Mitchell Byrne - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Mitchell Byrne

Antibiotics

Antibacterial resistance (AR) is responsible for steadily rising numbers of untreatable bacterial... more Antibacterial resistance (AR) is responsible for steadily rising numbers of untreatable bacterial infections, most prevalently found in the older adult (OA) population due to age-related physical and cognitive deterioration, more frequent and long-lasting hospital visits, and reduced immunity. There are currently no established measures of antibiotic use behaviours for older adults, and theory-informed approaches to identifying the drivers of antibiotic use in older adults are lacking in the literature. The objective of this study was to identify predictors of antibiotic use and misuse in older adults using the Antibiotic Use Questionnaire (AUQ), a measure informed by the factors of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB): attitudes and beliefs, social norms, perceived behavioural control, behaviour, and a covariate—knowledge. A measure of social desirability was included, and participants scoring highly were excluded to control for social desirability bias. Confirmatory Factor Analys...

PLOS ONE

Background Inappropriate use of antibiotics can promote bacterial resistance, which is a growing ... more Background Inappropriate use of antibiotics can promote bacterial resistance, which is a growing public health concern. As children are amongst the highest recipients of antibiotics, understanding the drivers of parental decisions towards their children’s antibiotic use is imperative for the development of strategies to assist parents in making more informed decisions. This is particularly relevant to the decisions of parents living in resource-limited settings. This study explored the perspectives and practices of parents living in a rural setting about the use of antibiotics in their children. Methods Three focus group interviews were conducted with 10 parents of children under 12yrs, living in rural and remote areas of the Northern Territory, Australia. A focus group guide was developed to facilitate discussions, which was informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Transcripts were analysed abductively using thematic analysis. Findings Four themes emerged explaining factors tha...

The World Health Organisation’s Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance calls upon countri... more The World Health Organisation’s Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance calls upon countries to strengthen antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. Australian governments have responded with a plan to implement a nationally coordinated, technologically enhanced surveillance program that takes a One Health approach. Introducing Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies to healthcare will necessitate new forms of governance and regulation. While regulatory mechanisms for these technologies are rapidly evolving, they are not yet fit for purpose in healthcare-related applications. We conducted in-depth qualitative research with members of the Australian public to understand their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours around the use of technologically enhanced monitoring systems for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Australian residents who participated in our research demonstrated that there is a willingness to allow AI- and ML-enabled monitoring system...

presented at the 34th Annual Conference of the Australian Psychological Society \u27The Brain Gam... more presented at the 34th Annual Conference of the Australian Psychological Society \u27The Brain Games\u27 3rd-7th October 2000 National Convention Centre, Canberra AC

Significant attention has been directed toward the needs of witnesses and victims traumatized thr... more Significant attention has been directed toward the needs of witnesses and victims traumatized through their exposure to criminal events. Less attention has been directed at the relevance of trauma for the offender, with much of the literature directed toward debate of automatism defenses. This paper provides a background to the fallibility of memory in the context of psychological disorders and surveys the literature as it relates to evidence of such disorders in offenders. The connection with offending is discussed from the perspective of both pre and post offence behaviour morbidity and the particular relevance of psychopathology and female offending. The paper concludes with some suggestions which might facilitate the determination of the importance of trauma reactions in an offender.

Anger is a common, universally experienced emotion, which occurs on a continuum from mild annoyan... more Anger is a common, universally experienced emotion, which occurs on a continuum from mild annoyance to rage or fury (Daffenbacher et al., 1996). Anger is likely to occur when a person believes their personal rights or codes have been violated. Similarly, anger can occur when a person feels powerless or threatened (Horn and Towl, 1997). Anger consists of interrelated, reciprocal components (Novaco, 1975). Environmental circumstances often trigger anger. Physiological symptoms can serve to alert the individual that they are angry, and can help them provide a label to that anger. Cognitions refer to the individual's style of thinking about, or perception of the events. This encompasses their appraisals, attitudes and beliefs. Behaviour is the final component and involves the behavioural reaction in response to the event or the anger itself.

Antibiotics, 2021

Self-medication with antibiotics is a major contributing factor to antimicrobial resistance. Prio... more Self-medication with antibiotics is a major contributing factor to antimicrobial resistance. Prior research examining factors associated with antibiotic self-medication has focused on an individual’s knowledge about antibiotics, antibiotic usage practices, accessibility to antibiotic medication, and demographic characteristics. The role of psychological distress associated with perceived health risks in explaining antibiotic self-medication is less understood. This study was designed to address this knowledge gap in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. An online survey of 2217 participants was conducted at the height of the initial outbreak and revealed that 19.5% of participants took antibiotics to protect themselves from COVID-19. Multivariate logistic analysis examined the predictors of taking antibiotics for protection against COVID-19. An integrative framework developed from the results illustrates potential pathways and facilitating factors that may contribute to...

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 2016

Behaviour Change, 1994

A survey was conducted of opinions of 24 psychologists in South Australia about the intrusiveness... more A survey was conducted of opinions of 24 psychologists in South Australia about the intrusiveness of 89 interventions including methods that might be used to reduce challenging behaviour. Interventions arose from a variety of sources, including behavioural psychology and medicine. Interventions might infringe on 8 different rights. Respondents rated the degree to which interventions were perceived to intrude on clients' rights, using a 4-point scale: abusive, very intrusive, intrusive, and not intrusive. A reasonable degree of consistency in ratings was found. Respondents did not rate all interventions that infringed on the same right as being equally intrusive. A number of interventions were rated as being intrusive but not abusive. Intrusive methods may be legitimate if properly authorised. The question arises of how decisions should be made to authorise intrusive methods when clients are unable to make decisions on their own behalf.

International journal of mental health nursing, 2014

Non-adherence to medication remains a major barrier to recovery from mental illnesses. Identifica... more Non-adherence to medication remains a major barrier to recovery from mental illnesses. Identification of those patients likely to experience adherence difficulties is best undertaken during inpatient treatment, prior to discharge into the community. More objective assessments of adherence behaviours might assist staff to more effectively target support to those patients most in need. This study investigated the interrater reliability of an inpatient behavioural observation scale of patient engagement with medication: the Observer Rating of Medication Taking (ORMT) scale. Eight mental health nurses working in a psychiatric hospital inpatient setting were trained in the use of the ORMT using video-based vignettes. Working in pairs, staff then independently rated adherence behaviours of 13 inpatients in a rehabilitation unit (total of 160 ratings) over a 1-week period. Concurrently, two expert raters also undertook independent ratings of patient medication-taking behaviour using the OR...

Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2014

This study evaluated the effects of an eight-session female higher-functioning autism anti-stigma... more This study evaluated the effects of an eight-session female higher-functioning autism anti-stigma program on the knowledge, attitudes and behavioural intentions of adolescent girls. Participants were seventh-, eighth- and ninth-grade students (N = 273) in a mainstream school. Two-eighth-grade classes were randomly allocated to the intervention condition. The remaining students were either allocated to the no-intervention peer or no-intervention non-peer condition. The anti-stigma program positively influenced knowledge, attitudes and to a lesser extent behavioural intentions towards peers with higher-functioning autism within the intervention condition. Some degree of attitudinal improvement occurred across all conditions following the program suggesting some spill over effects. Overall, findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the efficacy of an anti-stigma program tailored to support females with higher-functioning autism.

The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling, 2006

Clinician optimism is an important factor in achieving treatment outcomes in counselling contexts... more Clinician optimism is an important factor in achieving treatment outcomes in counselling contexts. Currently, there are no measures of mental health clinician optimism which report substantial psychometric validation. This study sought to assesses the validity and reliability of the Therapeutic Optimism Scale (TOS). 223 mental health clinicians working in a range of clinical settings were administered the TOS and convergent and discriminate validity were established. Test–retest reliability was established over a period of 1 month. The TOS was found to achieve acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α = .68) and yielded consistent scores over a one month period (r = .68, p < .01). Factor analyses revealed a 3-factor solution reflecting (1) General Treatment Outcome Expectancy, (2) Personal Treatment Outcome Expectancy, and (3) Pessimism. These findings support the utility of the TOS for research purposes, but further revision is recommended to enhance the reliability of the scale.

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 2010

Actuarial risk assessments have been criticized for their insensitivity to the unique risk/needs ... more Actuarial risk assessments have been criticized for their insensitivity to the unique risk/needs profiles of minority offenders. This study investigated the offender need characteristics and the predictive utility of the Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI-R) for Australian Indigenous offenders. Indigenous offenders scored higher on every LSI-R subscale and the total score compared to non-Indigenous offenders. Indigenous male offenders also indicated

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 2002

... BYRNE AND KEVIN HOWELLS criminogenic focus (Koons et al., 1997 ... Substance abuse has been c... more ... BYRNE AND KEVIN HOWELLS criminogenic focus (Koons et al., 1997 ... Substance abuse has been consistendy associ-ated with self-injurious behaviour in female adult prisoners (Gorsuch, 1998; Keaveny & Zaus-zniewski, 1999; Ryan, Parle & Babidge, 1998; Sheridan, 1996c ...

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2013

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 2004