, three environmental parameters were manipulated and their interactions studied. For chlorpyrifos, each parameter had a small effect, but when all parameters were changed, the dominance level was greatly affected. For propoxur, one environmental parameter had a large effect by itself. It was further studied to understand the causal relationship of this plasticity. Recessivity of resistance was associated with more demanding environments. These results are discussed in the context of the various theories of the evolution of dominance. ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Variation of Dominance of Newly Arisen Adaptive Genes

Genetics, 1997

Newly arisen adaptive alleles such as insecticide resistance genes represent a good opportunity t... more Newly arisen adaptive alleles such as insecticide resistance genes represent a good opportunity to investigate the theories put forth to explain the molecular basis of dominance and its possible evolution. Dominance levels of insecticide resistance conferred by insensitive alleles of the acetylcholinesterase gene were analyzed in five resistant strains of the mosquito Culex pipiens. Dominance levels were found to differ between strains, varying from partial recessivity to complete dominance. This variation was not explained by differences in catalytic properties of the enzyme, since four of the five resistant strains had identical inhibition properties for the insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Among these four laboratory strains and in individuals collected from natural populations, we found a correlation between increased acetylcholinesterase activities and higher dominance levels. We propose a molecular explanation for how variation in acetylcholinesterase activity may result in v...

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Research paper thumbnail of Social Learners Require Process Information

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Carving Non-Proximal Explanations for Same-Sex Sexual Orientation

Archives of Sexual Behavior, Dec 5, 2022

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Carving Non-Proximal Explanations for Same-Sex Sexual Orientation

Archives of Sexual Behavior

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Fear and cultural background drive sexual orientation prejudice in France

Sexual stereotyping and its negative consequences remain major issues in Western societies. Sexua... more Sexual stereotyping and its negative consequences remain major issues in Western societies. Sexual prejudice is often nurtured by the socio-cultural background in which individuals grow up, making differences in sexual prejudice especially visible in multicultural societies. In France, one example of such a multicultural society with a high number of French citizens with recent migratory background from Maghreb, the socio-cultural basis of sexual prejudice has largely remained unexplored. Here, we report results from an experimental study investigating sexual stereotyping in France. We base our analyses on an elicited corpus of spontaneous speech samples. We consider in particular the effects of the participants’ cultural background (France vs. Maghreb), age and gender on the expression of prejudicial attitudes. Specifically, we tested in a context-sensitive sentiment analysis approach which attitudes (negative vs. positive) and emotions (joy, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) were voi...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of No Evidence for Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains from Humans to Wild Western Lowland Gorillas in Lopé National Park, Gabon

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2012

The intensification of human activities within the habitats of wild animals is increasing the ris... more The intensification of human activities within the habitats of wild animals is increasing the risk of interspecies disease transmission. This risk is particularly important for great apes, given their close phylogenetic relationship with humans. Areas of high human density or intense research and ecotourism activities expose apes to a high risk of disease spillover from humans. Is this risk lower in areas of low human density? We determined the prevalence of Escherichia coli antibiotic-resistant isolates in a population of the critically endangered western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) and other wild mammals in Lopé National Park (LNP), Gabon, and we tested whether the observed pattern could be explained by bacterial transmission from humans and domestic animals into wildlife populations. Our results show a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates in humans and low levels in gorillas and other wildlife. The significant differences in the genetic backg...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of From parasite encounter to infection: Multiple‐scale drivers of parasite richness in a wild social primate population

American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2011

Host parasite diversity plays a fundamental role in ecological and evolutionary processes, yet th... more Host parasite diversity plays a fundamental role in ecological and evolutionary processes, yet the factors that drive it are still poorly understood. A variety of processes, operating across a range of spatial scales, are likely to influence both the probability of parasite encounter and subsequent infection. Here, we explored eight possible determinants of parasite richness, comprising rainfall and temperature at the population level, ranging behavior and home range productivity at the group level, and age, sex, body condition, and social rank at the individual level. We used a unique dataset describing gastrointestinal parasites in a terrestrial subtropical vertebrate (chacma baboons, Papio ursinus), comprising 662 fecal samples from 86 individuals representing all age–sex classes across two groups over two dry seasons in a desert population. Three mixed models were used to identify the most important factor at each of the three spatial scales (population, group, individual); thes...

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Research paper thumbnail of Increased birth rank of homosexual males: disentangling the older brother effect and sexual antagonism hypothesis

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Feb 28, 2022

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Men’s Preference for Women’s Facial Features: Testing Homogamy and the Paternity Uncertainty Hypothesis

PLoS ONE, 2012

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Amplification of various esterase B's responsible for organophosphate resistance inCulex mosquitoes

Biochemical Genetics, 1989

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary Glycemic Load and Plasma Amyloid-β Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease

Nutrients

Previous studies have highlighted links between a high-glycemic-load (GL) diet and Alzheimer’s di... more Previous studies have highlighted links between a high-glycemic-load (GL) diet and Alzheimer’s disease in apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) carriers. However, the impact of high-GL diet on plasma amyloid-β (Aβ), an Alzheimer’s disease hallmark that can be detected decades before clinical symptomatology, is unknown. This study examined the association between plasma Aβ peptides (Aβ40, Aβ42 concentration and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio) and GL. The influence of the GL of four meal types (breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack, and dinner) was also determined. From the prospective Three-City study, 377 participants with plasma Aβ measurements, and who completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire, were selected. The association between plasma Aβ and GL was tested using an adjusted linear regression model. Lunch GL was associated with a lower plasma Aβ42 concentration (β = −2.2 [CI = −4.27, −0.12], p = 0.038) and lower Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (β = −0.009 [CI = −0.0172, −0.0007], p = 0.034) in the model adjusted for cent...

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Research paper thumbnail of Developmental plasticity of human reproductive development: Effects of early family environment in modern-day France

Physiology & Behavior, 2008

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Research paper thumbnail of Is cooperativeness readable in static facial features? An inter-cultural approach

Evolution and Human Behavior, 2013

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Facial attractiveness and fertility in populations with low levels of modern birth control

Evolution and Human Behavior, 2012

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Increased birth rank of homosexual males: disentangling the older brother effect and sexual antagonism hypothesis

Peer Community Journal

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of M: On the worldwide spread of an insecticide resistance gene: a role for local selection

Adaptation occurs by gene replacement at one or several loci. In a large or structured population... more Adaptation occurs by gene replacement at one or several loci. In a large or structured population, several adaptive alleles may segregate simultaneously at a single locus. In the long run different outcomes are possible: (i) one of

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of A Dual-Successive-Screen Model at Pollen/Stigma and Pollen Tube/Ovary Explaining Paradoxical Self-Incompatibility Diagnosis in the Olive Tree—An Interpretative Update of the Literature

Plants, 2021

The ‘pollen test’ and ‘fruit set test’ following controlled crossing combinations of parents are ... more The ‘pollen test’ and ‘fruit set test’ following controlled crossing combinations of parents are the most commonly used methods for pollination incompatibility studies in Olea europaea L. Self-incompatibility (SI), with diagnoses based on the pollen test and pollen germination, indicating self-compatibility, is not always followed by fruit set in this species. To solve this dispute, we have reconciled all observations into a new model. Mismatches between field and laboratory data and between methods are resolved by the dual-successive-screen model (DSSM) supposing two different loci for the expression of the two SI mechanisms. Pollen/stigma is controlled by diallelic SI, or DSI, inferring two G1 and G2 compatibility/incompatibility (C/I) groups for varieties, whereas pollen tubes in ovaries are controlled by poly-allelic SI or PASI with twenty C/I groups. To explain the selfing of varieties, we have suggested that some determinants in the pollen tube and stigma are unstable and degr...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluating Gene Flow Using Selected Markers: A Case Study

Genetics, 1998

The extent to which an organism is locally adapted in an environmental pocket depends on the sele... more The extent to which an organism is locally adapted in an environmental pocket depends on the selection intensities inside and outside the pocket, on migration, and on the size of the pocket. When two or more loci are involved in this local adaptation, measuring their frequency gradients and their linkage disequilbria allows one to disentangle the forces—migration and selection—acting on the system. We apply this method to the case of a local adaptation to organophosphate insecticides in the mosquito Culex pipiens pipiens in southern France. The study of two different resistance loci allowed us to estimate with support limits gene flow as well as selection pressure on insecticide resistance and the fitness costs associated with each locus. These estimates permit us to pinpoint the conditions for the maintenance of this pocket of adaptation as well as the effect of the interaction between the two resistance loci.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Interactions between pesticide genes: model and experiment

Genetics, 1989

In response to years of intense selection pressure by organophosphate insecticides, several diffe... more In response to years of intense selection pressure by organophosphate insecticides, several different insecticide resistance mechanisms have evolved in natural populations of the mosquito Culex pipiens. We examined interactions between two of the most important mechanisms using a four-compartment model of insecticide pharmacokinetics. The joint effect of different mechanisms of resistance can be expressed in terms of epistasis at the physiological level in this model. The type of epistasis predicted by the model depends on the particular physiological mechanisms of resistance involved. Resistance due to a reduced penetration of the insecticide combines multiplicatively with other resistance factors, but resistance due to detoxicative processes and to insensitivity of the target site combines additively. How the pattern of epistasis at the physiological level is translated into fitness epistasis in natural populations of this mosquito depends on the intensity and pattern of insectici...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Dominance of Insecticide Resistance Presents a Plastic Response

Genetics, 1996

Dominance level of insecticide resistance provided by one major gene (an insensitive acetylcholin... more Dominance level of insecticide resistance provided by one major gene (an insensitive acetylcholinesterase) in the mosquito Culex pipiens was studied in two distinct environments. Dominance level was found to be very different between environments, varying from almost complete dominance to almost recessive when either propoxur (a carbamate insecticide) or chlorpyrifos (an organophosphorus insecticide) was used. To better understand this plastic response, three environmental parameters were manipulated and their interactions studied. For chlorpyrifos, each parameter had a small effect, but when all parameters were changed, the dominance level was greatly affected. For propoxur, one environmental parameter had a large effect by itself. It was further studied to understand the causal relationship of this plasticity. Recessivity of resistance was associated with more demanding environments. These results are discussed in the context of the various theories of the evolution of dominance. ...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Variation of Dominance of Newly Arisen Adaptive Genes

Genetics, 1997

Newly arisen adaptive alleles such as insecticide resistance genes represent a good opportunity t... more Newly arisen adaptive alleles such as insecticide resistance genes represent a good opportunity to investigate the theories put forth to explain the molecular basis of dominance and its possible evolution. Dominance levels of insecticide resistance conferred by insensitive alleles of the acetylcholinesterase gene were analyzed in five resistant strains of the mosquito Culex pipiens. Dominance levels were found to differ between strains, varying from partial recessivity to complete dominance. This variation was not explained by differences in catalytic properties of the enzyme, since four of the five resistant strains had identical inhibition properties for the insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Among these four laboratory strains and in individuals collected from natural populations, we found a correlation between increased acetylcholinesterase activities and higher dominance levels. We propose a molecular explanation for how variation in acetylcholinesterase activity may result in v...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact