Muhammad Akram - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Muhammad Akram
The Scientific World Journal, 2014
Connectivity has an important role in neural networks, computer network, and clustering. In the d... more Connectivity has an important role in neural networks, computer network, and clustering. In the design of a network, it is important to analyze connections by the levels. The structural properties of intuitionistic fuzzy graphs provide a tool that allows for the solution of operations research problems. In this paper, we introduce various types of intuitionistic fuzzy bridges, intuitionistic fuzzy cut vertices, intuitionistic fuzzy cycles, and intuitionistic fuzzy trees in intuitionistic fuzzy graphs and investigate some of their interesting properties. Most of these various types are defined in terms of levels. We also describe comparison of these types.
Sensors, 2012
Optical chemical sensors have promoted escalating interest in the determination of various pollut... more Optical chemical sensors have promoted escalating interest in the determination of various pollutants in the environment, which are creating toxicity and may cause serious health problems. This review paper focuses particularly on the recent progress and developments in this field; the working principles and basic classes of optical chemical sensors have been briefly described.
Neural Computing and Applications, 2012
In this paper, we introduce the concept of interval-valued fuzzy line graphs and discuss some of ... more In this paper, we introduce the concept of interval-valued fuzzy line graphs and discuss some of their properties. We prove a necessary and sufficient condition for an interval-valued fuzzy graph to be isomorphic to its corresponding interval-valued fuzzy line graph. We determine when an isomorphism between two investigate fuzzy graphs follows from an isomorphism of their corresponding investigate fuzzy line
IET Communications, 2013
ABSTRACT This study presents statistical properties of the vehicle-to-vehicle Nakagami-Hoyt chann... more ABSTRACT This study presents statistical properties of the vehicle-to-vehicle Nakagami-Hoyt channel model with diffused line of sight (LOS) under isotropic condition. The envelope and phase probability density functions, spatial-time autocorrelation function, the power spectral density, level crossing rate, the average duration of fade, squared time autocorrelation function and mean-square error of time autocorrelation function of the Nakagami-Hoyt channel have been derived under the assumption that both the transmitter and receiver are mobile having omnidirectional antennas and a diffused LOS component is present. The model has been validated using the inverse fast Fourier transform-based simulator. The simulator and analytical results corroborate.
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 2000
ABSTRACT
Filomat, 2012
We introduce the notion of strong intuitionistic fuzzy graphs and investigate some of their prope... more We introduce the notion of strong intuitionistic fuzzy graphs and investigate some of their properties. We discuss some propositions of self complementary and self weak complementary strong intuitionistic fuzzy graphs. We introduce the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy line graphs.
Applied Optics, 2010
We propose using a two-level (−1 and þ1 as variables) orthogonal array (OA) to generate a binary ... more We propose using a two-level (−1 and þ1 as variables) orthogonal array (OA) to generate a binary phase diffuser for speckle reduction in laser projection displays. Compared with the Hadamard matrix, the diffuser generated from OA is more flexible. The speckle contrast ratio (CR) when introducing the binary phase diffuser at an intermediate image plane within the projector is calculated, and the minimum speckle CR can be achieved by finite step change of the diffuser patterns. With Kronecker algebra, the two-dimensional diffuser can also be replaced by two one-dimensional diffusers with the same function, and it can be implemented into the laser projector electronically and easily.
Applied Optics, 2003
The modal spectral response of an antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide ͑ARROW͒ with periodic... more The modal spectral response of an antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide ͑ARROW͒ with periodic corrugations or grating is calculated for both shallow and deep gratings with the Method of Lines. The effect of the ARROW layer thickness and the grating depth on the spectral response is studied. It is found that when the ARROW-layer thickness is close to resonance, the ripples in the reflection spectra become smooth and the peak reflectivity drops. This is attributed to the large increase in the leakage loss of the ARROW waveguide near resonance. The ARROW grating is characterized by modal reflectivity spectra, which exhibit a strong polarization discrimination property, in favor of the TE polarization.
Applied Optics, 2003
The design of a dual-field-of-view telescope for an 8 -12-m imaging waveband is described. Prelim... more The design of a dual-field-of-view telescope for an 8 -12-m imaging waveband is described. Preliminary calculations are made to determine the first-order parameters of the narrow-and the wide-field modes. To achieve a switchable dual-field-of-view system, one uses an optical configuration based on the axial motion of a single lens group along the optical axis. The same lens is also used for focusing at near objects and for athermalization by small axial movement. A total of six lenses with one conic surface are used in the design, making the telescope cost effective and lightweight. The final optical design is presented, along with the aberrations curves and modulation transfer function plots, showing excellent performance in both fields of view.
Information Sciences, 2011
In this paper, we introduce the notion of bipolar fuzzy graphs, describe various methods of their... more In this paper, we introduce the notion of bipolar fuzzy graphs, describe various methods of their construction, discuss the concept of isomorphisms of these graphs, and investigate some of their important properties. We then introduce the notion of strong bipolar fuzzy graphs and study some of their properties. We also discuss some propositions of self complementary and self weak complementary strong bipolar fuzzy graphs. Mordeson and Peng [32]. The complement of a fuzzy graph was defined by Mordeson and Nair and further studied by Sunitha and Vijayakumar . Bhutani and Rosenfeld introduced the concept of M-strong fuzzy graphs in and studied some of their properties. The concept of strong arcs in fuzzy graphs was discussed in . Recently, Akram [1] has introduced the notion of cofuzzy graphs and investigated several of their properties. Shannon and Atanassov introduced the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy relations and intuitionistic fuzzy graphs, and investigated some of their properties in . Parvathi et al. defined operations on intuitionistic fuzzy graphs in . In this paper, we introduce the notion of bipolar fuzzy graphs, describe various methods of their construction, discuss the concept of isomorphism of these graphs, and investigate some of their important properties. We then introduce the notion of strong bipolar fuzzy graphs and study some of their properties. We also discuss some propositions of self complementary and self weak complementary strong bipolar fuzzy graphs.
The Scientific World Journal, 2014
Type-II fuzzy sets are used to convey the uncertainties in the membership function of type-I fuzz... more Type-II fuzzy sets are used to convey the uncertainties in the membership function of type-I fuzzy sets. Linguistic information in expert rules does not give any information about the geometry of the membership functions. These membership functions are mostly constructed through numerical data or range of classes. But there exists an uncertainty about the shape of the membership, that is, whether to go for a triangle membership function or a trapezoidal membership function. In this paper we use a type-II fuzzy set to overcome this uncertainty, and develop a fuzzy decision support system of fertilizers based on a type-II fuzzy set. This type-II fuzzy system takes cropping time and soil nutrients in the form of spatial surfaces as input, fuzzifies it using a type-II fuzzy membership function, and implies fuzzy rules on it in the fuzzy inference engine. The output of the fuzzy inference engine, which is in the form of interval value type-II fuzzy sets, reduced to an interval type-I fuzzy set, defuzzifies it to a crisp value and generates a spatial surface of fertilizers. This spatial surface shows the spatial trend of the required amount of fertilizer needed to cultivate a specific crop. The complexity of our algorithm is ( ), where is the height of the raster, is the width of the raster, and is the number of expert rules.
Neural Computing and Applications, 2014
Soft Computing, 2008
We introduce the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy left k-ideals of semirings and investigate their ... more We introduce the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy left k-ideals of semirings and investigate their properties and connections with left k-ideals of the corresponding semirings. Next we give some important characterizations of intuitionistic fuzzy left k-ideals of different type and describe various methods of constructions of such intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Finally, we propose some natural classification of intuitionistic fuzzy left k-ideals.
Physica Scripta, 2011
Ferrite materials are potential candidates for modern technological applications because of their... more Ferrite materials are potential candidates for modern technological applications because of their tunable electrical and magnetic properties. The excellent combination of magnetic and dielectric properties of magnesium ferrites can be used to fulfill the future demand for high-frequency applications such as antennas. The electrical transport properties of these materials depend on the synthesis conditions such as sintering and composition. The aim of this work has been to correlate the synthesis conditions and induced electrical transport properties, so that these materials prepared in optimized conditions can be used for the miniaturization of high-frequency application devices. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of samples prepared by the co-precipitation method confirmed the formation of a single spinel phase. The crystallite size, lattice parameters and porosity of the samples were calculated from XRD data. The scanning electron microscopy results showed the formation of rods in the case of the samples sintered at 950 • C. All the electrical and dielectric properties showed strong dependence on structural properties. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent and ac electrical conductivity of nanocrystalline Mg ferrites were investigated as a function of frequency and sintering temperature. Dielectric, ac electrical properties and the effect of sintering temperature are explained in accordance with the Maxwell-Wagner and the Koops models.
Neural Computing and Applications, 2012
We introduce the concepts of regular and totally regular bipolar fuzzy graphs. We prove necessary... more We introduce the concepts of regular and totally regular bipolar fuzzy graphs. We prove necessary and sufficient condition under which regular bipolar fuzzy graph and totally bipolar fuzzy graph are equivalent. We introduce the notion of bipolar fuzzy line graphs and present some of their properties. We state a necessary and sufficient condition for a bipolar fuzzy graph to be isomorphic to its corresponding bipolar fuzzy line graph. We examine when an isomorphism between two bipolar fuzzy graphs follows from an isomorphism of their corresponding bipolar fuzzy line graphs.
Mathematics in Computer Science, 2013
ABSTRACT Intuitionistic fuzzy sets and soft sets are two different soft computing models for repr... more ABSTRACT Intuitionistic fuzzy sets and soft sets are two different soft computing models for representing vagueness and uncertainty. We apply these soft computing models in combination to study vagueness and uncertainty in K-algebras. We first introduce the notion of [TEX equation: {(\in, \in\vee q)}] -intuitionistic fuzzy K-algebras and discuss some of their properties. Then we introduce intuitionistic fuzzy soft K-algebras and investigate some of their properties. Finally, we introduce [TEX equation: {(\in, \in \vee q)}] -intuitionistic fuzzy soft K-algebras and present some of their related properties.
Mathematics in Computer Science, 2013
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Basel. Thi... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Basel. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com". Math.Comput.Sci.
Lab on a Chip, 2013
Dipstick and lateral-flow formats have dominated rapid diagnostics over the last three decades. T... more Dipstick and lateral-flow formats have dominated rapid diagnostics over the last three decades. These formats gained popularity in the consumer markets due to their compactness, portability and facile interpretation without external instrumentation. However, lack of quantitation in measurements has challenged the demand of existing assay formats in consumer markets. Recently, paper-based microfluidics has emerged as a multiplexable point-of-care platform which might transcend the capabilities of existing assays in resource-limited settings. However, paper-based microfluidics can enable fluid handling and quantitative analysis for potential applications in healthcare, veterinary medicine, environmental monitoring and food safety. Currently, in its early development stages, paper-based microfluidics is considered a low-cost, lightweight, and disposable technology. The aim of this review is to discuss: (1) fabrication of paper-based microfluidic devices, (2) functionalisation of microfluidic components to increase the capabilities and the performance, (3) introduction of existing detection techniques to the paper platform and (4) exploration of extracting quantitative readouts via handheld devices and camera phones. Additionally, this review includes challenges to scaling up, commercialisation and regulatory issues. The factors which limit paper-based microfluidic devices to become real world products and future directions are also identified.
The Scientific World Journal, 2014
Connectivity has an important role in neural networks, computer network, and clustering. In the d... more Connectivity has an important role in neural networks, computer network, and clustering. In the design of a network, it is important to analyze connections by the levels. The structural properties of intuitionistic fuzzy graphs provide a tool that allows for the solution of operations research problems. In this paper, we introduce various types of intuitionistic fuzzy bridges, intuitionistic fuzzy cut vertices, intuitionistic fuzzy cycles, and intuitionistic fuzzy trees in intuitionistic fuzzy graphs and investigate some of their interesting properties. Most of these various types are defined in terms of levels. We also describe comparison of these types.
Sensors, 2012
Optical chemical sensors have promoted escalating interest in the determination of various pollut... more Optical chemical sensors have promoted escalating interest in the determination of various pollutants in the environment, which are creating toxicity and may cause serious health problems. This review paper focuses particularly on the recent progress and developments in this field; the working principles and basic classes of optical chemical sensors have been briefly described.
Neural Computing and Applications, 2012
In this paper, we introduce the concept of interval-valued fuzzy line graphs and discuss some of ... more In this paper, we introduce the concept of interval-valued fuzzy line graphs and discuss some of their properties. We prove a necessary and sufficient condition for an interval-valued fuzzy graph to be isomorphic to its corresponding interval-valued fuzzy line graph. We determine when an isomorphism between two investigate fuzzy graphs follows from an isomorphism of their corresponding investigate fuzzy line
IET Communications, 2013
ABSTRACT This study presents statistical properties of the vehicle-to-vehicle Nakagami-Hoyt chann... more ABSTRACT This study presents statistical properties of the vehicle-to-vehicle Nakagami-Hoyt channel model with diffused line of sight (LOS) under isotropic condition. The envelope and phase probability density functions, spatial-time autocorrelation function, the power spectral density, level crossing rate, the average duration of fade, squared time autocorrelation function and mean-square error of time autocorrelation function of the Nakagami-Hoyt channel have been derived under the assumption that both the transmitter and receiver are mobile having omnidirectional antennas and a diffused LOS component is present. The model has been validated using the inverse fast Fourier transform-based simulator. The simulator and analytical results corroborate.
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 2000
ABSTRACT
Filomat, 2012
We introduce the notion of strong intuitionistic fuzzy graphs and investigate some of their prope... more We introduce the notion of strong intuitionistic fuzzy graphs and investigate some of their properties. We discuss some propositions of self complementary and self weak complementary strong intuitionistic fuzzy graphs. We introduce the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy line graphs.
Applied Optics, 2010
We propose using a two-level (−1 and þ1 as variables) orthogonal array (OA) to generate a binary ... more We propose using a two-level (−1 and þ1 as variables) orthogonal array (OA) to generate a binary phase diffuser for speckle reduction in laser projection displays. Compared with the Hadamard matrix, the diffuser generated from OA is more flexible. The speckle contrast ratio (CR) when introducing the binary phase diffuser at an intermediate image plane within the projector is calculated, and the minimum speckle CR can be achieved by finite step change of the diffuser patterns. With Kronecker algebra, the two-dimensional diffuser can also be replaced by two one-dimensional diffusers with the same function, and it can be implemented into the laser projector electronically and easily.
Applied Optics, 2003
The modal spectral response of an antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide ͑ARROW͒ with periodic... more The modal spectral response of an antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide ͑ARROW͒ with periodic corrugations or grating is calculated for both shallow and deep gratings with the Method of Lines. The effect of the ARROW layer thickness and the grating depth on the spectral response is studied. It is found that when the ARROW-layer thickness is close to resonance, the ripples in the reflection spectra become smooth and the peak reflectivity drops. This is attributed to the large increase in the leakage loss of the ARROW waveguide near resonance. The ARROW grating is characterized by modal reflectivity spectra, which exhibit a strong polarization discrimination property, in favor of the TE polarization.
Applied Optics, 2003
The design of a dual-field-of-view telescope for an 8 -12-m imaging waveband is described. Prelim... more The design of a dual-field-of-view telescope for an 8 -12-m imaging waveband is described. Preliminary calculations are made to determine the first-order parameters of the narrow-and the wide-field modes. To achieve a switchable dual-field-of-view system, one uses an optical configuration based on the axial motion of a single lens group along the optical axis. The same lens is also used for focusing at near objects and for athermalization by small axial movement. A total of six lenses with one conic surface are used in the design, making the telescope cost effective and lightweight. The final optical design is presented, along with the aberrations curves and modulation transfer function plots, showing excellent performance in both fields of view.
Information Sciences, 2011
In this paper, we introduce the notion of bipolar fuzzy graphs, describe various methods of their... more In this paper, we introduce the notion of bipolar fuzzy graphs, describe various methods of their construction, discuss the concept of isomorphisms of these graphs, and investigate some of their important properties. We then introduce the notion of strong bipolar fuzzy graphs and study some of their properties. We also discuss some propositions of self complementary and self weak complementary strong bipolar fuzzy graphs. Mordeson and Peng [32]. The complement of a fuzzy graph was defined by Mordeson and Nair and further studied by Sunitha and Vijayakumar . Bhutani and Rosenfeld introduced the concept of M-strong fuzzy graphs in and studied some of their properties. The concept of strong arcs in fuzzy graphs was discussed in . Recently, Akram [1] has introduced the notion of cofuzzy graphs and investigated several of their properties. Shannon and Atanassov introduced the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy relations and intuitionistic fuzzy graphs, and investigated some of their properties in . Parvathi et al. defined operations on intuitionistic fuzzy graphs in . In this paper, we introduce the notion of bipolar fuzzy graphs, describe various methods of their construction, discuss the concept of isomorphism of these graphs, and investigate some of their important properties. We then introduce the notion of strong bipolar fuzzy graphs and study some of their properties. We also discuss some propositions of self complementary and self weak complementary strong bipolar fuzzy graphs.
The Scientific World Journal, 2014
Type-II fuzzy sets are used to convey the uncertainties in the membership function of type-I fuzz... more Type-II fuzzy sets are used to convey the uncertainties in the membership function of type-I fuzzy sets. Linguistic information in expert rules does not give any information about the geometry of the membership functions. These membership functions are mostly constructed through numerical data or range of classes. But there exists an uncertainty about the shape of the membership, that is, whether to go for a triangle membership function or a trapezoidal membership function. In this paper we use a type-II fuzzy set to overcome this uncertainty, and develop a fuzzy decision support system of fertilizers based on a type-II fuzzy set. This type-II fuzzy system takes cropping time and soil nutrients in the form of spatial surfaces as input, fuzzifies it using a type-II fuzzy membership function, and implies fuzzy rules on it in the fuzzy inference engine. The output of the fuzzy inference engine, which is in the form of interval value type-II fuzzy sets, reduced to an interval type-I fuzzy set, defuzzifies it to a crisp value and generates a spatial surface of fertilizers. This spatial surface shows the spatial trend of the required amount of fertilizer needed to cultivate a specific crop. The complexity of our algorithm is ( ), where is the height of the raster, is the width of the raster, and is the number of expert rules.
Neural Computing and Applications, 2014
Soft Computing, 2008
We introduce the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy left k-ideals of semirings and investigate their ... more We introduce the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy left k-ideals of semirings and investigate their properties and connections with left k-ideals of the corresponding semirings. Next we give some important characterizations of intuitionistic fuzzy left k-ideals of different type and describe various methods of constructions of such intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Finally, we propose some natural classification of intuitionistic fuzzy left k-ideals.
Physica Scripta, 2011
Ferrite materials are potential candidates for modern technological applications because of their... more Ferrite materials are potential candidates for modern technological applications because of their tunable electrical and magnetic properties. The excellent combination of magnetic and dielectric properties of magnesium ferrites can be used to fulfill the future demand for high-frequency applications such as antennas. The electrical transport properties of these materials depend on the synthesis conditions such as sintering and composition. The aim of this work has been to correlate the synthesis conditions and induced electrical transport properties, so that these materials prepared in optimized conditions can be used for the miniaturization of high-frequency application devices. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of samples prepared by the co-precipitation method confirmed the formation of a single spinel phase. The crystallite size, lattice parameters and porosity of the samples were calculated from XRD data. The scanning electron microscopy results showed the formation of rods in the case of the samples sintered at 950 • C. All the electrical and dielectric properties showed strong dependence on structural properties. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent and ac electrical conductivity of nanocrystalline Mg ferrites were investigated as a function of frequency and sintering temperature. Dielectric, ac electrical properties and the effect of sintering temperature are explained in accordance with the Maxwell-Wagner and the Koops models.
Neural Computing and Applications, 2012
We introduce the concepts of regular and totally regular bipolar fuzzy graphs. We prove necessary... more We introduce the concepts of regular and totally regular bipolar fuzzy graphs. We prove necessary and sufficient condition under which regular bipolar fuzzy graph and totally bipolar fuzzy graph are equivalent. We introduce the notion of bipolar fuzzy line graphs and present some of their properties. We state a necessary and sufficient condition for a bipolar fuzzy graph to be isomorphic to its corresponding bipolar fuzzy line graph. We examine when an isomorphism between two bipolar fuzzy graphs follows from an isomorphism of their corresponding bipolar fuzzy line graphs.
Mathematics in Computer Science, 2013
ABSTRACT Intuitionistic fuzzy sets and soft sets are two different soft computing models for repr... more ABSTRACT Intuitionistic fuzzy sets and soft sets are two different soft computing models for representing vagueness and uncertainty. We apply these soft computing models in combination to study vagueness and uncertainty in K-algebras. We first introduce the notion of [TEX equation: {(\in, \in\vee q)}] -intuitionistic fuzzy K-algebras and discuss some of their properties. Then we introduce intuitionistic fuzzy soft K-algebras and investigate some of their properties. Finally, we introduce [TEX equation: {(\in, \in \vee q)}] -intuitionistic fuzzy soft K-algebras and present some of their related properties.
Mathematics in Computer Science, 2013
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Basel. Thi... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Basel. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com". Math.Comput.Sci.
Lab on a Chip, 2013
Dipstick and lateral-flow formats have dominated rapid diagnostics over the last three decades. T... more Dipstick and lateral-flow formats have dominated rapid diagnostics over the last three decades. These formats gained popularity in the consumer markets due to their compactness, portability and facile interpretation without external instrumentation. However, lack of quantitation in measurements has challenged the demand of existing assay formats in consumer markets. Recently, paper-based microfluidics has emerged as a multiplexable point-of-care platform which might transcend the capabilities of existing assays in resource-limited settings. However, paper-based microfluidics can enable fluid handling and quantitative analysis for potential applications in healthcare, veterinary medicine, environmental monitoring and food safety. Currently, in its early development stages, paper-based microfluidics is considered a low-cost, lightweight, and disposable technology. The aim of this review is to discuss: (1) fabrication of paper-based microfluidic devices, (2) functionalisation of microfluidic components to increase the capabilities and the performance, (3) introduction of existing detection techniques to the paper platform and (4) exploration of extracting quantitative readouts via handheld devices and camera phones. Additionally, this review includes challenges to scaling up, commercialisation and regulatory issues. The factors which limit paper-based microfluidic devices to become real world products and future directions are also identified.