Richard Moreland - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Richard Moreland
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1999
... Correspondence should be sent to Dr. Richard Moreland, 432 Langley Hall, Department of Psycho... more ... Correspondence should be sent to Dr. Richard Moreland, 432 Langley Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. ... An ex-member who wanted to helpa group, for example, could do so by contributing resources to it or by participating in such ...
Advances in Group Processes, 2010
... Many of the papers include tips about how group reflection should be done (see Baird et al., ... more ... Many of the papers include tips about how group reflection should be done (see Baird et al., 1999; Goldsmith, 2009; Salas et al., 2008; Smith-Jentsch, Zeisig, Acton, & McPherson, 1998; Tannenbaum, Smith-Jentsch, & Behson, 1998). ...
In an effort to improve their competitiveness, many organizations have become more dynamic. One f... more In an effort to improve their competitiveness, many organizations have become more dynamic. One feature of such organizations is teamwork, but teams in dynamic organizations differ in certain ways from more traditional work teams. Many of these differences have implications for knowledge management, especially transactive memory. Transactive memory, or a shared awareness of who knows what, can develop in both organizations and work teams. Research shows that stronger transactive memory systems lead to better team performance, and transactive memory is probably valuable for organizations as well. But the special features of teams found in dynamic organizations seem likely to strengthen transactive memory at the organizational level, while weakening it at the team level. Teams in dynamic organizations may also experience other special problems. The challenge, then, is to decide when it is more important to have a strong transactive memory system at each level, and then manage work tea...
Journal of studies on alcohol, 2006
Social factors affect alcohol use and misuse, yet researchers rarely study the acute effects of a... more Social factors affect alcohol use and misuse, yet researchers rarely study the acute effects of alcohol in groups. This study used systematic observation techniques to measure the effects of alcohol on behavioral responses during an initial group interaction. Fifty-four male social drinkers were assembled into three-person groups of strangers, and all members of each group were administered either a 0.82 g/kg dose of alcohol or a placebo to be consumed during a 30-minute period. This social interaction was video recorded, and the duration and sequence of selected smiling and speech behaviors were coded on a 1-second time base. Alcohol consumption increased individual- and group-level coordination of smiling and speech behaviors over time and improved self-reported bonding. These data suggest that alcohol may facilitate social bonding during initial group formation. Measuring behavioral responses in a social context provides new directions for studying the acute effects of alcohol.
Advances in Group Processes, 2002
ABSTRACT The causes and consequences of loyalty and disloyalty in groups have received little att... more ABSTRACT The causes and consequences of loyalty and disloyalty in groups have received little attention from social psychologists. This chapter analyzes how groups respond to loyalty (defined as staying in a group, even though one could obtain a better outcome by leaving, because staying benefits the group) and disloyalty (defined as leaving a group, because one can obtain a better outcome by doing so, even though leaving harms the group). Attention is given to factors that influence the valence and intensity of group responses to loyalty and disloyalty on the part of both ingroup and outgroup members.
Hogg/Blackwell, 2001
... Although we will borrow from this literature where appropriate, our focus here is on small gr... more ... Although we will borrow from this literature where appropriate, our focus here is on small groups, which are increasingly recognized as a critical context for organizational socialization (Anderson & Thomas, 1996; Feldman, 1989; Jablin, 1987; Major, Kozlowski, Chao, & Gardner ...
Social Psychological Applications to Social Issues, 2002
As the end of the century approaches, dramatic changes are occurring in how work is performed in ... more As the end of the century approaches, dramatic changes are occurring in how work is performed in this country. One change that has received much attention is the growing emphasis on collaborative work. Workers have always helped one another, of course, but often in informal ways that received little recognition or support from organizations (see Brown & Duguid, 1991; Kram, 1988; Organ, 1988; Roethlisberger & Dickson, 1939). In contrast, activities in many organizations are now designed entirely around groups, so that ...
Small Group Research, 2004
Abstract After many years of developing in small islands scattered around different disciplines, ... more Abstract After many years of developing in small islands scattered around different disciplines, small group research has reached a point where interdisciplinary scholarship has the potential to foster major progress. The goal of this special issue on interdisciplinary perspectives is to capitalize on the theoretical advances made over the last 50 years by synthesizing and integrating models and theories on small groups proposed by various disciplines into a set of general theoretical perspectives. In this introduction, the authors ...
Small Group Research, 2004
Abstract This article reviews literature that takes a temporal perspective on groups, focusing pa... more Abstract This article reviews literature that takes a temporal perspective on groups, focusing particularly on the theories that guide such work. The temporal perspective is a process-focused view that treats groups as systems in which change occurs across multiple time scales. The review is organized around six themes that have been especially generative:(a) Time is socially constructed;(b) time is a resource;(c) time is a fundamental issue for theory and research;(d) groups change systematically over time;(e) group processes have ...
Small Group Research, 2013
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2004
Although much drinking occurs in social settings, there has been little testing of alcohol in gro... more Although much drinking occurs in social settings, there has been little testing of alcohol in groups. The authors examined the effects of alcohol on performance on a group decision-making task. Fifty-four unacquainted male social drinkers were randomly assigned to 3-person groups that consumed either alcohol (0.82 g/kg) or a placebo. After drinking, participants decided whether to complete a 30-min questionnaire battery or toss a coin and, pending the outcome of that toss, complete either no questionnaires or a 60-min battery. Alcohol groups were significantly more likely than placebo groups to choose the coin toss. Results highlight the potent effects of alcohol on group decision making and suggest that application of social psychological theory and methods to the study of alcohol is warranted.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2012
Psychological Science, 2012
Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2004
Collaboration plays a critical role in scientific creativity. This article draws on research invo... more Collaboration plays a critical role in scientific creativity. This article draws on research involving small groups and interpersonal relationships to analyze the social processes underlying scientific collaboration. 3 stages of activity in collaborative groups are discussed: formation, performance, and dissolution. In regard to group formation, we consider the characteristics of the people who join, the conditions under which they come together, and the socialization experiences they encounter. In regard to group performance, we discuss idea generation, selection, and implementation, with special emphasis on how group composition (diversity) and group processes affect creativity. In regard to group dissolution, we discuss factors that lead members of collaborative groups to stop working together, including a reduced market for the group's creative products and conflict among members regarding group goals and the ownership of ideas. We next consider the role that intergroup processes play in scientific collaboration, discussing, for example, how such processes contribute to ingroup identification and increase competitive motivation. Finally, we conclude with some brief reflections on our own collaboration of some 20 years.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1995
The task performance of laboratory work groups whose members were trained together or alone was i... more The task performance of laboratory work groups whose members were trained together or alone was investigated. At an initial training session, subjects were taught to assemble transistor radios. Some were trained in groups, others individually. A week later, subjects were ...
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2000
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1999
... Correspondence should be sent to Dr. Richard Moreland, 432 Langley Hall, Department of Psycho... more ... Correspondence should be sent to Dr. Richard Moreland, 432 Langley Hall, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. ... An ex-member who wanted to helpa group, for example, could do so by contributing resources to it or by participating in such ...
Advances in Group Processes, 2010
... Many of the papers include tips about how group reflection should be done (see Baird et al., ... more ... Many of the papers include tips about how group reflection should be done (see Baird et al., 1999; Goldsmith, 2009; Salas et al., 2008; Smith-Jentsch, Zeisig, Acton, & McPherson, 1998; Tannenbaum, Smith-Jentsch, & Behson, 1998). ...
In an effort to improve their competitiveness, many organizations have become more dynamic. One f... more In an effort to improve their competitiveness, many organizations have become more dynamic. One feature of such organizations is teamwork, but teams in dynamic organizations differ in certain ways from more traditional work teams. Many of these differences have implications for knowledge management, especially transactive memory. Transactive memory, or a shared awareness of who knows what, can develop in both organizations and work teams. Research shows that stronger transactive memory systems lead to better team performance, and transactive memory is probably valuable for organizations as well. But the special features of teams found in dynamic organizations seem likely to strengthen transactive memory at the organizational level, while weakening it at the team level. Teams in dynamic organizations may also experience other special problems. The challenge, then, is to decide when it is more important to have a strong transactive memory system at each level, and then manage work tea...
Journal of studies on alcohol, 2006
Social factors affect alcohol use and misuse, yet researchers rarely study the acute effects of a... more Social factors affect alcohol use and misuse, yet researchers rarely study the acute effects of alcohol in groups. This study used systematic observation techniques to measure the effects of alcohol on behavioral responses during an initial group interaction. Fifty-four male social drinkers were assembled into three-person groups of strangers, and all members of each group were administered either a 0.82 g/kg dose of alcohol or a placebo to be consumed during a 30-minute period. This social interaction was video recorded, and the duration and sequence of selected smiling and speech behaviors were coded on a 1-second time base. Alcohol consumption increased individual- and group-level coordination of smiling and speech behaviors over time and improved self-reported bonding. These data suggest that alcohol may facilitate social bonding during initial group formation. Measuring behavioral responses in a social context provides new directions for studying the acute effects of alcohol.
Advances in Group Processes, 2002
ABSTRACT The causes and consequences of loyalty and disloyalty in groups have received little att... more ABSTRACT The causes and consequences of loyalty and disloyalty in groups have received little attention from social psychologists. This chapter analyzes how groups respond to loyalty (defined as staying in a group, even though one could obtain a better outcome by leaving, because staying benefits the group) and disloyalty (defined as leaving a group, because one can obtain a better outcome by doing so, even though leaving harms the group). Attention is given to factors that influence the valence and intensity of group responses to loyalty and disloyalty on the part of both ingroup and outgroup members.
Hogg/Blackwell, 2001
... Although we will borrow from this literature where appropriate, our focus here is on small gr... more ... Although we will borrow from this literature where appropriate, our focus here is on small groups, which are increasingly recognized as a critical context for organizational socialization (Anderson & Thomas, 1996; Feldman, 1989; Jablin, 1987; Major, Kozlowski, Chao, & Gardner ...
Social Psychological Applications to Social Issues, 2002
As the end of the century approaches, dramatic changes are occurring in how work is performed in ... more As the end of the century approaches, dramatic changes are occurring in how work is performed in this country. One change that has received much attention is the growing emphasis on collaborative work. Workers have always helped one another, of course, but often in informal ways that received little recognition or support from organizations (see Brown & Duguid, 1991; Kram, 1988; Organ, 1988; Roethlisberger & Dickson, 1939). In contrast, activities in many organizations are now designed entirely around groups, so that ...
Small Group Research, 2004
Abstract After many years of developing in small islands scattered around different disciplines, ... more Abstract After many years of developing in small islands scattered around different disciplines, small group research has reached a point where interdisciplinary scholarship has the potential to foster major progress. The goal of this special issue on interdisciplinary perspectives is to capitalize on the theoretical advances made over the last 50 years by synthesizing and integrating models and theories on small groups proposed by various disciplines into a set of general theoretical perspectives. In this introduction, the authors ...
Small Group Research, 2004
Abstract This article reviews literature that takes a temporal perspective on groups, focusing pa... more Abstract This article reviews literature that takes a temporal perspective on groups, focusing particularly on the theories that guide such work. The temporal perspective is a process-focused view that treats groups as systems in which change occurs across multiple time scales. The review is organized around six themes that have been especially generative:(a) Time is socially constructed;(b) time is a resource;(c) time is a fundamental issue for theory and research;(d) groups change systematically over time;(e) group processes have ...
Small Group Research, 2013
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2004
Although much drinking occurs in social settings, there has been little testing of alcohol in gro... more Although much drinking occurs in social settings, there has been little testing of alcohol in groups. The authors examined the effects of alcohol on performance on a group decision-making task. Fifty-four unacquainted male social drinkers were randomly assigned to 3-person groups that consumed either alcohol (0.82 g/kg) or a placebo. After drinking, participants decided whether to complete a 30-min questionnaire battery or toss a coin and, pending the outcome of that toss, complete either no questionnaires or a 60-min battery. Alcohol groups were significantly more likely than placebo groups to choose the coin toss. Results highlight the potent effects of alcohol on group decision making and suggest that application of social psychological theory and methods to the study of alcohol is warranted.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2012
Psychological Science, 2012
Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2004
Collaboration plays a critical role in scientific creativity. This article draws on research invo... more Collaboration plays a critical role in scientific creativity. This article draws on research involving small groups and interpersonal relationships to analyze the social processes underlying scientific collaboration. 3 stages of activity in collaborative groups are discussed: formation, performance, and dissolution. In regard to group formation, we consider the characteristics of the people who join, the conditions under which they come together, and the socialization experiences they encounter. In regard to group performance, we discuss idea generation, selection, and implementation, with special emphasis on how group composition (diversity) and group processes affect creativity. In regard to group dissolution, we discuss factors that lead members of collaborative groups to stop working together, including a reduced market for the group's creative products and conflict among members regarding group goals and the ownership of ideas. We next consider the role that intergroup processes play in scientific collaboration, discussing, for example, how such processes contribute to ingroup identification and increase competitive motivation. Finally, we conclude with some brief reflections on our own collaboration of some 20 years.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1995
The task performance of laboratory work groups whose members were trained together or alone was i... more The task performance of laboratory work groups whose members were trained together or alone was investigated. At an initial training session, subjects were taught to assemble transistor radios. Some were trained in groups, others individually. A week later, subjects were ...
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2000