Mihaela Papa - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Peer-reviewed journal articles by Mihaela Papa

Global Studies Quarterly, 2023

China and Russia have been progressively deepening their partnership in global governance to achi... more China and Russia have been progressively deepening their partnership in global governance to achieve common goals. However, do other states share their policy positions? Existing scholarship addresses the dyadic affinity among major powers and the growing importance of rising power groups, but it does not examine how the policy positions of other states align with those of the United States and its major rivals: China and Russia. To investigate how states align with the positions of these major powers, we examine voting patterns in the UN General Assembly over a 30-year period from 1991 to 2020. By utilizing simple t-tests and estimating both OLS and LOGIT models (N = 219,625), we find that the Sino-Russian positions enjoy much broader global support than those of the United States. Additionally, states that belong to the Group of 77 (G-77) and soft-balancing institutions such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) are more likely to align with China and Russia than states that do not belong to these groups. Conversely, members of NATO are more likely to side with the United States than their non-NATO counterparts. Further, the findings suggest that the effect of states' membership in soft-balancing institutions on their propensity to align with China and Russia has steadily increased over time. Meanwhile, the effect of states' membership in NATO on their likelihood to align with the United States lacks a clear temporal trajectory. Bloc Politics at the UN China y Rusia ha ido aumentando constantemente con el tiempo. Al mismo tiempo, el efecto que ejerce la membresía por parte de los Estados en la OTAN sobre la probabilidad de que estos se alineen con los Estados Unidos carece de una trayectoria temporal clara. The sides reaffirmed their intention to strengthen foreign policy coordination, pursue true multilateralism, strengthen cooperation on multilateral platforms, defend common interests, support the international and regional balance of power, and improve global governance. (.. .) The sides support the deepened strategic partnership within BRICS.

European Journal of International Relations , 2023

Informal institutions are important platforms for renegotiating global governance, but there is d... more Informal institutions are important platforms for renegotiating global governance, but there is disagreement on how they operate and challenge the United States (US). Realists view some informal institutions like Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) as counter-hegemonic entities, while rational institutionalists focus on their structure and performance in specific areas. However, neither approach explains the internal dynamics that make these institutions robust and potentially counterhegemonic. To fill this gap, we first develop a new convergence approach for analysing informal institutional dynamics, and then we apply this approach to examine BRICS robustness and BRICS-US relations. Our BRICS Convergence Index measures policy convergence of the BRICS states using a novel data set of BRICS cooperation on 47 policy issues between 2009 and 2021. Using data on US policy preferences on the same issues, we also identify the key sites of BRICS-US contestation. We find an overall increase in BRICS policy convergence and limited divergence from US preferences across a wide range of policy issues. However, since BRICS has engaged with more security issues after 2015 and substantively deepened its cooperation, its capability

Boston College Law Review, Jun 1, 2013

Asian Security, 2020

ABSTRACT What are Chinese views of international security alliances? Some scholars argue that the... more ABSTRACT What are Chinese views of international security alliances? Some scholars argue that the idea of alliance formation has become obsolete in contemporary international relations (IR), while others predict that China will eventually return to alliance formation, as major power competition intensifies. This study analyzes 1,403 articles addressing China’s foreign relationships published in the top five Chinese IR/political science journals between 1990 and 2019. We use automatic content analysis to identify key concepts and measure trends in Chinese alliance thinking. Our findings challenge the view that alliances are obsolete in contemporary Chinese IR. Alliance debates have increased in prominence during Xi’s administration. Since the 1990s, however, the partnership concept has emerged as an alternative to the alliance concept. We examine the application of these concepts through cases of China’s relations with the United States, Russia, and India.

How does South Africa view international alliances? International relations (IR) scholars have be... more How does South Africa view international alliances? International relations (IR) scholars have been debating the end of alliances and the relevance of the alliance paradigm itself. South Africa presents an excellent test case for advancing these debates for three reasons. First, it has been committed to nonalignment yet engages in close and complex inter-state collaborations. Second, debates about the alliance paradigm have largely taken place in, and focused on, the Global North. And third, there is a gap in South African scholarship on this subject. This article examines the South African understanding of alliances through a systematic study of its academic and policy landscape including an analysis of 285 articles from South Africa’s five most highly ranked IR journals and key policy documents produced during the post-apartheid period. The article outlines how alliances are conceptualized and operationalized. It finds that the alliance concept in South Africa departs from the tra...

The Indian Legal Profession in the Age of Globalization

Third World Quarterly, 2022

Can the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) build on their momentum to transfor... more Can the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) build on their momentum to transform the international order, or will they be remembered as a geopolitical fad? To assess the prospects of the figurehead for emerging power aspirations, this article examines the associational dynamics and practices that inform their collective journey. Drawing on the rationalist literature on bargaining coalitions and on the constructivist literature on 'imagined' communities, we develop an analytical framework to investigate whether states exploit their BRICS affiliation tactically, to rise in tandem, or strategically, to rise together, Our two case studies, which examine BRICS efforts to curb Washington's 'exorbitant privilege', and to develop a collective response to the climate crisis, respectively, suggest that even when the BRICS share soft revisionist goals, coalitional cohesion and community formation are tentative at best. In the absence of clear common objectives, the BRICS abandon all but the rhetoric of coalitional behaviour. We conclude that unless the five emerging powers agree on a coherent strategy to harness their relative strengths, the BRICS' geopolitical play will be defeated by their own tactical ploys.

International dispute settlement is often described as a developed country dominated area of lega... more International dispute settlement is often described as a developed country dominated area of legal practice where developing country disputants seek to build legal capacity to level the playing field. The rise of emerging powers challenges this view, but it remains conceptually unclear when emancipation occurs and playing field is levelled. This article assesses China, India and Brazil’s participation in trade and investment dispute settlement against two theoretically-derived ‘basic’ requirements for emancipation: that they have a domestic constituency with legal skills and expertise required for participation, and that they can strategically use the system in place beyond individual cases and proactively advance their policy agendas. This article finds that emerging powers have built domestic expertise within their governments, but foreign lawyers remain crucial for their engagement. The countries engage in legal strategizing in the trade case, but there are political barriers to investment arbitration in Brazil and India. Level playing field debates should take into account levelling in the private sector and examine the disputants’ ability to navigate complex webs of trade and investment governance.

The growth of global governance—in terms of the proliferation of rules, laws, and institutional f... more The growth of global governance—in terms of the proliferation of rules, laws, and institutional forms as well as their interactions—is an increasingly debated issue. Scholars are raising concerns about some of its negative impacts, but they are divided on the extent of these impacts and on the needed solutions. While some question the viability of international institutions and argue for embracing complexity, others see current growth concerns as a call for more order and a turn to constitutionalism. This article argues for a turn to sustainable development instead. This approach addresses the system's underlying problem: its unsustainable development, which threatens to produce more rather than better governance arrangements and to enhance existing participation inequalities. The article uses the sustainable development paradigm to envision how to prevent rather than respond to growth concerns, and to integrate equity considerations into institutional strategies. A discussion of reducing, reusing, and recycling international institutions illustrates how to implement this approach and suggests areas for future research. Since the Second World War, international rules, laws, and governance arrangements have proliferated and the complexity of their interactions has increased. This growth of the global governance system initially was celebrated. The creation of more institutions signaled that the system's stakeholders were eager to deepen their cooperation. It raised the prospects for producing global public goods and creating a political and legal order beyond borders. At the same time, concerns arose regarding the negative aspects of growth, due to the fragmentation of international law and increasing regime complexity. 1 However, scholars are divided on the extent to which growth is a problem in need of solutions. Some scholars question the promise of international institutions in the era of

It is often argued that the growth of major emerging powers, such as China, India, Russia, and Br... more It is often argued that the growth of major emerging powers, such as China, India, Russia, and Brazil, will have a transformative effect on the world economy and politics, but the implications of their rise on sustainable development diplomacy have remained understudied. Do these new powers have the potential to exercise leadership and address the stalled performance on the sustainable development agenda? Drawing on theories of leadership in multiparty negotiations and the empirical study of two major emerging powers’ coalitions, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India, China), this article assesses their leadership potential in sustainable development diplomacy. It finds that emerging powers are already engaging in policy coordination in the sustainable development realm, have begun to use their influence to create incentives for other actors in the system and have been conducting skillful diplomacy to develop their coalitions and forge consensus in global policy-making. However, exerting actual global leadership would require building a stronger policy agenda. One area with particular potential for emerging powers to exert leadership is the clean energy arena of sustainable development diplomacy.

Climate change is a serious threat to all nations. This raises the question of why continuous tre... more Climate change is a serious threat to all nations. This raises the question of why continuous treaty negotiations for more than two decades have failed to create a viable or adequate international climate regime. The current strategy of addressing climate change misdiagnoses the issue as a pollution problem by focusing on symptoms (emissions) and not on underlying causes (unsustainable development). In short, the wrong treaty is being negotiated. Drawing on negotiation analysis, it is argued that the existing and proposed climate treaties fail to meet the national interests of any party. An alternative strategy for addressing climate change is proposed that reframes the overall approach to reflect all countries’ development needs and links climate protection goals to the development structure of the treaty. The current deadlock over emissions reductions might be overcome and a mutual gains agreement reached by directing international cooperation towards promoting the provision of clean energy services for development and ensuring universal access to those services as part of an ‘early action’ agenda that will complement efforts to utilize forests and reduce other GHGs from multiple sectors.

Despite the importance of globalization for Indian lawyers, there have been surprisingly few atte... more Despite the importance of globalization for Indian lawyers, there have been surprisingly few attempts to integrate the rich scholarship on the processes of globalization with the sociology of the Indian legal profession, and to conceptualize and explain major recent legal developments in India in this context. This article uses three globalization processes – economic globalization, globalization of knowledge and globalization of governance – as lenses for analyzing the Indian legal profession. It argues that understanding these processes and their intersections can help frame a much-needed empirical investigation into the globalization of the legal profession in India, and possibly in other major emerging economies.

Dissertation by Mihaela Papa

Policy book by Mihaela Papa

Book chapters & law reviews by Mihaela Papa

Global Studies Quarterly, 2023

China and Russia have been progressively deepening their partnership in global governance to achi... more China and Russia have been progressively deepening their partnership in global governance to achieve common goals. However, do other states share their policy positions? Existing scholarship addresses the dyadic affinity among major powers and the growing importance of rising power groups, but it does not examine how the policy positions of other states align with those of the United States and its major rivals: China and Russia. To investigate how states align with the positions of these major powers, we examine voting patterns in the UN General Assembly over a 30-year period from 1991 to 2020. By utilizing simple t-tests and estimating both OLS and LOGIT models (N = 219,625), we find that the Sino-Russian positions enjoy much broader global support than those of the United States. Additionally, states that belong to the Group of 77 (G-77) and soft-balancing institutions such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) are more likely to align with China and Russia than states that do not belong to these groups. Conversely, members of NATO are more likely to side with the United States than their non-NATO counterparts. Further, the findings suggest that the effect of states' membership in soft-balancing institutions on their propensity to align with China and Russia has steadily increased over time. Meanwhile, the effect of states' membership in NATO on their likelihood to align with the United States lacks a clear temporal trajectory. Bloc Politics at the UN China y Rusia ha ido aumentando constantemente con el tiempo. Al mismo tiempo, el efecto que ejerce la membresía por parte de los Estados en la OTAN sobre la probabilidad de que estos se alineen con los Estados Unidos carece de una trayectoria temporal clara. The sides reaffirmed their intention to strengthen foreign policy coordination, pursue true multilateralism, strengthen cooperation on multilateral platforms, defend common interests, support the international and regional balance of power, and improve global governance. (.. .) The sides support the deepened strategic partnership within BRICS.

European Journal of International Relations , 2023

Informal institutions are important platforms for renegotiating global governance, but there is d... more Informal institutions are important platforms for renegotiating global governance, but there is disagreement on how they operate and challenge the United States (US). Realists view some informal institutions like Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) as counter-hegemonic entities, while rational institutionalists focus on their structure and performance in specific areas. However, neither approach explains the internal dynamics that make these institutions robust and potentially counterhegemonic. To fill this gap, we first develop a new convergence approach for analysing informal institutional dynamics, and then we apply this approach to examine BRICS robustness and BRICS-US relations. Our BRICS Convergence Index measures policy convergence of the BRICS states using a novel data set of BRICS cooperation on 47 policy issues between 2009 and 2021. Using data on US policy preferences on the same issues, we also identify the key sites of BRICS-US contestation. We find an overall increase in BRICS policy convergence and limited divergence from US preferences across a wide range of policy issues. However, since BRICS has engaged with more security issues after 2015 and substantively deepened its cooperation, its capability

Boston College Law Review, Jun 1, 2013

Asian Security, 2020

ABSTRACT What are Chinese views of international security alliances? Some scholars argue that the... more ABSTRACT What are Chinese views of international security alliances? Some scholars argue that the idea of alliance formation has become obsolete in contemporary international relations (IR), while others predict that China will eventually return to alliance formation, as major power competition intensifies. This study analyzes 1,403 articles addressing China’s foreign relationships published in the top five Chinese IR/political science journals between 1990 and 2019. We use automatic content analysis to identify key concepts and measure trends in Chinese alliance thinking. Our findings challenge the view that alliances are obsolete in contemporary Chinese IR. Alliance debates have increased in prominence during Xi’s administration. Since the 1990s, however, the partnership concept has emerged as an alternative to the alliance concept. We examine the application of these concepts through cases of China’s relations with the United States, Russia, and India.

How does South Africa view international alliances? International relations (IR) scholars have be... more How does South Africa view international alliances? International relations (IR) scholars have been debating the end of alliances and the relevance of the alliance paradigm itself. South Africa presents an excellent test case for advancing these debates for three reasons. First, it has been committed to nonalignment yet engages in close and complex inter-state collaborations. Second, debates about the alliance paradigm have largely taken place in, and focused on, the Global North. And third, there is a gap in South African scholarship on this subject. This article examines the South African understanding of alliances through a systematic study of its academic and policy landscape including an analysis of 285 articles from South Africa’s five most highly ranked IR journals and key policy documents produced during the post-apartheid period. The article outlines how alliances are conceptualized and operationalized. It finds that the alliance concept in South Africa departs from the tra...

The Indian Legal Profession in the Age of Globalization

Third World Quarterly, 2022

Can the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) build on their momentum to transfor... more Can the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) build on their momentum to transform the international order, or will they be remembered as a geopolitical fad? To assess the prospects of the figurehead for emerging power aspirations, this article examines the associational dynamics and practices that inform their collective journey. Drawing on the rationalist literature on bargaining coalitions and on the constructivist literature on 'imagined' communities, we develop an analytical framework to investigate whether states exploit their BRICS affiliation tactically, to rise in tandem, or strategically, to rise together, Our two case studies, which examine BRICS efforts to curb Washington's 'exorbitant privilege', and to develop a collective response to the climate crisis, respectively, suggest that even when the BRICS share soft revisionist goals, coalitional cohesion and community formation are tentative at best. In the absence of clear common objectives, the BRICS abandon all but the rhetoric of coalitional behaviour. We conclude that unless the five emerging powers agree on a coherent strategy to harness their relative strengths, the BRICS' geopolitical play will be defeated by their own tactical ploys.

International dispute settlement is often described as a developed country dominated area of lega... more International dispute settlement is often described as a developed country dominated area of legal practice where developing country disputants seek to build legal capacity to level the playing field. The rise of emerging powers challenges this view, but it remains conceptually unclear when emancipation occurs and playing field is levelled. This article assesses China, India and Brazil’s participation in trade and investment dispute settlement against two theoretically-derived ‘basic’ requirements for emancipation: that they have a domestic constituency with legal skills and expertise required for participation, and that they can strategically use the system in place beyond individual cases and proactively advance their policy agendas. This article finds that emerging powers have built domestic expertise within their governments, but foreign lawyers remain crucial for their engagement. The countries engage in legal strategizing in the trade case, but there are political barriers to investment arbitration in Brazil and India. Level playing field debates should take into account levelling in the private sector and examine the disputants’ ability to navigate complex webs of trade and investment governance.

The growth of global governance—in terms of the proliferation of rules, laws, and institutional f... more The growth of global governance—in terms of the proliferation of rules, laws, and institutional forms as well as their interactions—is an increasingly debated issue. Scholars are raising concerns about some of its negative impacts, but they are divided on the extent of these impacts and on the needed solutions. While some question the viability of international institutions and argue for embracing complexity, others see current growth concerns as a call for more order and a turn to constitutionalism. This article argues for a turn to sustainable development instead. This approach addresses the system's underlying problem: its unsustainable development, which threatens to produce more rather than better governance arrangements and to enhance existing participation inequalities. The article uses the sustainable development paradigm to envision how to prevent rather than respond to growth concerns, and to integrate equity considerations into institutional strategies. A discussion of reducing, reusing, and recycling international institutions illustrates how to implement this approach and suggests areas for future research. Since the Second World War, international rules, laws, and governance arrangements have proliferated and the complexity of their interactions has increased. This growth of the global governance system initially was celebrated. The creation of more institutions signaled that the system's stakeholders were eager to deepen their cooperation. It raised the prospects for producing global public goods and creating a political and legal order beyond borders. At the same time, concerns arose regarding the negative aspects of growth, due to the fragmentation of international law and increasing regime complexity. 1 However, scholars are divided on the extent to which growth is a problem in need of solutions. Some scholars question the promise of international institutions in the era of

It is often argued that the growth of major emerging powers, such as China, India, Russia, and Br... more It is often argued that the growth of major emerging powers, such as China, India, Russia, and Brazil, will have a transformative effect on the world economy and politics, but the implications of their rise on sustainable development diplomacy have remained understudied. Do these new powers have the potential to exercise leadership and address the stalled performance on the sustainable development agenda? Drawing on theories of leadership in multiparty negotiations and the empirical study of two major emerging powers’ coalitions, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India, China), this article assesses their leadership potential in sustainable development diplomacy. It finds that emerging powers are already engaging in policy coordination in the sustainable development realm, have begun to use their influence to create incentives for other actors in the system and have been conducting skillful diplomacy to develop their coalitions and forge consensus in global policy-making. However, exerting actual global leadership would require building a stronger policy agenda. One area with particular potential for emerging powers to exert leadership is the clean energy arena of sustainable development diplomacy.

Climate change is a serious threat to all nations. This raises the question of why continuous tre... more Climate change is a serious threat to all nations. This raises the question of why continuous treaty negotiations for more than two decades have failed to create a viable or adequate international climate regime. The current strategy of addressing climate change misdiagnoses the issue as a pollution problem by focusing on symptoms (emissions) and not on underlying causes (unsustainable development). In short, the wrong treaty is being negotiated. Drawing on negotiation analysis, it is argued that the existing and proposed climate treaties fail to meet the national interests of any party. An alternative strategy for addressing climate change is proposed that reframes the overall approach to reflect all countries’ development needs and links climate protection goals to the development structure of the treaty. The current deadlock over emissions reductions might be overcome and a mutual gains agreement reached by directing international cooperation towards promoting the provision of clean energy services for development and ensuring universal access to those services as part of an ‘early action’ agenda that will complement efforts to utilize forests and reduce other GHGs from multiple sectors.

Despite the importance of globalization for Indian lawyers, there have been surprisingly few atte... more Despite the importance of globalization for Indian lawyers, there have been surprisingly few attempts to integrate the rich scholarship on the processes of globalization with the sociology of the Indian legal profession, and to conceptualize and explain major recent legal developments in India in this context. This article uses three globalization processes – economic globalization, globalization of knowledge and globalization of governance – as lenses for analyzing the Indian legal profession. It argues that understanding these processes and their intersections can help frame a much-needed empirical investigation into the globalization of the legal profession in India, and possibly in other major emerging economies.

Global Environmental Politics, 2008

... DeSombre's Flagging Standards offers a rich, insightful assessment of mari-time regu... more ... DeSombre's Flagging Standards offers a rich, insightful assessment of mari-time regulatory regimes and the ... The application of the club theory to voluntary environmental programs offers a creative and ... College Jane I. Dawson It is often assumed that, as globalization extends its ...

Global Studies Quarterly

China and Russia have been progressively deepening their partnership in global governance to achi... more China and Russia have been progressively deepening their partnership in global governance to achieve common goals. However, do other states share their policy positions? Existing scholarship addresses the dyadic affinity among major powers and the growing importance of rising power groups, but it does not examine how the policy positions of other states align with those of the United States and its major rivals: China and Russia. To investigate how states align with the positions of these major powers, we examine voting patterns in the UN General Assembly over a 30-year period from 1991 to 2020. By utilizing simple t-tests and estimating both OLS and LOGIT models (N = 219,625), we find that the Sino–Russian positions enjoy much broader global support than those of the United States. Additionally, states that belong to the Group of 77 (G-77) and soft-balancing institutions such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) are mor...

Cambridge University Press eBooks, May 24, 2017

Global Environmental Politics, Feb 1, 2008

Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 2012

Global Environmental Change, 2012

It is often argued that the growth of major emerging powers, such as China, India, Russia, and Br... more It is often argued that the growth of major emerging powers, such as China, India, Russia, and Brazil, will have a transformative effect on the world economy and politics, but the implications of their rise on sustainable development diplomacy have remained understudied. Do these new powers have the potential to exercise leadership and address the stalled performance on the sustainable development agenda? Drawing on theories of leadership in multiparty negotiations and the empirical study of two major emerging powers’ coalitions, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India, China), this article assesses their leadership potential in sustainable development diplomacy. It finds that emerging powers are already engaging in policy coordination in the sustainable development realm, have begun to use their influence to create incentives for other actors in the system and have been conducting skillful diplomacy to develop their coalitions and forge consensus in global policy-making. However, exerting actual global leadership would require building a stronger policy agenda. One area with particular potential for emerging powers to exert leadership is the clean energy arena of sustainable development diplomacy.

Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics, 2013

Existing scholarship has not systematically examined BRICS (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Afric... more Existing scholarship has not systematically examined BRICS (Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa) as a rising power de-dollarization coalition, despite the group developing multiple de-dollarization initiatives to reduce currency risk and bypass US sanctions. To fill this gap, this study develops a 'Pathways to De-dollarization' framework and applies it to analyze the institutional and market mechanisms that BRICS countries have created at the BRICS, sub-BRICS, and BRICS Plus levels. This framework identifies the leaders and followers of the BRICS de-dollarization coalition, assesses its robustness, and discerns how BRICS mobilizes other stakeholders. The authors employ process tracing, content analysis, semi-structured interviews, archival research, and statistical analysis of quantitative market data to analyze BRICS activities during 2009-2021. They find that BRICS' coalitional de-dollarization initiatives have established critical infrastructure for a prospective a...

Global Policy, 2021

What is the future of the BRICS (Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa) group? BRICS has transfo... more What is the future of the BRICS (Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa) group? BRICS has transformed in record time from a global non‐entity into an informal institution that pursues global policy leadership, features extensive policy coordination among five powerful countries, and creates its own organizations. While BRICS momentum seemed unstoppable, a militarized dispute between India and China in 2020 raised questions about the group’s future. This contribution concludes the Special Section by arguing that the BRICS group is not broken. Instead, it faces a range of strategic, geopolitical and operational challenges: how it addresses them will define its future trajectory and its impact on global governance. This essay analyses the situation from a conflict resolution perspective while bringing together insights from the five BRICS countries. It conceptualizes new directions for the BRICS group. Two possible internal conflict management scenarios are outlined: circumventing conflict and making institutional adjustments. Yet the real test of the group’s resilience is its ability to exert collective leadership and improve global governance. BRICS’ response to COVID‐19 and to the challenge of sustainable development offers insights into the group’s ability to advance community goals.

Boston College Law Review, Jun 1, 2013

Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2014

The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2013

Global Environmental Politics, 2015

The growth of global governance—in terms of the proliferation of rules, laws, and institutional f... more The growth of global governance—in terms of the proliferation of rules, laws, and institutional forms as well as their interactions—is an increasingly debated issue. Scholars are raising concerns about some of its negative impacts, but they are divided on the extent of these impacts and on the needed solutions. While some question the viability of international institutions and argue for embracing complexity, others see current growth concerns as a call for more order and a turn to constitutionalism. This article argues for a turn to sustainable development instead. This approach addresses the system’s underlying problem: its unsustainable development, which threatens to produce more rather than better governance arrangements and to enhance existing participation inequalities. The article uses the sustainable development paradigm to envision how to prevent rather than respond to growth concerns, and to integrate equity considerations into institutional strategies. A discussion of re...

International Affairs

In its Eurasian diplomacy toward Russia and China, India has preferred to engage these states bil... more In its Eurasian diplomacy toward Russia and China, India has preferred to engage these states bilaterally and through the Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) multilateral alignments. By contrast, India views the Russia–India–China (RIC) triangle as a less effective mechanism. However, despite its ongoing militarized crisis with China in the spring/summer of 2020, India surprisingly agreed to participate in a meeting of RIC foreign ministers and initiate RIC defence ministers' engagements. India also initiated the revival of RIC summits in 2018. This article analyzes the drivers for India's recent shift toward enhancing RIC. Drawing upon Indian policy statements and alignment documents, the article firstly argues that India generates policy agenda overlaps across RIC, BRICS and SCO, which facilitate forum-shopping. Introducing the case-study of Indian counterterrorism diplomacy across the three alignments, the article sec...

Contemporary Security Policy

Global Policy

In only a decade, the BRICS group has achieved policy coordination among five very disparate coun... more In only a decade, the BRICS group has achieved policy coordination among five very disparate countries and has started presenting a serious challenge to the status quo in global governance. It is now collaborating on many policy issues and delegating authority to a range of BRICS organizations. Since the inception of BRICS, the protracted India-China rivalry has cast a dark shadow over the group. In the aftermath of the India-China standoff in Ladakh, especially the Galwan Valley clash evoking memories of more serious clashes such as those at Nathu La in 1967 and even the 1962 border war, a crucial axis of BRICS cooperationthe India-China relationshiphas deteriorated. This Special Section examines whether the India-China rivalry will render BRICS dysfunctional. Will the BRICS group be broken? The contributors will analyse whether BRICS can be a pacifying force and outline the prospects for the development of BRICS in light of the India-China crisis.

... the market for legal services in India and how these developments will affect lawyers in ... ... more ... the market for legal services in India and how these developments will affect lawyers in ... their “home country” law.11 As such, it makes the Indian regulatory regime one of ... Many argue that Indian lawyers need innovative programs of integrated interdisciplinary legal learning, as ...