Mihaly Kopanyi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Mihaly Kopanyi
Kozgazdasagi Szemle, 2001
Az onkormanyzati szektor szerves resze az allamhaztartasnak mind fiskalis, mind a feladatellatas ... more Az onkormanyzati szektor szerves resze az allamhaztartasnak mind fiskalis, mind a feladatellatas es finanszirozas szempontjabol. A kozponti es az onkormanyzati koltsegvetes tehat egyszerre melle- es ala-fole rendelt viszonyban all egymassal. Ezt szentesitette az 1990-es onkormanyzati torveny. A fiskalis stabilizacios intezkedesek es az agazati miniszteriumok mikromenedzselesi torekvesei egy centralizacios folyamatot inditottak el. Ezzel ellentetben, a tovabbfejlődes lehetőseget a kovetkezetes decentralizacio: az onkormanyzatok szakmai megerősitese es piackonform finanszirozasi megoldasok hordozzak, amit az onkormanyzati szektor - atfogo allamhaztartasi reform kereteben vegrehajtott - modernizaciojaval kellene megvalositani.
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses, Oct 7, 2022
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses, Oct 7, 2022
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses, Oct 7, 2022
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Pakistan has a relatively long experience with, and a robust framework for taxing real properties... more Pakistan has a relatively long experience with, and a robust framework for taxing real properties, and is among over 130 countries, including 49 of the Commonwealth of Nations countries, where some form of property tax is collected. Since it was introduced in 1958, repeated efforts have been made to enhance the framework of property taxation in the Punjab-the Urban Immovable Property Tax (UIPT). Yet, both the yield of property tax and its importance among local revenues have remained very low by international comparisons. The major impediments are: ambiguous fiscal policy regarding the role of property tax, narrow tax bases, broad and distorting exemptions and reductions, misalignment between annual rental value estimation of different property categories, ineffective tax administration, low collection rates, and unrealistic collection records. Recent generous exemptions also serve to further erode property tax revenues in the Punjab Province. This note provides an overview of the current property taxation system in the Punjab Province based on the premise that the property tax: (i) is essentially a fiscal tool; (ii) is not an instrument of social redistribution; (iii) system should be kept simple; and (iv) is a technical instrument with strong financial, institutional, and political connotations. We first address tax policy and tax administration issues and then draw conclusions outlining possible actions for enhancing the taxation system and increasing property tax revenues in the short and medium terms. The main areas of potential changes are highlighted next. Property taxes are levied on a banded annual rental value (ARV) basis, calculated from valuation tables issued by the Excise and Tax Department. The ARV tables provide a reasonable ground for defining the tax base, yet they need to be revised and harmonized, as well as aligned with each other in order to improve equity and fairness of the UIPT. For instance, impact analysis would help in calibrating ARV tables and harmonizing unit values across various residential, commercial and industrial properties. Simplifying ARV tables would present a major improvement in property tax administration. Measures could include valuing all commercial and industrial properties at rental values, and gradually narrowing the gap between ARV of self-occupied and rented residential properties down, as appropriate, to the 1:2 ratio of differentiation enacted in 1963. Reductions and exemptions distort and, in fact, overwrite the ARV tables, while aiming to correct them. Of all of the changes, the exemption of all residential properties up to 5 Marlas (125 sq yard) in the plot area provides the most cause for concern, since it significantly reduces the property tax base. If the aim is to support poor families, a proper value exemption can fulfill that function, but the 5 Marlas is too large an area to exclude, especially when compared to international experience. It is very likely that this exemption includes numerous high value properties (with over 400 sq yard floor space), and is conservatively estimated to reduce the tax yield by 25%. The current property tax collection information base is unreliable, and the collection rate is currently very low around 55% of billings. Town Municipal Administrations (TMAs) are neither aware of, nor motivated to increase the low UIPT collection rate. It is of crucial GoPunjab may wish to strengthen the UIPT tax administration with the aim of enabling greater involvement of local governments in tax policy and administration, with minor changes of the present legislative framework. The role of CDGs can be revised, and with sufficient capacity building, both CDGs and TMAs can jointly exercise key tax policy and administration functions in both the short and medium term.
Better Cities, Better World: A Handbook on Local Governments Self-Assessments, 2019
Better Cities, Better World: A Handbook on Local Governments Self-Assessments, 2019
The paper reviews models and practices for financing the development and operation of urban infra... more The paper reviews models and practices for financing the development and operation of urban infrastructure in developing countries and sheds lights on Rwanda's challenges and opportunities, with preliminary reform suggestions. The main findings include: (i) Rwandan cities need more resources to cope with urbanization; (ii) Revenue opportunities include income tax surcharges, business taxes, property and property transfer taxes, and capital gains taxes, but also development fees or betterment taxes to extract private benefits for financing infrastructure; (iii) Diversifying infrastructure financing instruments by using ring-fenced project financing, municipal enterprises, or public-private partnerships could expand the funds available for infrastructure development; (iv) Debt financing in form of borrowing or bond issuance are among the most immediate options for the largest Rwandan cities.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle, 2001
Az onkormanyzati szektor szerves resze az allamhaztartasnak mind fiskalis, mind a feladatellatas ... more Az onkormanyzati szektor szerves resze az allamhaztartasnak mind fiskalis, mind a feladatellatas es finanszirozas szempontjabol. A kozponti es az onkormanyzati koltsegvetes tehat egyszerre melle- es ala-fole rendelt viszonyban all egymassal. Ezt szentesitette az 1990-es onkormanyzati torveny. A fiskalis stabilizacios intezkedesek es az agazati miniszteriumok mikromenedzselesi torekvesei egy centralizacios folyamatot inditottak el. Ezzel ellentetben, a tovabbfejlődes lehetőseget a kovetkezetes decentralizacio: az onkormanyzatok szakmai megerősitese es piackonform finanszirozasi megoldasok hordozzak, amit az onkormanyzati szektor - atfogo allamhaztartasi reform kereteben vegrehajtott - modernizaciojaval kellene megvalositani.
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
The World Bank eBooks, Oct 7, 2022
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses, Oct 7, 2022
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses, Oct 7, 2022
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses, Oct 7, 2022
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Managing County Assets and Liabilities in Kenya: Postdevolution Challenges and Responses
Pakistan has a relatively long experience with, and a robust framework for taxing real properties... more Pakistan has a relatively long experience with, and a robust framework for taxing real properties, and is among over 130 countries, including 49 of the Commonwealth of Nations countries, where some form of property tax is collected. Since it was introduced in 1958, repeated efforts have been made to enhance the framework of property taxation in the Punjab-the Urban Immovable Property Tax (UIPT). Yet, both the yield of property tax and its importance among local revenues have remained very low by international comparisons. The major impediments are: ambiguous fiscal policy regarding the role of property tax, narrow tax bases, broad and distorting exemptions and reductions, misalignment between annual rental value estimation of different property categories, ineffective tax administration, low collection rates, and unrealistic collection records. Recent generous exemptions also serve to further erode property tax revenues in the Punjab Province. This note provides an overview of the current property taxation system in the Punjab Province based on the premise that the property tax: (i) is essentially a fiscal tool; (ii) is not an instrument of social redistribution; (iii) system should be kept simple; and (iv) is a technical instrument with strong financial, institutional, and political connotations. We first address tax policy and tax administration issues and then draw conclusions outlining possible actions for enhancing the taxation system and increasing property tax revenues in the short and medium terms. The main areas of potential changes are highlighted next. Property taxes are levied on a banded annual rental value (ARV) basis, calculated from valuation tables issued by the Excise and Tax Department. The ARV tables provide a reasonable ground for defining the tax base, yet they need to be revised and harmonized, as well as aligned with each other in order to improve equity and fairness of the UIPT. For instance, impact analysis would help in calibrating ARV tables and harmonizing unit values across various residential, commercial and industrial properties. Simplifying ARV tables would present a major improvement in property tax administration. Measures could include valuing all commercial and industrial properties at rental values, and gradually narrowing the gap between ARV of self-occupied and rented residential properties down, as appropriate, to the 1:2 ratio of differentiation enacted in 1963. Reductions and exemptions distort and, in fact, overwrite the ARV tables, while aiming to correct them. Of all of the changes, the exemption of all residential properties up to 5 Marlas (125 sq yard) in the plot area provides the most cause for concern, since it significantly reduces the property tax base. If the aim is to support poor families, a proper value exemption can fulfill that function, but the 5 Marlas is too large an area to exclude, especially when compared to international experience. It is very likely that this exemption includes numerous high value properties (with over 400 sq yard floor space), and is conservatively estimated to reduce the tax yield by 25%. The current property tax collection information base is unreliable, and the collection rate is currently very low around 55% of billings. Town Municipal Administrations (TMAs) are neither aware of, nor motivated to increase the low UIPT collection rate. It is of crucial GoPunjab may wish to strengthen the UIPT tax administration with the aim of enabling greater involvement of local governments in tax policy and administration, with minor changes of the present legislative framework. The role of CDGs can be revised, and with sufficient capacity building, both CDGs and TMAs can jointly exercise key tax policy and administration functions in both the short and medium term.
Better Cities, Better World: A Handbook on Local Governments Self-Assessments, 2019
Better Cities, Better World: A Handbook on Local Governments Self-Assessments, 2019
The paper reviews models and practices for financing the development and operation of urban infra... more The paper reviews models and practices for financing the development and operation of urban infrastructure in developing countries and sheds lights on Rwanda's challenges and opportunities, with preliminary reform suggestions. The main findings include: (i) Rwandan cities need more resources to cope with urbanization; (ii) Revenue opportunities include income tax surcharges, business taxes, property and property transfer taxes, and capital gains taxes, but also development fees or betterment taxes to extract private benefits for financing infrastructure; (iii) Diversifying infrastructure financing instruments by using ring-fenced project financing, municipal enterprises, or public-private partnerships could expand the funds available for infrastructure development; (iv) Debt financing in form of borrowing or bond issuance are among the most immediate options for the largest Rwandan cities.
World Bank, 2019
In a context of skewed financial resources and complex urban challenges exacerbated by pandemic i... more In a context of skewed financial resources and complex urban challenges exacerbated by pandemic impacts, cities are searching for more effective and more innovative ways to finance and development. Better Cities, Better World: A Handbook on Local Governments Self-Assessments is at the heart of these moves. It outlines a grid for analysis, a framework for data-based policy dialogue, a common language which for city professionals. The Municipal Finances Self-Assessment leads readers and explains methodology with concrete numbers from a large city through the jungle of financial analysis to assess financial health of municipalities. This book provides a bottom-line pragmatic framework for diagnosis and self-assessment with strong links to action and policy reform. It connects the dots between investments programming (Urban Audit) and financing (Municipal Finances Self-Assessment), two key local functions which are too often carried out on parallel tracks.
World Bank, 2019
In a context of skewed financial resources and complex urban challenges exacerbated by pandemic i... more In a context of skewed financial resources and complex urban challenges exacerbated by pandemic impacts, cities are searching for more effective and more innovative ways to finance and development. Better Cities, Better World: A Handbook on Local Governments Self-Assessments is at the heart of these moves. It outlines a grid for analysis, a framework for data-based policy dialogue, a common language which for city professionals. The Municipal Finances Self-Assessment leads readers and explains methodology with concrete numbers from a large city through the jungle of financial analysis to assess financial health of municipalities. This book provides a bottom-line pragmatic framework for diagnosis and self-assessment with strong links to action and policy reform. It connects the dots between investments programming (Urban Audit) and financing (Municipal Finances Self-Assessment), two key local functions which are too often carried out on parallel tracks.
World Bank, 2019
In a context of skewed financial resources and complex urban challenges exacerbated by pandemic i... more In a context of skewed financial resources and complex urban challenges exacerbated by pandemic impacts, cities are searching for more effective and more innovative ways to finance and development. Better Cities, Better World: A Handbook on Local Governments Self-Assessments is at the heart of these moves. It outlines a grid for analysis, a framework for data-based policy dialogue, a common language which for city professionals. The Municipal Finances Self-Assessment leads readers and explains methodology with concrete numbers from a large city through the jungle of financial analysis to assess financial health of municipalities. This book provides a bottom-line pragmatic framework for diagnosis and self-assessment with strong links to action and policy reform. It connects the dots between investments programming (Urban Audit) and financing (Municipal Finances Self-Assessment), two key local functions which are too often carried out on parallel tracks.