Moshe Segal - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Moshe Segal

A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is al... more A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is always conserved and that the Energy, embedded in the Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing. This should imply that the Total amount of the Energy, which is embedded in the whole Universe, must be a constant value. However, this paper provides significant arguments that evaluations of Energy amounts by Humans, might be also relative to the Human evaluator who evaluates the Energy amount, and two separate Human evaluators evaluating the Total Energy Content of several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. The paper also elaborates on the Implications of the conclusion that evaluations of Energy amounts by Humans might be also relative.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jun 21, 2023

The acceptable notion today is that Electromagnetic waves from separate sources cannot consolidat... more The acceptable notion today is that Electromagnetic waves from separate sources cannot consolidate [4]. However, the author of this article published several articles [1], [2], [3], [5] which argue that Electromagnetic (EM) waves from separate sources do consolidate. In addition to the scenarios described in articles [1], [2], [3], Article [5] adds further support to the statement that EM waves from separate sources can consolidate, support that everybody can experience, from everyday experience, every day, which can also be recorded on photos. This scenario is presented again, also in this article. However, if EM waves from separate sources do consolidate, this seems to embed paradoxes, which must be addressed, because the Energy Conservation Principle seems to be violated. The Energy Pairs Theory, proposed initially by the author of this article in article [1], and presented again briefly in this article, proposes a framework which resolves and explains the paradoxes embedded in consolidations of EM waves from separate sources, and other paradoxes and unanswered and open questions, as presented already in article [1], and presented briefly again in this article.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jul 19, 2023

SSRN Electronic Journal

Light velocity, when measured by Humans, would always result in a constant value and the maximum ... more Light velocity, when measured by Humans, would always result in a constant value and the maximum possible velocity, a claim that was presented by Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory as an axiom, without any proof. The above demonstrates the uniqueness of the velocity of Light. But it should be also emphasized that the velocity of Light also presents a severe peculiarity, which is presented as follows: When a moving Human spectator measures the velocity value of any tangible substance, for example, the velocity of a moving Mass body, the velocity, and the direction of motion of this spectator, relative to the velocity and the direction of motion of this Mass body, does affect the measured velocity value of this Mass body, by this Human spectator. But, when a moving Human spectator, measures the velocity value of a Light beam, the velocity, and the direction of motion of this spectator, relative to the direction of motion of this Light beam, does not affect at all, the measured velocity value of this Light beam, by this Human spectator, which always results in a constant Light velocity value, which is also the maximum velocity value that Humans can measure. This should be regarded as a severe peculiarity, in any velocity value measurements of Light beams, by Humans, which must be also explained. This paper provides a tentative explanation to the uniqueness related to the velocity of Light and to the severe peculiarity related to the velocity of Light that are presented above. This explanation is based on a prediction that Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, do not really exit. The author of this paper presented this prediction in an additional paper titled: “A discussion related to the existence of the entities of Space and Time” (12) which is referenced in this paper. The details related to this prediction are also presented in this paper. That referenced paper (12) also suggests an experiment, which if implemented, and its result will be successful, might provide validity, or disprove, the predictions presented in that referenced paper, and, as a result, also might provide validity, or disprove, what is presented in this paper

The Electron Positron-Photon idea, which is due originally to (the late) Prof. J. P. Wesley, in h... more The Electron Positron-Photon idea, which is due originally to (the late) Prof. J. P. Wesley, in his article titled: “Light, a Flux of Electric Dipole Photons” [4], proposed a model of the Photon as an Electric Dipole Photon which might be an Electron-Positron pair separated by a distance L. However, since Photons propagate at the speed of light, and Electrons and Positrons have rest Mass values which are not zero, then, if Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory conclusion, relating to Mass gain with velocity, is accepted as valid, then, if Photons are Electron-Positron pairs, their Mass must increase to be virtually an infinite value. Thus, if Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory is accepted as a valid theory, Photons cannot be pairs of Electrons and Positrons. J.P. Wesley did not accept the relativistic Mass gain with velocity as concluded from Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory, and as such, proposed this Photon model, which provides a possible resolution to the Wave-Particle prob...

viXra, 2019

The primary aim of this study was to explain some energy conservation issues which seem to be ign... more The primary aim of this study was to explain some energy conservation issues which seem to be ignored today. These energy conservation issues relate to energy conservation issues in the field of energies embedded in static electric fields and in magnetic fields generated by moving charges which move at a constant velocity. The study uses the Energy Pair Theory (EPT) developed in another article (that can be found at: http://viXra.org/abs/1911.0176) (Ref. 4), which seems to provide a reasonable explanation to these energy conservation issues. The article also arrives at the surprising conclusion that Space itself might be also some form of Energy.

This article presents the hypothesis that the only independent entity is Energy. This is based on... more This article presents the hypothesis that the only independent entity is Energy. This is based on conclusions derived from several published articles, by the author of this article, which conclude the following: This hypothesis might also provide an explanation to why Light speed must be a constant value and the maximum Based on the conclusions of these published articles, mentioned above, this article suggests a tentative connection between Energy and Light speed which might provide an explanation to why Light speed is a constant value, causing Light speed measurements by any spectator which monitors that Light speed, to result always to be that constant value, and this is not dependent on the spectator velocity relative to the velocity of that measured Light speed. This also might explain why the maximum attainable velocity is that constant value attributed to the speed of Light. These statements, about Light speed being the maximum attainable velocity and being a constant value w...

September 19, 2023

The Wave-Particle duality of Light should be considered as an unresolved mystery. Indeed, Light m... more The Wave-Particle duality of Light should be considered as an unresolved mystery. Indeed, Light manifests these two very different phenomena simultaneously. On one hand Light should be viewed as a stream of Particles. Einstein initially introduced the understanding that Light should be viewed as a stream of Particles (named Photons), to explain the Photoelectric effect. On the other hand, Light clearly exhibits a Wave facet, dating back to Newton's days, who measured the wavelength of Light with his Newton's rings interference observations. However, these two very different facets of Light, its Particle facet, and its Wave facet, are so significantly different, which implies that the Wave-Particle duality of Light still awaits additional clarification and additional explanation, which was not yet provided by mainstream Physics. Instead, nowadays mainstream Physics just accepts the fact that Light embed these two very different facets simultaneously, and exhibits each facet in different experiments or situations. This paper proposes a new angle for explaining the Wave-Particle duality of Light, based on the famous Mutual Annihilation process, in which an Electron and a Positron annihilate each other to create Photons, and on the famous inverse Pair Production process, in which a Photon, in certain conditions, converts back into a pair of an Electron and a Positron. Actually, the connection between the nature of Photons and the Electron and the Positron is already presented in another paper, namely, the Electron Positron-Photon idea. The Electron Positron-Photon idea, which is due originally to (the late) Prof. J. P. Wesley, in his paper titled: "Light, a Flux of Electric Dipole Photons" [4], proposed a model of the Photon as an Electric Dipole Photon which might be an Electron-Positron pair separated by a distance L. There are two reasons why the Electron Positron-Photon idea, as presented in Prof. J. P. Wesley's paper, cannot be considered a viable concept: • The science of Physics recognizes Photons as being composed of pure Energy, without any Mass or Electric Charges associated to Photons. However, the Electron and the Positron do embed Mass and Electric Charges, and thus, Photons cannot be composed of pairs of Electrons and Positrons as the Electron Positron-Photon idea presented in Prof. J. P. Wesley's paper, states. • Photons travel at the velocity of Light, and thus, according to Einstein's Special Relativity Theory, if Photons are composed of pairs of Electrons and Positrons as Prof. J. P. Wesley's Electron Positron-Photon idea states, then, their Masses must increase to virtually an infinite Mass magnitude. This paper proposes another aspect of the Photon nature, which is also based on the Electron and the Positron, which does not have the limitations which were already presented above, in Prof. J. P. Wesley's Electron Positron-Photon idea.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023

Humans need the entity of Space to perceive relative positions between objects. Humans also need ... more Humans need the entity of Space to perceive relative positions between objects. Humans also need the entities of Space and Time to calculate values that Humans attribute to Motions, such as Velocity or Acceleration. The entities of Space and Time are also the entities that compose the four-dimensional Interwoven Space/Time entity, introduced by Einstein’s General Relativity theory, which provided an explanation of the origin of the attraction between Mass bodies. However, although the notions of Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, do provide the significant explanation of the origin of the attraction between Mass bodies, via Einstein’s General Relativity theory, the notions of Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, are not sufficient for providing explanations to additional similar unanswered questions, such as : what is the origin of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies? Or, why the velocity of Light, measured by Humans, always results in a constant value and the maximum velocity that Humans can measure? This paper presents the following prediction: Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are forms of Accelerations, like the Gravitational Field, which is already recognized as a form of Acceleration. This prediction also leads to the following thesis: Changes and Movements are the result of Interactions between Energies, and the entities of Space and Time are not entities that exist. The entities of Space and Time are notions (or entities), invented by Humans, because Humans need such notions to perceive Changes and Motions. For some Interactions between Energies, which result in Changes or Motions, Humans can attribute, to these Interactions, attributes of Space and Time, which will assist in providing explanations to why these Changes or Motions are the result of these Energies Interactions. However, this paper predicts, that different sets of Interactions between Energies, should be assigned separate and independent attributes of Space and Time, different and independent from the Space and the Time attributes, assigned to other sets of Interactions between Energies, to provide an explanation for the origin of motions which are yet unexplained, such as: what is the origin of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies? 2 Because different and independent Space and Time attributes should be assigned to different sets of Interactions between Energies, then, Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, cannot exist, because the above implies, that there should be multiple, independent notions of Space, and multiple, independent notions of Time, and not just one universal Space entity, and just one universal Time entity, as Humans perceive the Space and the Time entities. By abandoning the conclusion that the entities of Space and Time exist, and by concluding that Changes and Motions are only the results of Interactions between Energies, the origin of attraction or repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies can be explained, in addition to the explanation, already provided by Einstein’s General Relativity theory, relating to the origin of the attraction between Mass bodies. Also, by abandoning the conclusion that the entities of Space and Time exist, and by concluding that Changes and Motions are only the results of Interactions between Energies, a possible partial, tentative explanation might be also provided to the question: why the velocity of Light, measured by Humans, always results in a constant value and the maximum velocity that Humans can measure? The prediction that the entities of Space and Time do not really exist sounds as an extraordinary, unbelievable, and out of line statement, at first. This is because, as presented above, the notions of Space and Time are crucial notions, which Humans need them, to perceive, understand and calculate Motions and Changes. However, this paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, and its results will be successful, as this paper predicts, this will either validate or disprove, what is presented in this paper.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 8, 2022

Einstein devoted many years for finding a Classical Unification of Gravity and Electricity. The... more Einstein devoted many years for finding a Classical Unification of Gravity and
Electricity. These attempts did not result in conclusive successful results.
This study proposes a lead for a simple unification of Gravity and Electricity by predicting that Electric Fields are also forms of Accelerations, as Gravity is already recognized as a form of Acceleration.
There are other proposals for unifications of Gravity and Electricity, but neither also propose a simple test how to validate the proposed unification.
This study, on the other hand, does also propose a relatively simple physical experiment, which if implemented might prove, or disprove, the prediction that Electric Fields are also forms of Acceleration, which will also provide validity to the proposed lead for a unification of Gravity and Electricity, or disprove it.

Energy and the Energy Conservation Principle might be the most important building blocks of the P... more Energy and the Energy Conservation Principle might be the most important building blocks of the Physical Sciences. Until the discovery, in the 20 th century, that the Universe expands much faster than the expansion that can be justified by the amount of the calculated Energy in the whole Universe, the Energy was believed to be composed of only Traceable Energy components. After the above-mentioned discovery, the notion of Untraceable Energy (or Dark Energy) was introduced in the science of Physics. However, the exact origin of this Dark Energy is still a mystery. The acceptable notions are that Dark Energy must be looked for in Gravitation using Einstein's General Relativity Theory. This article argues that the origin of most of the Dark Energy might be in Electromagnetism. This article also provides other new insights into the Energy entity, which might also explain additional issues and paradoxes that were yet ignored.

Einstein’s General Relativity Theory provided an explanation for the source of the attraction bet... more Einstein’s General Relativity Theory provided an explanation for the source of the attraction between Massive Bodies, which was unexplained, even though Newton’s Universal Gravitational Law provided the magnitude of the attraction force and the direction of this force between two Massive Bodies.
Einstein’s General Relativity Theory used the observation that Newton’s Gravitational Field is also a form of acceleration, and it used this observation to introduce Einstein’s Interwoven Space/Time notion, which explained the source of the attraction between Massive Bodies.
However, the source of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies is still a mystery today, even though the structures of Newton’s Universal Gravitational Law, and Coulomb’s Law, are identical.
This paper provides the prediction that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of acceleration.
Based on this prediction, a paper published by the author of this paper, expands Einstein’s General Relativity Theory to include Electrically Charged Bodies in addition to Massive Bodies, which also provides an explanation to the source of the attraction or the repulsion between Electricallט Charged bodies.
However, the prediction that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of acceleration also implies that the acceleration between two Electrically Charged bodies, attracted to, or repelled from each other, according to Coulomb’s Law, is mainly dependent on the magnitudes of the Electric Charges that these bodies carry and not on the magnitudes of the Mass that these bodies embed, as Newton’s Second Law of Motion predicts.
Thus, if the prediction, that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of acceleration will be found correct, Newton’s Second Law of Motion would require a suitable modification.
This paper also proposes a physical experiment which might prove (or disprove) the prediction provided by this paper, that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of acceleration, which might prove (or disprove) what is presented in this paper.

The study addresses the following question: what is the source of the Dark Energy?The study provi... more The study addresses the following question: what is the source of the Dark Energy?The study provides sound argumentations that Electromagnetic Waves, from separate sources, can consolidate, even though such consolidations seem to embed paradoxes. The study also proposes a physical experiment which might implement consolidations of Electromagnetic Waves, from separate sources. In addition to the above, the study also addresses paradoxes related to the Mutual Annihilation and the Pair Production processes. The study proposes a resolution for all these paradoxes which also concludes that most of the Dark Energy might be related to Electromagnetism and that the Electric Charge is also a form of Energy.

Electrical Engineering : An International Journal

viXra, Apr 1, 2021

This article is the last of four articles that summarize a broad theoretical research work. The f... more This article is the last of four articles that summarize a broad theoretical research work. The first three articles intended to investigate the nature and characteristics of the Entity of the Electric Charge. The first two parts of this research, dealing with Electric Charge, Energy, and Space, were already completed, and published in two articles [6], [7]. The first article concluded that the Electric Charge is a form of Energy, similarly to Mass being recognized as a form of Energy by Einstein's Special Relativity Theory. And since all the tangible, concrete and perceptible matter in the universe is composed of only two Entities: Mass and Electric Charge, then, the first article concluded that all the tangible, concrete and perceptible matter in the universe is just a form of Energy. The Second article provided a reasonable explanation to the mysterious Dark Energy and concluded that also Space might be a form of Energy. The third article was also completed, and it studied the origins of the Electrically Charged Bodies' Interactions. It provided an explanation to what causes the Attraction/Repulsion between Electric Charges, similarly to the explanation of Einstein's General Relativity Theory to what causes the Attraction between Mass Objects. As such, the third article is an expansion of Einstein's General Relativity Theory to include in it not only Mass Objects but also Electric Charges. This article, which, as stated above, is the fourth in this theoretical research work, derives additional conclusions from all the previous articles, with the most significant conclusion being that Nature, or the Existence, is composed of only one distinct and independent Entity: Energy. All other Entities used by Physics in order to understand or explain Nature, are actually redundant, and are necessary only to help us percept Nature, and, this article concludes, that all these other Entities are facets of Energy, or tools we use to explain how Energies convert from one form of Energy to another form of Energy, and how forms of Energies interact with each other.

viXra, 2019

After the presentation of the Special Relativity Theory by Einstein, the concept of Mass was disc... more After the presentation of the Special Relativity Theory by Einstein, the concept of Mass was discovered to be a special form of Energy. Thus, the concept of Electric Charge remained the only distinct entity in Physics that is not equated with Energy. Actually, the fact that charge exists in two types, positive and negative, might be one of the crucial reasons why it was difficult to analyze the concept of charge and consider it as another form of energy. In an article named "Electric Charges as Energy Pairs" that can be found at http://viXra.org/abs/1909.0098 the assumption that Charge might also be considered as a form of Energy was presented and discussed, from several points of view. This article argues that the claim that Electric Charge might be a form of Energy, might be valid. However, if electric charges are a form of energy, they must belong to a set of "Energy Pairs". As charge might be positive or negative, the energy embedded in charge should also be ...

viXra, 2019

The issue of electromagnetic traveling waves interference was already presented and analyzed exte... more The issue of electromagnetic traveling waves interference was already presented and analyzed extensively. Examples of such scenarios might be counter propagating one dimensional two source waves, or a single source wave propagating in two or more dimensions via scattering one portion of the wave into another portion, such as a double slit experiment with a single source. Analysis of these scenarios show that in these cases, the interference between these waves conserve the wave energy. (Ref 3). However, the following scenario was not yet presented or analyzed, (according to the best knowledge of the writer of this article) : A scenario of very focused two source electromagnetic traveling waves, focused such that they can be considered as traveling only in one dimension, which are colliding, and following this collision, the waves consolidate, and continue to travel in the same direction. It was usually assumed, that two one dimensional waves, moving in the same direction, cannot arr...

After the presentation of the Special Relativity Theory, Mass was discovered to be a special form... more After the presentation of the Special Relativity Theory, Mass was discovered to be a special form of Energy. Thus, after the presentation of the Special Relativity Theory, the Electric Charge remained the only distinct entity that is not Energy. In a separate article the claim that electric charges might be considered also as a form of energy was presented and discussed, from various angles. However, this article focuses on the most potent argument, that the claim that Electric Charge might be a form of Energy, might be a valid claim. This argument is based on another claim, that if electric charges are a form of energy they must belong to a set of Energy Pairs, and the reason for that is as follows: Because charge comes in two types, a positive charge and a negative charge, then, the energy embedded in charge must also come in two energy types, which are assigned to one set of Energy Pairs. Actually, the fact that charge comes in two types might be one of the crucial reasons why it...

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jun 21, 2023

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jul 19, 2023

SSRN Electronic Journal

viXra, 2019

September 19, 2023

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 8, 2022

Electrical Engineering : An International Journal

viXra, Apr 1, 2021

viXra, 2019