Mikhail Malko - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Mikhail Malko

s The report describes the main features of the Chernobyl reactor and possible reasons of the acc... more s The report describes the main features of the Chernobyl reactor and possible reasons of the accident that happened on 26 April 1986. Analysis of scientific results established after the accident demonstrates that shortcomings in the design, and freak infringements of safety regulations for the construction as well as inadequate documentation for reactor operation were the main reason of the Chernobyl accident. Various scenarios proposed for this accident are also analyzed in the report. It is concluded that a very high probability of the nuclear explosions at the reactor of the Unit 4 of the Chernobyl accident exists. The power of it could be equivalent to 200 tons of the trinitrotoluene (TNT). Introduction The accident at Unit 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) on 26 April 1986 is the most severe accident in the history of the peaceful use of the nuclear energy. As a result of this accident the reactor of the fourth unit of the Chernobyl accident was fully destroyed. Th...

World Journal of Urology, 2020

To assess the association between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival (DFS) in High-Risk N... more To assess the association between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival (DFS) in High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (HR-NMIBC) patients treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) instillations (IBI). Retrospective study in five French centres between 2001 and 2015. Participants were 140 patients with histologically confirmed HR-NMIBC. All patients received induction and maintenance IBI. Pathological stage/grade, concomitant carcinoma in situ, lesion number and tumour size were recorded. CD3, CD8 and PD-L1 expression in tumour cells and in T cells in the tumour microenvironment (TME) was determined immunohistochemically. Median follow-up was 54.2 months. The primary outcome measure was DFS. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed using the log rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Of the 140 NMIBC, 52 (37.1%) were Ta, 88 (62.9%) were T1 and 100% were high grade. Median number of maintenance IBI was six (range 1–30). Twenty-five (17.9%) patients had recurrence/progression. In multivariable analysis, age (HR 1.07 [95% CI 1.02–1.13], p = 0.009), PD-L1 expression in tumour cells (HR per 10 units = 1.96 [95% CI 1.28–3.00], p = 0.02) and CD3/CD8 ratio (HR per 10 units = 3.38 [95% CI 1.61–7.11], p = 0.01) were significantly associated with DFS. However, using the cut-off corresponding for each PD-L1 antibodies, PD-L1 + status was not associated with DFS. Despite an association between PD-L1 expression and BCG failure in HR-NMIBC, the PD-L1 + status was not a prognostic factor in the response of BCG. Moreover, we confirmed the key role played by the IC within the microenvironment in BCG treatment. These findings highlighted the rationale to combine BCG and PD-L1/PD-1 antibodies in early bladder cancer.

The Chernobyl accident has been the worst accident in the history of peaceful use of nuclear ener... more The Chernobyl accident has been the worst accident in the history of peaceful use of nuclear energy. The nuclear explosion and the following 10 days graphite fire have not only completely destroyed

IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA

The aim of the present investigation is to develop a model to describe the hydrodynamics, heat an... more The aim of the present investigation is to develop a model to describe the hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfers during thermal decomposition of dolomite particles in a fluidized bed. The decomposition of dolomite samples with mass from the range of 0.5-1.4 g under heat treatment has been studied in a laboratory furnace. The dissociation rate constants for magnesium and calcium components of dolomite have been determined in form of the Arrhenius equation. The obtained kinetic equations have been used in the model of fluidized bed. The model is based on the Markov chain approach and allows simulating the heat and mass transfers in fluidized bed. It contains two parallel chains of cells: one for the dolomite particles and another one for the fluidizing gas. The homologic cells of the chains can exchange heat and mass while the longitudinal the media is described by the matrices of transition probabilities. The cells for particles contain heat sources caused by the ongoing reactions. ...

Chemischer Informationsdienst, 1982

Assessment of incidence and mortality for thyroid cancers carried out for the Belarusian populati... more Assessment of incidence and mortality for thyroid cancers carried out for the Belarusian population is described in the present report. It is found that in the period of 1987-2000 about 4,400 radiation-induced thyroid cancers appeared in Belarus: 692 cancers among children and 3,709 cancers among adolescents and adults. The number of lethal thyroid cancers in this period of time in Belarus was assessed as about 350 cases. The excessive absolute risk, EAR, of thyroid cancer incidence assessed for the period of 1987-2000 on the basis of given data on the morbidity and the assessed collective thyroid dose of irradiation is (2.5 – 5.0) per 10 4 PYGy. The EAR value of thyroid cancer mortality is assessed as (0.20 -0.40) per 10 4 PYGy. The excessive relative risk, ERR, of thyroid cancer incidence is assessed as (11.2 – 22.4)/Gy. The radiation risks of thyroid cancers found in the present report are higher than the risk coefficients established for atomic bomb survivors that were irradiate...

The present report estimates the expected increase in the incidence and mortality from malignant ... more The present report estimates the expected increase in the incidence and mortality from malignant neoplasms in 1986-2056 in European countries resulting from the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. The estimation of the number of excess incident cancers is based on the absolute excess radiation risk determined for the population of Belarus. For all European countries combined, 92,600 excess thyroid cancers (90% CI from 44,000 to 141,200 cases), 130,400 solid cancers other than thyroid and non-melanoma skin cancers (42,900 to 217,900), and 12,900 leukaemia cases (2,800 to 23,000) are predicted during 1986-1956. This corresponds to a time-averaged relative increase of RR=1.050 for thyroid cancers (90% CI from 1.024 to 1.077), RR=1.001 for solid cancers other than thyroid and non-melanoma skin cancers (1.000 to 1.002), and RR=1.003 for leukaemia (1.001 to 1.005). Approximately two thirds of all additional cancers will occur in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. Belarus wil...

s. Results of an analysis of the incidence in the acute childhood leukemia in Belarus in 1980-200... more s. Results of an analysis of the incidence in the acute childhood leukemia in Belarus in 1980-2004 carried out on the basis of ecological model are discussed in the report. Published data of the Belarusian Republican Registry of Childhood Hemoblastoses and Hemopoiesis Depressions as well as the Belarusian Cancer Registry were used in the analysis. Only mixed childhood subgroup was considered without separating boys and girls. It was found that a short- time increase in the incidence of leukemia in children of Belarus (0 - 14 years at the time of diagnose) occurred in Belarus soon after the Chernobyl accident. The increase is statistically significant. After 1992 a decline in the childhood leukemia incidence began. As a result, the incidence in the childhood leukemia of Belarus after the period 1986-1992 became less than it was before the Chernobyl accident. 708 cases of acute leukemia were registered in Belarus in the period 1986-1992. The number of expected leukemia in this period ...

s An assessment of the collective and mean individual doses of the whole body irradiation as a re... more s An assessment of the collective and mean individual doses of the whole body irradiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident for children, adults and total population of Belarus are described in the present report. The assessment was carried out on the basis of data on the surface contamination of Belarus and empirical data on contribution of internal exposure to the total irradiation of the whole body. It was found that in case the mixed population of Belarus collective and individual doses achieve some plateaus after 1990. The mean value of the collective dose of the mixed population in the period 1986-2004 is about 2.3·104 person-Sv. The mean individual dose of the whole body irradiation of the Belarusian population in this period of time is about 2.3 mSv. In case of the childhood population the whole body irradiation doses decrease since 1990. As a result of this decrease, collective and population doses of children of Belarus decrease to some fractions of background irradiat...

23.Decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On United Programme of Liquidation of the Conseque... more 23.Decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On United Programme of Liquidation of the Consequences of the Accident at the Chernobyl NPP and on Situation related to this Accident". Moscow, Kremlin, 25 April 1990 (in Russian). 24.Decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Committee of Trade Unions "On Additional Measures for Improvement of Health Care and Material Condition of the Population Living in the Territory Subject to Radioactive Contamination as a Result of the Accident at the Chernobyl NPP." Moscow, October 1989. The Belorussian newspaper Zwyazda,

Environmental Management and Health, 2000

The paper presents results of a qualitative assessment of the morbidity and mortality in thyroid ... more The paper presents results of a qualitative assessment of the morbidity and mortality in thyroid cancers by the Belarusian population caused by the Chernobyl accident. In the period of 1986-1998 about 3,851 radiation-induced thyroid cancers appeared in Belarus: about 615 cancers by children and about 3,236 cancers by adolescents and adults. The number of lethal thyroid cancers in this period of time in Belarus is assessed as about 167 cases. The excessive absolute risk (EAR) of the morbidity in the thyroid cancer assessed for the period of 1986-1998 on the basis of given data on the morbidity is about 1.7 per 10 4 PYGy. The excessive absolute risk of mortality is assessed as about 0.075 per 10 4 PYGy. These values agree quite well with analogous risk coefficients established for other groups of people in other epidemiological studies.

International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 1982

ABSTRACT Recent experimental results on the thermal decomposition of N2O5 in N2 are evaluated in ... more ABSTRACT Recent experimental results on the thermal decomposition of N2O5 in N2 are evaluated in terms of unimolecular rate theory. A theoretically consistent set of fall-off curves is constructed which allows to identify experimental errors or misinterpretations. Limiting rate constants k0 = [N2] 2.2 × 10−3 (T/300)−4.4 exp(−11,080/T) cm3/molec·s over the range of 220–300 K, k∞ = 9.7 × 1014 (T/300)+0.1 exp(−11,080/T) s−1 over the range of 220–300 K, and broadening factors of the fall-off curve Fcent = exp(-T/250) + exp(−1050/T) over the range of 220–520 K have been derived. NO2 + NO3 recombination rate constants over the range of 200–300 K are krec,0 = [N2] 3.7 × 10−30 (T/300)−4.1 cm6/molec2·s and krec,∞ = 1.6 × 10−12 (T/300)+0.2 cm3/molec·s.

Environmental Management and Health

The paper presents results of a qualitative assessment of the morbidity and mortality in thyroid ... more The paper presents results of a qualitative assessment of the morbidity and mortality in thyroid cancers by the Belarusian population caused by the Chernobyl accident. In the period of 1986-1998 about 3,851 radiation-induced thyroid cancers appeared in Belarus: about 615 cancers by children and about 3,236 cancers by adolescents and adults. The number of lethal thyroid cancers in this period of time in Belarus is assessed as about 167 cases. The excessive absolute risk (EAR) of the morbidity in the thyroid cancer assessed for the period of 1986-1998 on the basis of given data on the morbidity is about 1.7 per 104 PYGy. The excessive absolute risk of mortality is assessed as about 0.075 per 104 PYGy. These values agree quite well with analogous risk coefficients established for other groups of people in other epidemiological studies.

s The report describes the main features of the Chernobyl reactor and possible reasons of the acc... more s The report describes the main features of the Chernobyl reactor and possible reasons of the accident that happened on 26 April 1986. Analysis of scientific results established after the accident demonstrates that shortcomings in the design, and freak infringements of safety regulations for the construction as well as inadequate documentation for reactor operation were the main reason of the Chernobyl accident. Various scenarios proposed for this accident are also analyzed in the report. It is concluded that a very high probability of the nuclear explosions at the reactor of the Unit 4 of the Chernobyl accident exists. The power of it could be equivalent to 200 tons of the trinitrotoluene (TNT). Introduction The accident at Unit 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) on 26 April 1986 is the most severe accident in the history of the peaceful use of the nuclear energy. As a result of this accident the reactor of the fourth unit of the Chernobyl accident was fully destroyed. Th...

World Journal of Urology, 2020

To assess the association between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival (DFS) in High-Risk N... more To assess the association between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival (DFS) in High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (HR-NMIBC) patients treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) instillations (IBI). Retrospective study in five French centres between 2001 and 2015. Participants were 140 patients with histologically confirmed HR-NMIBC. All patients received induction and maintenance IBI. Pathological stage/grade, concomitant carcinoma in situ, lesion number and tumour size were recorded. CD3, CD8 and PD-L1 expression in tumour cells and in T cells in the tumour microenvironment (TME) was determined immunohistochemically. Median follow-up was 54.2 months. The primary outcome measure was DFS. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed using the log rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Of the 140 NMIBC, 52 (37.1%) were Ta, 88 (62.9%) were T1 and 100% were high grade. Median number of maintenance IBI was six (range 1–30). Twenty-five (17.9%) patients had recurrence/progression. In multivariable analysis, age (HR 1.07 [95% CI 1.02–1.13], p = 0.009), PD-L1 expression in tumour cells (HR per 10 units = 1.96 [95% CI 1.28–3.00], p = 0.02) and CD3/CD8 ratio (HR per 10 units = 3.38 [95% CI 1.61–7.11], p = 0.01) were significantly associated with DFS. However, using the cut-off corresponding for each PD-L1 antibodies, PD-L1 + status was not associated with DFS. Despite an association between PD-L1 expression and BCG failure in HR-NMIBC, the PD-L1 + status was not a prognostic factor in the response of BCG. Moreover, we confirmed the key role played by the IC within the microenvironment in BCG treatment. These findings highlighted the rationale to combine BCG and PD-L1/PD-1 antibodies in early bladder cancer.

The Chernobyl accident has been the worst accident in the history of peaceful use of nuclear ener... more The Chernobyl accident has been the worst accident in the history of peaceful use of nuclear energy. The nuclear explosion and the following 10 days graphite fire have not only completely destroyed

IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA

The aim of the present investigation is to develop a model to describe the hydrodynamics, heat an... more The aim of the present investigation is to develop a model to describe the hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfers during thermal decomposition of dolomite particles in a fluidized bed. The decomposition of dolomite samples with mass from the range of 0.5-1.4 g under heat treatment has been studied in a laboratory furnace. The dissociation rate constants for magnesium and calcium components of dolomite have been determined in form of the Arrhenius equation. The obtained kinetic equations have been used in the model of fluidized bed. The model is based on the Markov chain approach and allows simulating the heat and mass transfers in fluidized bed. It contains two parallel chains of cells: one for the dolomite particles and another one for the fluidizing gas. The homologic cells of the chains can exchange heat and mass while the longitudinal the media is described by the matrices of transition probabilities. The cells for particles contain heat sources caused by the ongoing reactions. ...

Chemischer Informationsdienst, 1982

Assessment of incidence and mortality for thyroid cancers carried out for the Belarusian populati... more Assessment of incidence and mortality for thyroid cancers carried out for the Belarusian population is described in the present report. It is found that in the period of 1987-2000 about 4,400 radiation-induced thyroid cancers appeared in Belarus: 692 cancers among children and 3,709 cancers among adolescents and adults. The number of lethal thyroid cancers in this period of time in Belarus was assessed as about 350 cases. The excessive absolute risk, EAR, of thyroid cancer incidence assessed for the period of 1987-2000 on the basis of given data on the morbidity and the assessed collective thyroid dose of irradiation is (2.5 – 5.0) per 10 4 PYGy. The EAR value of thyroid cancer mortality is assessed as (0.20 -0.40) per 10 4 PYGy. The excessive relative risk, ERR, of thyroid cancer incidence is assessed as (11.2 – 22.4)/Gy. The radiation risks of thyroid cancers found in the present report are higher than the risk coefficients established for atomic bomb survivors that were irradiate...

The present report estimates the expected increase in the incidence and mortality from malignant ... more The present report estimates the expected increase in the incidence and mortality from malignant neoplasms in 1986-2056 in European countries resulting from the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. The estimation of the number of excess incident cancers is based on the absolute excess radiation risk determined for the population of Belarus. For all European countries combined, 92,600 excess thyroid cancers (90% CI from 44,000 to 141,200 cases), 130,400 solid cancers other than thyroid and non-melanoma skin cancers (42,900 to 217,900), and 12,900 leukaemia cases (2,800 to 23,000) are predicted during 1986-1956. This corresponds to a time-averaged relative increase of RR=1.050 for thyroid cancers (90% CI from 1.024 to 1.077), RR=1.001 for solid cancers other than thyroid and non-melanoma skin cancers (1.000 to 1.002), and RR=1.003 for leukaemia (1.001 to 1.005). Approximately two thirds of all additional cancers will occur in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. Belarus wil...

s. Results of an analysis of the incidence in the acute childhood leukemia in Belarus in 1980-200... more s. Results of an analysis of the incidence in the acute childhood leukemia in Belarus in 1980-2004 carried out on the basis of ecological model are discussed in the report. Published data of the Belarusian Republican Registry of Childhood Hemoblastoses and Hemopoiesis Depressions as well as the Belarusian Cancer Registry were used in the analysis. Only mixed childhood subgroup was considered without separating boys and girls. It was found that a short- time increase in the incidence of leukemia in children of Belarus (0 - 14 years at the time of diagnose) occurred in Belarus soon after the Chernobyl accident. The increase is statistically significant. After 1992 a decline in the childhood leukemia incidence began. As a result, the incidence in the childhood leukemia of Belarus after the period 1986-1992 became less than it was before the Chernobyl accident. 708 cases of acute leukemia were registered in Belarus in the period 1986-1992. The number of expected leukemia in this period ...

s An assessment of the collective and mean individual doses of the whole body irradiation as a re... more s An assessment of the collective and mean individual doses of the whole body irradiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident for children, adults and total population of Belarus are described in the present report. The assessment was carried out on the basis of data on the surface contamination of Belarus and empirical data on contribution of internal exposure to the total irradiation of the whole body. It was found that in case the mixed population of Belarus collective and individual doses achieve some plateaus after 1990. The mean value of the collective dose of the mixed population in the period 1986-2004 is about 2.3·104 person-Sv. The mean individual dose of the whole body irradiation of the Belarusian population in this period of time is about 2.3 mSv. In case of the childhood population the whole body irradiation doses decrease since 1990. As a result of this decrease, collective and population doses of children of Belarus decrease to some fractions of background irradiat...

23.Decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On United Programme of Liquidation of the Conseque... more 23.Decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On United Programme of Liquidation of the Consequences of the Accident at the Chernobyl NPP and on Situation related to this Accident". Moscow, Kremlin, 25 April 1990 (in Russian). 24.Decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Committee of Trade Unions "On Additional Measures for Improvement of Health Care and Material Condition of the Population Living in the Territory Subject to Radioactive Contamination as a Result of the Accident at the Chernobyl NPP." Moscow, October 1989. The Belorussian newspaper Zwyazda,

Environmental Management and Health, 2000

The paper presents results of a qualitative assessment of the morbidity and mortality in thyroid ... more The paper presents results of a qualitative assessment of the morbidity and mortality in thyroid cancers by the Belarusian population caused by the Chernobyl accident. In the period of 1986-1998 about 3,851 radiation-induced thyroid cancers appeared in Belarus: about 615 cancers by children and about 3,236 cancers by adolescents and adults. The number of lethal thyroid cancers in this period of time in Belarus is assessed as about 167 cases. The excessive absolute risk (EAR) of the morbidity in the thyroid cancer assessed for the period of 1986-1998 on the basis of given data on the morbidity is about 1.7 per 10 4 PYGy. The excessive absolute risk of mortality is assessed as about 0.075 per 10 4 PYGy. These values agree quite well with analogous risk coefficients established for other groups of people in other epidemiological studies.

International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 1982

ABSTRACT Recent experimental results on the thermal decomposition of N2O5 in N2 are evaluated in ... more ABSTRACT Recent experimental results on the thermal decomposition of N2O5 in N2 are evaluated in terms of unimolecular rate theory. A theoretically consistent set of fall-off curves is constructed which allows to identify experimental errors or misinterpretations. Limiting rate constants k0 = [N2] 2.2 × 10−3 (T/300)−4.4 exp(−11,080/T) cm3/molec·s over the range of 220–300 K, k∞ = 9.7 × 1014 (T/300)+0.1 exp(−11,080/T) s−1 over the range of 220–300 K, and broadening factors of the fall-off curve Fcent = exp(-T/250) + exp(−1050/T) over the range of 220–520 K have been derived. NO2 + NO3 recombination rate constants over the range of 200–300 K are krec,0 = [N2] 3.7 × 10−30 (T/300)−4.1 cm6/molec2·s and krec,∞ = 1.6 × 10−12 (T/300)+0.2 cm3/molec·s.

Environmental Management and Health

The paper presents results of a qualitative assessment of the morbidity and mortality in thyroid ... more The paper presents results of a qualitative assessment of the morbidity and mortality in thyroid cancers by the Belarusian population caused by the Chernobyl accident. In the period of 1986-1998 about 3,851 radiation-induced thyroid cancers appeared in Belarus: about 615 cancers by children and about 3,236 cancers by adolescents and adults. The number of lethal thyroid cancers in this period of time in Belarus is assessed as about 167 cases. The excessive absolute risk (EAR) of the morbidity in the thyroid cancer assessed for the period of 1986-1998 on the basis of given data on the morbidity is about 1.7 per 104 PYGy. The excessive absolute risk of mortality is assessed as about 0.075 per 104 PYGy. These values agree quite well with analogous risk coefficients established for other groups of people in other epidemiological studies.