Archisman Mohapatra - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Archisman Mohapatra

Journal of the Pediatrics Association of India

Introduction: Gallstone disease is being increasingly diagnosed as a cause of pediatric pain abdo... more Introduction: Gallstone disease is being increasingly diagnosed as a cause of pediatric pain abdomen, requiring cholecystectomy. Most cases are idiopathic, while uncommon etiologic associations nowadays include obesity and hemolytic anemias/hemoglobinopathies; prolonged disease and high fat diet are predisposing factors. Management aspect is similar to adults. Aim: This study aims to compare the profile, interventions, and outcomes of pediatric gallstone disease patients, having undergone cholecystectomy, between two surgeons working at separate centers in India. Materials and Methods: Case records of all pediatric patients (≤15 years' age) having undergone cholecystectomy at both the centers by the respective surgeons (AP = 43 and KA = 17; total = 60 cases), between August 2015 and November 2019, were examined. Data were tabulated and inferences were drawn. Results: Male patients outnumbered female patients in both the studies (AP – M: F = 24:19, KA – M: F = 12:5). Anemia/hypoproteinemia and obesity were prevalent among the operated children (AP = 6 and KA = 3). Biliary pancreatitis (AP = 2 and KA = 2)/choledocholithiasis (AP = 7 and KA = 3) was the uncommon presentation; common bile duct obstruction with cholangitis/sepsis was rarer still. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was the commonly performed procedure (AP lap: open = 41:2 and KA lap: open = 10:7). Choledocholithiasis patients underwent prior endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (AP = 7 and KA = 3). Most patients had cholesterol/mixed gallstones. Complications were minimal, comparable with adult procedures. Conclusion: Pediatric gallstone disease is understated in literature and underestimated in clinical practice. Early diagnosis and timely referral to a surgeon for appropriate treatment can help prevent complications and reduce time–work–loss to child/parent.

Frontiers in Nutrition

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic disrupted newborn care and breastfeeding practices across most ... more IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic disrupted newborn care and breastfeeding practices across most healthcare facilities. We undertook this study to explore the barriers and enablers for newborn care and breastfeeding practices in hospitals in Delhi, India for recently delivered mother (RDM)–newborn dyads during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) and inductively design a “pathway of impaction” for informing mitigatory initiatives during the current and future pandemics, at least in the initial months.Materials and methodsWe used an exploratory descriptive design (qualitative research method) and collected information from seven leading public health facilities in Delhi, India. We conducted separate interviews with the head and senior faculty from the Departments of Pediatrics/Neonatology (n = 12) and Obstetrics (n = 7), resident doctors (n = 14), nurses (labor room/maternity ward; n = 13), and RDMs (n = 45) across three profiles: (a) COVID-19-negative RDM with healthy newb...

Work

BACKGROUND: During the unexpected lockdown implemented in early 2020 in reaction to the coronavir... more BACKGROUND: During the unexpected lockdown implemented in early 2020 in reaction to the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a considerable section of India’s population of migrant construction-site workers were stuck. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to explore the lived experiences and consequent perceptions of migrant workers related to the COVID-19 lockdown and the consequences on their lives. METHODS: We conducted structured in-depth interviews (IDIs) with twelve migrant construction-site workers in Bhavnagar, Western India, from November to December 2020, using qualitative research methods. All IDIs were conducted with participant’s consent, audio-recorded, transcribed in English, inductively coded, and thematically analyzed. RESULTS: The primary financial challenges mentioned by the migrant workers in the interviews were unemployment, monetary issues, and a difficult sustenance. The social concerns were described as anxious migrant exodus, discrimination, mistreatment, lack of s...

Family Medicine and Community Health, 2021

et al. Setting up an epidemiological surveillance system for vaccine hesitancy outbreaks and illu... more et al. Setting up an epidemiological surveillance system for vaccine hesitancy outbreaks and illustration of its steps of investigation.

Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 2021

IntroductionDementia is currently one of the leading causes of mortality globally, and mortality ... more IntroductionDementia is currently one of the leading causes of mortality globally, and mortality due to dementia will likely increase in the future along with corresponding increases in population growth and population aging. However, large inconsistencies in coding practices in vital registration systems over time and between countries complicate the estimation of global dementia mortality.MethodsWe meta‐analyzed the excess risk of death in those with dementia and multiplied these estimates by the proportion of dementia deaths occurring in those with severe, end‐stage disease to calculate the total number of deaths that could be attributed to dementia.ResultsWe estimated that there were 1.62 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 0.41–4.21) deaths globally due to dementia in 2019. More dementia deaths occurred in women (1.06 million [0.27–2.71]) than men (0.56 million [0.14–1.51]), largely but not entirely due to the higher life expectancy in women (age‐standardized female‐to‐male...

Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 2021

Background: Non-communicable diseases are also known as chronic diseases. The burdens of noncommu... more Background: Non-communicable diseases are also known as chronic diseases. The burdens of noncommunicable diseases are increasing day by day. Disability and early death are the results, which are turning out to be the biggest concern for health in the world. The purpose of the study was to assess the awareness of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors among adolescents studying in selected high schools at Mangaluru. Methods: A comparative descriptive research design was adopted for this study. The sample was drawn through a simple random sampling technique and the sample consisted of 120 (60 each) urban and rural adolescents. The tool used for the study was a demographic proforma and structured knowledge questionnaire. Conclusion: The mean percentage of the awareness scores among urban adolescents was 60.31% when compared to rural adolescents 43.06%. There was a significant difference in the level of awareness on non-communicable diseases and its risk factors between urban and rural adolescents that is, the calculated t value (t118=25.55) is greater than the table value (t118=1.98) at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study suggest that schools should play an active role and on another side parents need to provide a supportive environment for their children to adopt a healthy lifestyle.

2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), 2021

Malnutrition is a global health crisis and is a leading cause of death among children under 5 yea... more Malnutrition is a global health crisis and is a leading cause of death among children under 5 years. Detecting malnutrition requires anthropometric measurements of weight, height, and middle-upper arm circumference. However, measuring them accurately is a challenge, especially in the global south, due to limited resources. In this work, we propose a CNN-based approach to estimate the height of standing children under 5 years from depth images collected using a smartphone. According to the SMART Methodology Manual, the acceptable accuracy for height is less than 1.4 cm. On training our deep learning model on 87131 depth images, our model achieved a mean absolute error of 1.64% on 57064 test images. For 70.3% test images, we estimated height accurately within the acceptable 1.4 cm range. Thus, our proposed solution can accurately detect stunting (low height-forage) in standing children below 5 years of age.

Background: Old age is a significant phase in person's life. Good health in this phase of lif... more Background: Old age is a significant phase in person's life. Good health in this phase of life is the prerequisite to good "Quality of life" and adequate nutrition is key to good health. The prevalence of chronic disease and functional disabilities including nutrition related problems increase steadily with the ageing. Ageing is associated with predictable changes in physiology and function, income, health and psychological well being with the potential impact on diet and nutrition status of the elderly. Objective: The specific objective of this study was to carry out dietary and an anthropometric assessment of the respondents for their nutritional profile. MethodsIn order to assess the nutritional status of the elderly people, a field based cross sectional study was carried out in two selected villages in Rural Field Practice Area in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh. Two hundred forty individuals were included in the study. Anthropometric used and indices computed w...

International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences, 2020

On January 30, 2020, India reported its first case of (COVID-19). In this article, we explore ins... more On January 30, 2020, India reported its first case of (COVID-19). In this article, we explore insights into leadership in crisis situations as the country combats the pandemic. We examine dimensions of leadership from two perspectives – positional, and systemic, and the success and challenges that lie therein. We consider the leadership-in-crisis vignettes using the address by the Prime Minister wherein the declaration of nation-wide lockdown was made (positional), and that of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, which suffered from a leadership vacuum as it combated the pandemic (systemic). We report that strategic communication could help bring stakeholders on-board with ease and enthusiasm, complementing a preemptive and graded national response, while systemic failures or stand-stills could compromise the pandemic response despite wide societal engagement and broad political will. Crises situations increase the demand on leaders exceptionally and make their role much more complex, expansive, and time-sensitive. However, at the same time, the system must build the inherent resilience to absorb and overcome shocks, and circumvent dependencies. In summary, leadership-in-crisis requires self-adequacy.

International Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 2020

The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2021

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2021

The concept of Herd immunity is a key factor for epidemic control. According to it only a proport... more The concept of Herd immunity is a key factor for epidemic control. According to it only a proportion of entire population needs to be immune either via natural infection or vaccination. The idea of herd immunity via natural infection rather than vaccination is a bit controversial, as it is not clear how long will the antibodies last, and whether re-infection or re-activation of the virus can occur after the antibodies starts weaning from the body. It has been suggested that coronavirus will likely become similar to a seasonal flu once the herd immunity is attained. Till then, it will continue causing outbreaks year-round and there could be multiple waves of virus transmission before achieving herd immunity. Therefore, the public needs to learn to live with it, and continue practising the best prevention measures, including wearing of masks, physical distancing, hand hygiene, and avoidance of gathering.

The Lancet, 2021

Background Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies a... more Background Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% [95% uncertainty interval 80·4–82·7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% [37·5–42·1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% [35·4–41·3] in 1980 to 83·6% [82·3–84·8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4–44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4–81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56·8 million (52·6–60·9) to 14·5 million (13·4–15·9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 2020

Background: The occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) ... more Background: The occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) negatively impacts the survival of patients. There are scant data on the impact of serum urea on outcomes in these patients. We performed this study to evaluate the relationship between admission serum urea and the survival in patients with ACLF and AKI. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on patients with ACLF (as per Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver criteria) and AKI (as per Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria) hospitalized in the gastroenterology ward between October 2016 and May 2018. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded, and outcomes were compared in patients with respect to the admission serum urea level. Results: A total of 103 of 143 hospitalized patients with ACLF had AKI and were included as study subjects. The discrimination ability between survivors and the deceased was similar for serum urea levels (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] [95% confidence interval {CI}]: 28 days survival, 0.76 [0.67-0.85]; 90 days survival, 0.81 [0.72-0.91]) and serum creatinine levels (AUROC [95% CI]: 28 days survival, 0.75 [0.66-0.84]; 90 days survival: 0.77 [0.67-0.88]) in patients with ACLF and AKI. However, on multivariate analysis, admission serum urea (not serum creatinine) was an independent predictor of mortality in these patients both at 28 days (p = 0.001, adjusted hazard ratio [

Current Medicine Research and Practice, 2020

Journal of Medical Evidence, 2020

National Journal of Research in Community Medicine, 2020

We are in the midst of covid-19 pandemic, the number of cases has exceeded 6,00,000 and continues... more We are in the midst of covid-19 pandemic, the number of cases has exceeded 6,00,000 and continues to increase rapidly. India experienced Level 1 and 2 transmissions between January and March 2020. Consequently, a spike in the number of cases may be expected any time from now and if not well prepared for, is likely to overwhelm our healthcare service capacity. We aimed at developing a prediction algorithm for estimating the potential number of COVID-19 cases in India due to community transmission. This algorithm is based on the number of infections recorded in the initial days and further containment interventions like social distancing and complete lockdown. Exponential growth modeling is adapted to fit the data into the curve. 95% confidence interval depicts the precision of new cases daily. We modelled that the growth factor could be reduced due to the strict implementation of social distance and lockdown. 70% reduction in growth factor shows the flattening of the curve, a positive sign for the complete reduction of community spread. Further researchers can consider the impact of change in weather conditions (temperature and humidity) on virus transmission and virulence, increasing awareness for care-seeking among the general public, increasing provisions with outreach for testing in the Government and accredited centres, the country's young demography, population density, evolving herd immunity, and endemicity of other diseases (e.g., malaria and tuberculosis) vis-à-vis virus transmissibility and virulence of the SARS-CoV-2 in India.

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 2020

With declaration of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by W... more With declaration of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by World Health Organization, India came to alert for its being at next potential risk. It reached alert Level 2, i.e. local transmission for virus spread in early March 2020 and soon thereafter alert Level 3, i.e. community transmission. With on-going rise in COVID-19 cases in country, Government of India (GoI) has been taking multiple intense measures in coordination with the state governments, such as urban lockdown, active airport screening, quarantining, aggressive calls for 'work from home', public awareness, and active case detection with contact tracing in most places. Feedback from other countries exhibits COVID-19 transmission levels to have shown within country variations. With two-third of Indian population living in rural areas, present editorial hypothesizes that if India enters Level 3, rural hinterland would also be at risk importation (at least Level 1). Hence, we have to call for stringent containment on rural-urban and inter-state fringes. This along with other on-going measures can result in flattening curve and also in staggering 'lockdowns', and thus, helping sustain national economy.

PLoS medicine, 2018

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and ... more Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and economic potential at individual, family, community, and country levels. Paucity of data on NDDs slows down policy and programmatic action in most developing countries despite perceived high burden. We assessed 3,964 children (with almost equal number of boys and girls distributed in 2-<6 and 6-9 year age categories) identified from five geographically diverse populations in India using cluster sampling technique (probability proportionate to population size). These were from the North-Central, i.e., Palwal (N = 998; all rural, 16.4% non-Hindu, 25.3% from scheduled caste/tribe [SC-ST] [these are considered underserved communities who are eligible for affirmative action]); North, i.e., Kangra (N = 997; 91.6% rural, 3.7% non-Hindu, 25.3% SC-ST); East, i.e., Dhenkanal (N = 981; 89.8% rural, 1.2% non-Hindu, 38.0% SC-ST); South, i.e., Hyderabad (N = 495; all urban, 25.7% non-Hindu, 27.3% S...