Mirela Arqimandriti - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Mirela Arqimandriti
Post-Legislative Scrutiny Report of the Gender Equality in Society Law, 2021
The Law on Gender Equality in Society is one of the most important tools in the struggle for gend... more The Law on Gender Equality in Society is one of the most important tools in the struggle for gender equality in Albanian society. In the past, a comprehensive gender machinery that extends from the national to the local level, and from the legislative to the executive branch and beyond was built.
The Law on Gender Equality in Society is one of the most powerful tools in the fight for gender equality, as it sets the institutional and policy frameworks to fight against discrimination and gender-based inequality. The law explicitly aims to increase women’s participation in public life, especially their representation in the political sphere and public administration. However, despite the promising numbers and percentages, there is a real difference between de jure and de facto representation and meaningful participation in decision-making process. Problems and challenges are still faced in ensuring that women’s voices are loud and clear in the policymaking processes.
GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR IN ALBANIA, 2022
This report examines gender-based discrimination and labour as part of a regional initiative in s... more This report examines gender-based discrimination and labour as part of a regional initiative in six Western Balkan countries, supported by the European Union (EU) and cofounded by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida). The research aimed to provide information about shortcomings in the relevant legal framework; the prevalence and
nature of gender-based discrimination related to labor; the extent to which people have filed claims; how institutions have treated such cases; and how these have changed since 2018, if at all. Conducted in 2018 and 2021, the research involved mixed methods, including a desk review, online survey, and interviews.
The main purpose of this research study is to present an overview of intimate partner violence in... more The main purpose of this research study is to present an overview of intimate partner violence in adolescence, by providing a comprehensive analysis of the appearance of the phenomenon and characteristics of intimate partner violence between the ages 16-19 in Albania, from a gender perspective. Furthermore, the research study aims to identify the risk factors at the individual level (use of tobacco, alcohol, or drugs), family level (domestic violence), and community level (community safety) that foster victimization and/or the exercise of violence among the teens.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), is described as the control of one person over
another person through physical, psychological, sexual, financial, and/or digital abuse, has long-term health, psychological, educational, and economic consequences for people who have experienced and survived it or continue to be in a violent relationship, as well for the entire society.
The participants of this study were 1036 young people aged between 16-and 19, students of the country’s high schools, 428 of whom were boys and 593 girls, and 15 participants who did not specify their gender. 56 percent of the respondents lived in urban areas and 44 percent in rural areas. 2 percent of the young people belonged to the Roma and Egyptian communities. The entire study has been analyzed from a gender perspective.
Women's Labour Rights in textile and footwear sector in Albania, 2016
A desc research paper on women's rights in labour market in garment and shoe sector in Albania
In Albania unfortunately the patient satisfaction is a not a measured construct. There is not an ... more In Albania unfortunately the patient satisfaction is a not a measured construct. There is not an accurately executed study either by public or private medical care institutions in Albania or by any other public or private entity. A research study to measure the ‘patient’s satisfaction’ in the entire health care service in Albania is important to be undertaken. This paper will try to elaborate a methodology and a power analysis for a study measuring the patient satisfaction in the primary health care centres in Albania.
This paper does not contain a thorough literature review about the primary health care services and patient satisfaction, but when it is necessary literature will be highlighted throughout the paper.
The aim for this paper comes from a desire to bring together elements of assets based community d... more The aim for this paper comes from a desire to bring together elements of assets based community development to be used for youth and adult education for community development. In particular, this effort will try to create a model based on world success stories for development of communities in Albania. The Vlora prefecture is chosen as a community to take stock of what have been done and what could be done for further development based on asset based community development approach. The concepts of citizen participation, empowerment and social capital will contribute to the understanding of implications for the implementation of the assets-based community development (ABCD) framework in a disadvantaged and underdeveloped area, even though with a great potential of the Vlora community in Albania. Building in the concepts of community and community development, as it applies to the Albanian context, the characteristics of the Vlora community will allow us to identify opportunities and barriers to implement the ABCD approach in this area.
This paper addresses the difficulties of Roma people face in the society for many years so far, f... more This paper addresses the difficulties of Roma people face in the society for many years so far, focusing to the parent engagement of Roma people in education.
The questions for this research paper includes: 1) Why Roma pupils and their parents are been kept away from the school and the society for so many years? 2) Which country take measures to engage Roma children in education and involve their parents for better performance? 3)What are measures taken by the European Union toward Roma people inclusion in our society? In order to give some responses to the questions the following is the structure of the paper.
First part presents a short history as a background of the life span of this population, followed by the second part that presents the situation of Roma people in Europe. In the third part of the paper are given some samples from the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding Roma people cases of discrimination in the education., while the fourth part describes Roma people education in the European Union context, measures taken and strategies to be followed by the European Commission and member and non member states. The paper closes with a sample from the United Kingdom and the argumentation that Roma parent’s engagement in school bear better performance of children. A conclusion is the last part of this paper.
Keywords: Roma people, parents engagement, education, European countries.
The paper is dedicated to the human rights and democracy issues in the Republic of Croatia. This ... more The paper is dedicated to the human rights and democracy issues in the Republic of Croatia. This is a Balkan country and recently entered European Union as a member. The first section of the paper gives an introduction of Croatia and the country membership in the prestigious human rights international organizations. The second section is a summary of the United Nations Human rights mechanisms described based on the United Nations High Commissioner Office for Human Rights and the Jack Donelly book “International Human Rights”. In the following sections one can find the human rights mechanisms adoption in the legal framework of the Republic of Croatia and the mechanisms and institutions for promotion and protection of human rights in this country. Then a summary on the human rights issues in Croatia prepared by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Republic of Croatia is following. Some aspects of human rights are described in different sections including, child rights, women’s rights, persons with disability rights, minorities and LGBTI rights. Some aspects from the civil society organizations are described explaining the goodwill of Croatian Government to create an enabling environment for civil society development, which was a very important step for empowering the voice of civil society organizations.
The paper closes with a section of insights and conclusions on the importance of the local monitoring and evaluation of the human rights in a certain country and how important is the shadow reporting from empowered CSOs of a state party to the International bodies for human rights.
Key words: human rights, Republic of Croatia
This paper is prepared at the end of the year 2014, after more than 20 years when the women have ... more This paper is prepared at the end of the year 2014, after more than 20 years when the women have come to an urge agenda promoted first by the United Nations Organizations for human rights and from the developed countries, extended through different instruments and mechanisms to the developing and third world countries. Yet much need to be done for the half of the world population to find the merited position in different fields of society.
This paper tackles the economic empowerment of women through entrepreneurship in the Era of Globalization and World Financial Crisis, trying to bring challenges, achievements, arguments and measures for this economic empowerment of women to become a reality.
Bringing the World’s largest excluded group into the fold, unleashing the economic power of women we can get in the years ahead the economic growth, dynamism and ingenuity (Lagarde, 2014).
The first part of the paper is a short introduction of the fact that women’s power is an untapped resource that the world is missing for many years, which is considered a solution for high priority actions of every country in the World. The second part discusses about globalization, entrepreneurship and gender equality and brings two arguments on globalization and advancement of gender equality: i) having into consideration the gender inequalities and discrimination in all parts of the world, women can be affected negatively by globalization processes to a greater extent than men; ii) the globalization has the potential to contribute to greater gender equality, but in the absence of public policy, globalization alone cannot and will not make gender inequality go away (Wold Bank, 2012).
The third part of the paper presents the women’s entrepreneurship advancement in the World. This part shows how well women have succeeded in a world full of inequalities. Although women face time, human, physical, and social constraints that limit their ability to grow their businesses women-run enterprises are steadily growing all over the world, contributing to household incomes and growth of national economies. The fourth part discuss the women’s entrepreneurship in Balkan. To prepare this part difficulties have been found from the absence of studies and analysis on this topic. Few scholars have analysed the women’s situation in business in Balkan and the unused power of around 60 % economically inactive population of the Balkan countries, the women.
Talking about women in business the fifth part brings the latest opinion, analysis and discussions of the big world organizations such as World Bank, International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization about worldwide women’s entrepreneurship and trade.
The paper is closed by the conclusions part where is underlined the importance of policies for women’s entrepreneurship development and about the positive actions toward this aim from the states and different organizations all over the world.
Keywords: Women’s entrepreneurship, globalization.
This paper will examine the topic of Human Trafficking in Europe. Trafficking in persons is a ser... more This paper will examine the topic of Human Trafficking in Europe. Trafficking in persons is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, UNDOC, 2014). The paper structure is made up of five parts and conclusions. Part one examines the definitions of human trafficking. Part two shows data about human trafficking while part three investigates what are the main drivers as to why human trafficking exists and persists. This chapter will consider factors of human trafficking existence such as poverty, low status of women in society, as well who the victims of human trafficking are. Part four will give as an overview of Human Trafficking in Europe and in particular in Albania, Montenegro and Serbia have into consideration Tier classification. In part fifth a specific emphasis will be given the way how state parties report to the Committee of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) on Human Trafficking issue and how the CEDAW committee prepare the concluding observation on this topic. A sample on two countries Austria as Tier 1 and Serbia as Tier 2 is presented in the appendix 1 in the form of a table.
The conclusion is that despite the campaigns to abolish slavery over two hundred years ago, slavery still exists in our society and today and it is called human trafficking. Human trafficking is an internationally organized crime which involves the trade of human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation, forced labour, domestic servitude or for the removal of organs. Unfortunately, is worldwide estimated that this industry is one of the most profitable one after drug trafficking.
The main goal of this survey was the investigation of primary health care centers in Albania thro... more The main goal of this survey was the investigation of primary health care
centers in Albania through a statistical selection of a number of them
with a 3.6 % tolerance of error for primary health centers and 4.3 % for
ambulatory centers. The survey aimed at engaging the Albanian citizens to
carry out the survey as they are the principal stakeholders in high quality
health care. The survey was based on a questionnaire and administered by
550 trained enumerators. The representative health centers were selected
among the data received from the Ministry of Health and the Public Health
Directorate in all twelve regions of Albania. All data was gathered within a
single day and was processed with software specifically developed for this
observation with thirteen operators stationed in Tirana to collect and enter
the survey answers. This survey contains important data on the operation
of primary health care centers, analysis of strengths and weaknesses of
the primary health care system in Albania and recommendations for the
Ministry of Health, the health centers themselves, the Mandatory Health
Care Insurance Fund, and Albanian civil society organizations.
Books by Mirela Arqimandriti
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN ADOLESCENCE IN ALBANIA, 2019
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Albania, the same as all around the world, mainly affects girl... more Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Albania, the same as all around the world, mainly affects girls and women and any attempts to combat it require an understanding of its prevalence and nature through reliable, systematic and comparable data. The data are necessary for measuring the spread and consequences of IPV in adolescence, for monitoring the state response to it and evaluating the policies for combating it. The requirement for high-quality administrative data is also in line with the international commitments to combat violence against women, as determined in the Directive 2012/29/EU (The Victims’ Rights Directive)
and the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (The Istanbul Convention). The main purpose of this research study is to present an overview of the intimate partner violence in adolescence, by providing a comprehensive analysis of the appearance of the phenomenon and characteristics of intimate partner violence between the ages 16-19 in
Albania, from a gender perspective. Furthermore, the research study aims to identify the risk factors at individual level (use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs), family level (domestic violence) and community level (community safety) which foster victimisation and/or the exercise of violence among the teens. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), which is described as the control of one person over another person through physical, psychological, sexual, financial and/or digital abuse, has
long-term health, psychological, educational and economic consequences for people who have experienced and survived it, or continue to be in a violent relationship, as well for the entire society.
The participants of this study were 1036 young people aged between 16-19, students of the country’s high schools, 428 of whom were boys and 593 girls, and 15 participants did not specify their gender. 56 percent of the respondents lived in urban areas and 44 percent in rural areas. 2 percent of the young people belonged to the Roma and Egyptian communities. The entire study has been analysed from a gender perspective.
Gender-based Discrimination and Labour in Albania, 2019
This report examines gender-based discrimination and labour, as part of a regional initiative to ... more This report examines gender-based discrimination and labour, as part of a regional initiative to address such discrimination in six Western Balkan countries, supported by the European Union (EU). The research aimed to provide information about shortcomings in the relevant legal framework; the prevalence and nature of gender-based discrimination related
to labour; the extent to which people have filed claims; and how institutions have treated such cases. Conducted in 2018, the research involved mixed methods, including a desk review, online survey and interviews. The legal and policy framework related to gender-based discrimination and labour in Albania seems rather comprehensive, particularly considering that much of the law is drafted in accordance with EU law. The Constitution contains broad protections, and several specific laws deal with gender-based discrimination in relation to labour. However, the inharmonious legal framework, with overlapping and differing definitions and sanctions, may contribute to significant onfusion and legal uncertainty in courts. There is also some room for confusion considering the different administrative routes towards filing claims with courts. The Labour Law requires further amendments to fully harmonize it with EU directives related to gender equality. The lack of relevant case law makes assessment and implementation difficult, though justice institutions can make reference to EU legal rules of procedure to facilitate understanding and practical implementation of the Albanian anti-discrimination and gender related legal framework.
Most women and men survey respondents seemed aware that gender-based discrimination is illegal. While several knew that such discrimination should be reported to employers (45%), police (22%) or the Labour Inspectorate (14%), only 12% knew of the Anti-discrimination Commissioner office. Low awareness contributes to minimal reporting of gender-based discrimination to relevant institutions. Other factors include workers’ concerns over anonymity, fear of job loss, bureaucratic procedures, and difficulties documenting cases and, for some, distrust in institutions. The institutions responsible for addressing gender-based discrimination at work lack data about its prevalence. However, evidence shows that gender-based discrimination exists, particularly in hiring, promotion, maternity leave and sexual harassment at work. Survey findings suggest that such discrimination particularly affects women in the private sector, those receiving lower salaries and persons ages 40 to 49. Minimal information exists about work-related gender-based discrimination among persons with different abilities, minority
ethnic groups and persons with various gender identities and sexual orientations. While anti-discrimination officials, the ombudsperson and some police officers seemed generally knowledgeable about their responsibilities in addressing gender-based discrimination at work, few criminal cases have been reported, so they lack practical experience. Courts also have little judicial practice, and few judges seemed knowledgeable regarding the relevant legal framework. While labour inspectors tended to know about the Labour Law, they had few such cases and did not seem to consider treating gender-based discrimination a priority; moreover, some reports existed of inspectors’ inappropriate treatment of cases. While Ombudsperson Institution representatives seemed very knowledgeable about the relevant legal framework, they too had few cases. Labour unions seek to represent workers’ rights, but some union representatives have limited knowledge
about gender-based discrimination. This coupled with workers’ minimal knowledge about unions or trust in them likely has limited their support of workers in addressing gender-based discrimination. Civil society representatives working in this field tended to know the relevant legal framework, but they have assisted few cases directly. The report concludes with recommendations targeted to each relevant actor.
Post-Legislative Scrutiny Report of the Gender Equality in Society Law, 2021
The Law on Gender Equality in Society is one of the most important tools in the struggle for gend... more The Law on Gender Equality in Society is one of the most important tools in the struggle for gender equality in Albanian society. In the past, a comprehensive gender machinery that extends from the national to the local level, and from the legislative to the executive branch and beyond was built.
The Law on Gender Equality in Society is one of the most powerful tools in the fight for gender equality, as it sets the institutional and policy frameworks to fight against discrimination and gender-based inequality. The law explicitly aims to increase women’s participation in public life, especially their representation in the political sphere and public administration. However, despite the promising numbers and percentages, there is a real difference between de jure and de facto representation and meaningful participation in decision-making process. Problems and challenges are still faced in ensuring that women’s voices are loud and clear in the policymaking processes.
GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION AND LABOUR IN ALBANIA, 2022
This report examines gender-based discrimination and labour as part of a regional initiative in s... more This report examines gender-based discrimination and labour as part of a regional initiative in six Western Balkan countries, supported by the European Union (EU) and cofounded by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida). The research aimed to provide information about shortcomings in the relevant legal framework; the prevalence and
nature of gender-based discrimination related to labor; the extent to which people have filed claims; how institutions have treated such cases; and how these have changed since 2018, if at all. Conducted in 2018 and 2021, the research involved mixed methods, including a desk review, online survey, and interviews.
The main purpose of this research study is to present an overview of intimate partner violence in... more The main purpose of this research study is to present an overview of intimate partner violence in adolescence, by providing a comprehensive analysis of the appearance of the phenomenon and characteristics of intimate partner violence between the ages 16-19 in Albania, from a gender perspective. Furthermore, the research study aims to identify the risk factors at the individual level (use of tobacco, alcohol, or drugs), family level (domestic violence), and community level (community safety) that foster victimization and/or the exercise of violence among the teens.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), is described as the control of one person over
another person through physical, psychological, sexual, financial, and/or digital abuse, has long-term health, psychological, educational, and economic consequences for people who have experienced and survived it or continue to be in a violent relationship, as well for the entire society.
The participants of this study were 1036 young people aged between 16-and 19, students of the country’s high schools, 428 of whom were boys and 593 girls, and 15 participants who did not specify their gender. 56 percent of the respondents lived in urban areas and 44 percent in rural areas. 2 percent of the young people belonged to the Roma and Egyptian communities. The entire study has been analyzed from a gender perspective.
Women's Labour Rights in textile and footwear sector in Albania, 2016
A desc research paper on women's rights in labour market in garment and shoe sector in Albania
In Albania unfortunately the patient satisfaction is a not a measured construct. There is not an ... more In Albania unfortunately the patient satisfaction is a not a measured construct. There is not an accurately executed study either by public or private medical care institutions in Albania or by any other public or private entity. A research study to measure the ‘patient’s satisfaction’ in the entire health care service in Albania is important to be undertaken. This paper will try to elaborate a methodology and a power analysis for a study measuring the patient satisfaction in the primary health care centres in Albania.
This paper does not contain a thorough literature review about the primary health care services and patient satisfaction, but when it is necessary literature will be highlighted throughout the paper.
The aim for this paper comes from a desire to bring together elements of assets based community d... more The aim for this paper comes from a desire to bring together elements of assets based community development to be used for youth and adult education for community development. In particular, this effort will try to create a model based on world success stories for development of communities in Albania. The Vlora prefecture is chosen as a community to take stock of what have been done and what could be done for further development based on asset based community development approach. The concepts of citizen participation, empowerment and social capital will contribute to the understanding of implications for the implementation of the assets-based community development (ABCD) framework in a disadvantaged and underdeveloped area, even though with a great potential of the Vlora community in Albania. Building in the concepts of community and community development, as it applies to the Albanian context, the characteristics of the Vlora community will allow us to identify opportunities and barriers to implement the ABCD approach in this area.
This paper addresses the difficulties of Roma people face in the society for many years so far, f... more This paper addresses the difficulties of Roma people face in the society for many years so far, focusing to the parent engagement of Roma people in education.
The questions for this research paper includes: 1) Why Roma pupils and their parents are been kept away from the school and the society for so many years? 2) Which country take measures to engage Roma children in education and involve their parents for better performance? 3)What are measures taken by the European Union toward Roma people inclusion in our society? In order to give some responses to the questions the following is the structure of the paper.
First part presents a short history as a background of the life span of this population, followed by the second part that presents the situation of Roma people in Europe. In the third part of the paper are given some samples from the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding Roma people cases of discrimination in the education., while the fourth part describes Roma people education in the European Union context, measures taken and strategies to be followed by the European Commission and member and non member states. The paper closes with a sample from the United Kingdom and the argumentation that Roma parent’s engagement in school bear better performance of children. A conclusion is the last part of this paper.
Keywords: Roma people, parents engagement, education, European countries.
The paper is dedicated to the human rights and democracy issues in the Republic of Croatia. This ... more The paper is dedicated to the human rights and democracy issues in the Republic of Croatia. This is a Balkan country and recently entered European Union as a member. The first section of the paper gives an introduction of Croatia and the country membership in the prestigious human rights international organizations. The second section is a summary of the United Nations Human rights mechanisms described based on the United Nations High Commissioner Office for Human Rights and the Jack Donelly book “International Human Rights”. In the following sections one can find the human rights mechanisms adoption in the legal framework of the Republic of Croatia and the mechanisms and institutions for promotion and protection of human rights in this country. Then a summary on the human rights issues in Croatia prepared by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Republic of Croatia is following. Some aspects of human rights are described in different sections including, child rights, women’s rights, persons with disability rights, minorities and LGBTI rights. Some aspects from the civil society organizations are described explaining the goodwill of Croatian Government to create an enabling environment for civil society development, which was a very important step for empowering the voice of civil society organizations.
The paper closes with a section of insights and conclusions on the importance of the local monitoring and evaluation of the human rights in a certain country and how important is the shadow reporting from empowered CSOs of a state party to the International bodies for human rights.
Key words: human rights, Republic of Croatia
This paper is prepared at the end of the year 2014, after more than 20 years when the women have ... more This paper is prepared at the end of the year 2014, after more than 20 years when the women have come to an urge agenda promoted first by the United Nations Organizations for human rights and from the developed countries, extended through different instruments and mechanisms to the developing and third world countries. Yet much need to be done for the half of the world population to find the merited position in different fields of society.
This paper tackles the economic empowerment of women through entrepreneurship in the Era of Globalization and World Financial Crisis, trying to bring challenges, achievements, arguments and measures for this economic empowerment of women to become a reality.
Bringing the World’s largest excluded group into the fold, unleashing the economic power of women we can get in the years ahead the economic growth, dynamism and ingenuity (Lagarde, 2014).
The first part of the paper is a short introduction of the fact that women’s power is an untapped resource that the world is missing for many years, which is considered a solution for high priority actions of every country in the World. The second part discusses about globalization, entrepreneurship and gender equality and brings two arguments on globalization and advancement of gender equality: i) having into consideration the gender inequalities and discrimination in all parts of the world, women can be affected negatively by globalization processes to a greater extent than men; ii) the globalization has the potential to contribute to greater gender equality, but in the absence of public policy, globalization alone cannot and will not make gender inequality go away (Wold Bank, 2012).
The third part of the paper presents the women’s entrepreneurship advancement in the World. This part shows how well women have succeeded in a world full of inequalities. Although women face time, human, physical, and social constraints that limit their ability to grow their businesses women-run enterprises are steadily growing all over the world, contributing to household incomes and growth of national economies. The fourth part discuss the women’s entrepreneurship in Balkan. To prepare this part difficulties have been found from the absence of studies and analysis on this topic. Few scholars have analysed the women’s situation in business in Balkan and the unused power of around 60 % economically inactive population of the Balkan countries, the women.
Talking about women in business the fifth part brings the latest opinion, analysis and discussions of the big world organizations such as World Bank, International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization about worldwide women’s entrepreneurship and trade.
The paper is closed by the conclusions part where is underlined the importance of policies for women’s entrepreneurship development and about the positive actions toward this aim from the states and different organizations all over the world.
Keywords: Women’s entrepreneurship, globalization.
This paper will examine the topic of Human Trafficking in Europe. Trafficking in persons is a ser... more This paper will examine the topic of Human Trafficking in Europe. Trafficking in persons is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, UNDOC, 2014). The paper structure is made up of five parts and conclusions. Part one examines the definitions of human trafficking. Part two shows data about human trafficking while part three investigates what are the main drivers as to why human trafficking exists and persists. This chapter will consider factors of human trafficking existence such as poverty, low status of women in society, as well who the victims of human trafficking are. Part four will give as an overview of Human Trafficking in Europe and in particular in Albania, Montenegro and Serbia have into consideration Tier classification. In part fifth a specific emphasis will be given the way how state parties report to the Committee of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) on Human Trafficking issue and how the CEDAW committee prepare the concluding observation on this topic. A sample on two countries Austria as Tier 1 and Serbia as Tier 2 is presented in the appendix 1 in the form of a table.
The conclusion is that despite the campaigns to abolish slavery over two hundred years ago, slavery still exists in our society and today and it is called human trafficking. Human trafficking is an internationally organized crime which involves the trade of human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation, forced labour, domestic servitude or for the removal of organs. Unfortunately, is worldwide estimated that this industry is one of the most profitable one after drug trafficking.
The main goal of this survey was the investigation of primary health care centers in Albania thro... more The main goal of this survey was the investigation of primary health care
centers in Albania through a statistical selection of a number of them
with a 3.6 % tolerance of error for primary health centers and 4.3 % for
ambulatory centers. The survey aimed at engaging the Albanian citizens to
carry out the survey as they are the principal stakeholders in high quality
health care. The survey was based on a questionnaire and administered by
550 trained enumerators. The representative health centers were selected
among the data received from the Ministry of Health and the Public Health
Directorate in all twelve regions of Albania. All data was gathered within a
single day and was processed with software specifically developed for this
observation with thirteen operators stationed in Tirana to collect and enter
the survey answers. This survey contains important data on the operation
of primary health care centers, analysis of strengths and weaknesses of
the primary health care system in Albania and recommendations for the
Ministry of Health, the health centers themselves, the Mandatory Health
Care Insurance Fund, and Albanian civil society organizations.
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN ADOLESCENCE IN ALBANIA, 2019
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Albania, the same as all around the world, mainly affects girl... more Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in Albania, the same as all around the world, mainly affects girls and women and any attempts to combat it require an understanding of its prevalence and nature through reliable, systematic and comparable data. The data are necessary for measuring the spread and consequences of IPV in adolescence, for monitoring the state response to it and evaluating the policies for combating it. The requirement for high-quality administrative data is also in line with the international commitments to combat violence against women, as determined in the Directive 2012/29/EU (The Victims’ Rights Directive)
and the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (The Istanbul Convention). The main purpose of this research study is to present an overview of the intimate partner violence in adolescence, by providing a comprehensive analysis of the appearance of the phenomenon and characteristics of intimate partner violence between the ages 16-19 in
Albania, from a gender perspective. Furthermore, the research study aims to identify the risk factors at individual level (use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs), family level (domestic violence) and community level (community safety) which foster victimisation and/or the exercise of violence among the teens. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), which is described as the control of one person over another person through physical, psychological, sexual, financial and/or digital abuse, has
long-term health, psychological, educational and economic consequences for people who have experienced and survived it, or continue to be in a violent relationship, as well for the entire society.
The participants of this study were 1036 young people aged between 16-19, students of the country’s high schools, 428 of whom were boys and 593 girls, and 15 participants did not specify their gender. 56 percent of the respondents lived in urban areas and 44 percent in rural areas. 2 percent of the young people belonged to the Roma and Egyptian communities. The entire study has been analysed from a gender perspective.
Gender-based Discrimination and Labour in Albania, 2019
This report examines gender-based discrimination and labour, as part of a regional initiative to ... more This report examines gender-based discrimination and labour, as part of a regional initiative to address such discrimination in six Western Balkan countries, supported by the European Union (EU). The research aimed to provide information about shortcomings in the relevant legal framework; the prevalence and nature of gender-based discrimination related
to labour; the extent to which people have filed claims; and how institutions have treated such cases. Conducted in 2018, the research involved mixed methods, including a desk review, online survey and interviews. The legal and policy framework related to gender-based discrimination and labour in Albania seems rather comprehensive, particularly considering that much of the law is drafted in accordance with EU law. The Constitution contains broad protections, and several specific laws deal with gender-based discrimination in relation to labour. However, the inharmonious legal framework, with overlapping and differing definitions and sanctions, may contribute to significant onfusion and legal uncertainty in courts. There is also some room for confusion considering the different administrative routes towards filing claims with courts. The Labour Law requires further amendments to fully harmonize it with EU directives related to gender equality. The lack of relevant case law makes assessment and implementation difficult, though justice institutions can make reference to EU legal rules of procedure to facilitate understanding and practical implementation of the Albanian anti-discrimination and gender related legal framework.
Most women and men survey respondents seemed aware that gender-based discrimination is illegal. While several knew that such discrimination should be reported to employers (45%), police (22%) or the Labour Inspectorate (14%), only 12% knew of the Anti-discrimination Commissioner office. Low awareness contributes to minimal reporting of gender-based discrimination to relevant institutions. Other factors include workers’ concerns over anonymity, fear of job loss, bureaucratic procedures, and difficulties documenting cases and, for some, distrust in institutions. The institutions responsible for addressing gender-based discrimination at work lack data about its prevalence. However, evidence shows that gender-based discrimination exists, particularly in hiring, promotion, maternity leave and sexual harassment at work. Survey findings suggest that such discrimination particularly affects women in the private sector, those receiving lower salaries and persons ages 40 to 49. Minimal information exists about work-related gender-based discrimination among persons with different abilities, minority
ethnic groups and persons with various gender identities and sexual orientations. While anti-discrimination officials, the ombudsperson and some police officers seemed generally knowledgeable about their responsibilities in addressing gender-based discrimination at work, few criminal cases have been reported, so they lack practical experience. Courts also have little judicial practice, and few judges seemed knowledgeable regarding the relevant legal framework. While labour inspectors tended to know about the Labour Law, they had few such cases and did not seem to consider treating gender-based discrimination a priority; moreover, some reports existed of inspectors’ inappropriate treatment of cases. While Ombudsperson Institution representatives seemed very knowledgeable about the relevant legal framework, they too had few cases. Labour unions seek to represent workers’ rights, but some union representatives have limited knowledge
about gender-based discrimination. This coupled with workers’ minimal knowledge about unions or trust in them likely has limited their support of workers in addressing gender-based discrimination. Civil society representatives working in this field tended to know the relevant legal framework, but they have assisted few cases directly. The report concludes with recommendations targeted to each relevant actor.