Muhammad Ali Imron - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Muhammad Ali Imron

Abstract— This study aims to find out the partial and simultaneous influence of transformational ... more Abstract— This study aims to find out the partial and simultaneous influence of transformational leadership style variables and compensation on the performance of KPRI Sejahtera Madiun employees. The population in this study was kpri Sejahtera Madiun employees. Sampling using saturated sampling techniques. Samples taken by 40 employees. Research instruments use questionnaires. In this study, the data used were primary data, namely questionnaires measured using Likert scale and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS program version 25.0. The results of the tests have shown that: (1) Transformational leadership styles partially affect employee performance variables. (2) Compensation partially affects employee performance. (3) Transformational leadership style and compensation jointly (simultaneously) affect employee performance. Keywords— : Transformational Leadership Style; Compensation; Employee Performance.

Sport and Fitness Journal

Latar Belakang : Osteoarthritis lutut merupakan penyakit degeneratif yang bersifat progresif, dim... more Latar Belakang : Osteoarthritis lutut merupakan penyakit degeneratif yang bersifat progresif, dimana menyebabkan perubahan morfologis khususnya pada tulang rawan. Penderita osteoarthritis cenderung bermasalah dengan fleksibilitas otot hamstring dikarenakan lama osteoarthritis yang diderita sehingga mengakibatkan pemendekan otot hamstring. Pemendekan otot hamstring merupakan kondisi otot yang terjadinya penurunan elastisitas dan fleksibilitas otot atau pemendekan otot, dikarenakan pada saat otot bekerja secara terus-menerus, respon otot lebih cepat untuk membuat otot yang berlawanan terjadinya ketegangan dan pemendekan, serta akan menyebabkan otot yang bekerja lebih sedikit menjadi lemah. Tujuan : untuk membuktikan dalam peningkatan fleksibilitas otot hamstring pada pasien osteoarthritis lutut. Metode : two groups pre and post test design, populasi yang diambil adalah penderita osteoarthritis lutut yang mengalami gangguan pada fleksibilitas otot hamstring di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar Bal...

Malikussaleh Journal of Mathematics Learning (MJML), Dec 18, 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Think Pair Share (TPS) learning models w... more The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Think Pair Share (TPS) learning models with problem solving approaches. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach with the type of experimental research "The effect of Think Pair Share (TPS) learning model with problem solving approach to students' mathematical communication in MA DA Jerowaru. Model Pair Pair Share (TPS), as the name "Thinking" learning begins with the teacher asking questions or issues related to the lesson for students to think about, "pairing", at this stage the teacher asks students to pair up pairs. Give the couple a chance to discuss. It is hoped that this discussion will be able to deepen the meaning of the answers they have thought through intersubjectives with their partners. The results of intersubjective discussions in each pair of results are discussed with the whole class pair. This stage is known as "sharing" in this activity. It is expected that question and answer will occur which encourages the integrative management of knowledge. Added to this is the emphasis on problem solving, namely the Problem Solving approach. Problem Solving is an approach that teaches students how to solve a problem. Meanwhile, according to Heriawan (in Istiqoma and Rusdi, 2012: 92). Problem Solving is a way of presenting learning material by making problems as a starting point for discussion to be analyzed in an effort to find solutions or answers by students. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-SA license.

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity

Two of three subspecies of banteng (B. javanicus) can be found in Indonesia, namely B. j. lowi an... more Two of three subspecies of banteng (B. javanicus) can be found in Indonesia, namely B. j. lowi and B. j. javanicus. The taxonomic assignment of the two subspecies is still in the discussion researchers currently. One of the reproductive characters of members the Bovidae family, including the banteng, is known to have interbreeding ability between species and can produce fertile offspring. In some places, there exist grazing cattle near or in the banteng's natural habitat. This phenomenon aimed to provide banteng mates with cows, which later they will breed high-quality offsprings. Regarding interbreeding capability, this condition can be a threat to the genetic purity of wild banteng. The main objectives of this study were to identify the phylogenetic position of Javan banteng from conservation areas in Java in relation to the other taxon and detect their genetic purity. We analyzed 28 cytochrome b and d-loop region sequences of Javan banteng from feces materials of four conservation areas (Ujung Kulon National Park, Alas Purwo National Park, Meru Betiri National Park, and Baluran National Park). We compared our data with reference sequences data of the other Bovidae species and Capra hircus as outgroup. The reference data was taken from NCBI, and they were analyzed using maximum likelihood. The results showed that Javan banteng was in a different group from other taxa. Separation of subspecies B. j. javanicus and B. j. lowi occurred circa 1.25 mya. The results from this study suggested that there is no indication of genetic introgression between Javan banteng and the (domesticated) cattle.

PLOS ONE

Worldwide, roads are a main driver of deforestation and degradation as they increase forest acces... more Worldwide, roads are a main driver of deforestation and degradation as they increase forest access along the forest edge. In many tropical areas, unofficial roads go unreported and unrecorded, resulting in inaccurate estimates of intact forested areas. This is the case in central Sumatra, which boasts populations of critically endangered Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatrensis), tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae) and other endemic flora and fauna that make the area globally unique. However, maps do not reflect the reality of forest loss in the area. Here we present new maps from 2002 and 2016 of digitized and ground-truthed roads in one of Sumatra's unique lowland tropical protected areas, Tesso Nilo National Park. Using our newly created roads dataset, we examine the distribution of forest with respect to distance to roads. Our data show >2,400 km of roads within the national park in 2016-nearly a 10-fold increase from roads known in 2002. Most forest (82-99%) within Tesso Nilo falls within 100 m, 500 m, and 1000 m of road edges. Length of road increased 157% and road density increased from 1.06 km/km 2 to 2.63 km/km 2 from 2002-2016. Our results suggest that this endemic ecosystem is facing substantial threat from roads and their associated impacts. Without swift management action, such as road closures and increased enforcements by park management, this ecosystem, and its endemic wildlife, could be lost. It is imperative that protected areas worldwide more rigorously consider roads and road effects on ecosystem fragmentation in their conservation plans.

Wildlife Research

Context Understanding ranging behaviour and habitat selection of threatened species is crucial fo... more Context Understanding ranging behaviour and habitat selection of threatened species is crucial for the development of conservation strategies and the design of conservation areas. Our understanding of the actual needs of the critically endangered Sumatran elephant in this context is insufficient. Aims Provide reliable subspecies-specific information on home range size and habitat selection of Sumatran elephants. Methods Using both the new area-corrected autocorrelated kernel density estimation (AKDEC) and two commonly applied conventional methods, the home range sizes of nine Sumatran elephants were estimated. Elephant habitat selection was studied using Manly’s selection ratios. Key results AKDEC home ranges of adults ranged from 275 km2 to 1352 km2. Estimates obtained using conventional KDE and minimum convex polygon (MCP) ranged between 156 km2 and 997 km2. Overall habitat selection was significant for both slope and land-cover type, whereas individual preferences varied to some ...

Global Ecology and Conservation

The illegal cage bird trade is increasingly recognised as a major impediment to the survival of a... more The illegal cage bird trade is increasingly recognised as a major impediment to the survival of a large number of songbirds. Indeed some bird species are now more common in captive private hands than they are in the wild. This includes the black-winged mynas (Acridotheres melanopterus, A. tricolor and A. tertius), three species of Critically Endangered songbirds endemic to Indonesia. Only 20 years ago these species were not considered globally threatened but high levels of trapping from the wild for the largely domestic cage bird trade has brought all three species to the brink of extinction. It is estimated that less than 500 black-winged mynas remain in the wild. Here we investigate the trade in black-winged mynas, online and in bird markets, and make an assessment of the role captive breeding played in the conservation and management of the species over the period 2009e2018. We found prices peaked in 2014 at~US$140 (~75% of the monthly minimum wage) per bird and have subsequently gone down to US$85 (now~33% of the minimum wage), possibly indicating higher supply and lower demand. In 2015e2018 we surveyed seven bird markets in western Java and in 127/145 visits observed 1253 black-winged mynas for sale. Turnover was high, with~50% of birds sold after one week upon arrival in the market. We estimate that between 1300 and 2300 mynas (retail value~US$170,000) are sold annually in these seven bird markets. Few birds had closed leg-rings, but were in all likelihood a combination of captive-bred, first-generation captive-born and wild-caught individuals; some appeared to be crossbreeds between the three recognised species. With additional bird markets in Java and Bali and a thriving online trade, we estimate that the number of black-winged mynas in private ownership in Indonesia is in the order of 40,000 birds. Without proper registration and regulation in the trade of captive-bred mynas, even a small amount of wildcaught birds entering this now substantial trade will act as a serious impediment to the conservation of black-winged mynas. With the species already being ecologically extinct, we anticipate that it soon will join the ranks of species like P ere David's deer Elaphurus davidianus and scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah that are extinct in the wild but that have captive populations in the tens of thousands. In order to prevent the imminent extinction of black-winged mynas in the wild, we recommend (1) that the Indonesian authorities invest in more effective law enforcement and prosecution of lawbreakers; (2) establishing a multistakeholder three species black-winged myna management plan, in which commercial captive breeders participate; and (3) better coordination of reintroduction programmes.

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan

Penggembalaan ternak telah diyakini memengaruhi keberadaan satwa liar, termasuk rusa timor (Rusa ... more Penggembalaan ternak telah diyakini memengaruhi keberadaan satwa liar, termasuk rusa timor (Rusa timorensis Blainville 1822) melalui kompetisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penggembalaan lepas ternak kuda yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat lokal di kawasan Tanjung Torong Padang, Nusa Tenggara Timur menjadi pesaing bagi rusa timor. Observasi lapangan dan wawancara dengan pemilik kuda dilakukan untuk menentukan distribusi kuda di habitat rusa timor. Preferensi pakan dari ternak kuda dan rusa timor dikumpulkan menggunakan identifikasi spesies dari kotoran dan dibandingkan dengan plot berukuran 1 x 1 m2 di daerah makan dari kedua hewan tersebut selama musim kering dan hujan pada 2014 dan 2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada indikasi yang jelas dari persaingan antara rusa timor dan penggembalaan liar kuda di kawasan Tanjung Torong Padang. Rusa timor dan kuda tidak terjadi tumpang tindih spasial dalam distribusi mereka di lokasi tersebut. Ternak kuda menempati savan...

Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam

The conservation effort of the javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 18... more The conservation effort of the javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) can be done effectively and efficiently if the animal needs are known. The objective of this study is to identify habitat characteristics preferred by javan langur at the homerange and microsite level. This study was carried out in Mount Merapi National Park (MMNP). Vegetation analysis on tree and pole stage was conducted on the available plots and on the used plots identified by search sampling method. Chi-square test was applied to identify habitat selection. Logistic regression was applied to predict the variables affecting the probability of the javan langur presence. The result showed that the characteristic of habitat selected by the javan langur in the level of home range are: site at 1500-2000 meter asl with more than 45% of slopes, high of tree basal area, abundant feeding trees and low human disturbances. Based on logistic regression analysis, the probability of javan langur presence increase with increasing tree basal area, number of feeding trees, altitude and distance from the disturbance. The probability of javan langur presence decreasing with increasing numbers of trees and distance from the river.

KnE Life Sciences, 2017

Research on hawksbill turtles in the Maratua Island is still very few. Meanwhile, population of h... more Research on hawksbill turtles in the Maratua Island is still very few. Meanwhile, population of hawksbills was believed to decline due to human exploitation. The aim of this research was to study the morphology of hawksbill through geometric morphometric approach and health status which includes the existence of epibionts, mechanical damages and Body Condition Index. The survey was conducted from 5 to 18 September 2014. The method used was the hand-catching by snorkeling and diving for catching turtles, morphometric measurements and documentation of the turtle body parts using the camera. Morphological aspects were analyzed with linear regression and geometry approach with Microsoft Excel and ImageJ software. Health status was analyzed with observation of epibionts and mechanical damages through photos and calculation of Body Condition Index. There were 11 turtles that have been caught. The results indicated the growth of straight carapace length notch to tip affect the growth of the other body parts of hawksbill turtle and based approach to geometry, shape growth of hawksbill turtles that are found in Maratua not changed but only have added size. Based on the health status through observation epibionts, mechanical damages and analysis of Body Condition Index, hawksbill in Maratua still relatively healthy compared with studies elsewhere.

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan, 2016

The critically endangered Sumatran elephant persists in mainly small and isolated populations tha... more The critically endangered Sumatran elephant persists in mainly small and isolated populations that may require intensive management to be viable in the long term. Population Viability Analysis (PVA) provides the opportunity to evaluate conservation strategies and objectives prior to implementation, which can be very valuable for site managers by supporting their decision making process. This study applies PVA to a local population of Sumatran elephants roaming the Bukit Tigapuluh landscape, Sumatra, with the main goal to explore the impact of pre-selected conservation measures and population scenarios on both population growth rate and extinction probability. Sensitivity testing revealed considerable parameter uncertainties that should be addressed by targeted research projects in order to improve the predictive power of the baseline population model. Given that further habitat destruction can be prevented, containing illegal killings appears to be of highest priority among the test...

This study aims to comprehend whether human activities contribute to the presence of banteng (Bos... more This study aims to comprehend whether human activities contribute to the presence of banteng (Bos sundaicus d 'Alton 1836) in the Alas Purwo National Park (APNP). We laid continuous strip line transects from centre of human activities to the direttion of core area of APNP. Three locations were selected: Sadengan grazing area, Giri Salaka Hinduism praying area, and Kutorejo village; representing low to high human disturbance respectively. We collected both direct and indirect presence ofbanteng as well as human activities within 20 metre strip lines with 10 metre width. Data were compiled each 100 metres and analyzed with means comparison to observe difference among locations. Correlation analyses were used to assess the relation between distance from centre of human activities, human activities and bantengpresence. Regression analysis was used when significant correlations found. Our non parametric test showed that human disturbances are significantly different among sites (Kruskal Wallis Test; df2 = 6.220, p0.05).1n similar tendency but different manner, it is showed that the different levels of human disturb~nce conveyed significant difference in number ofbanteng's tracks (Kruskal Wallis Test; df2 = 18.888, pO. 05). The distance from centre of human activities is negatively related to number of human tracks (Spearman rho; r 2 =-0.307 N= 64, p.05*) and also to number ofbanteng 's tracks (Spearman rho, r 2 =-0.728 N= 30, p. 05 * *). The regression analysis showed that number of human tracks explained 18.6% of total variation on number of Banteng 's tracks, while distance from centre of human activities explained 59%.

Karya Ilmiah Mahasiswa D3 Teknik Informatika, May 2, 2012

Karya ilmiah ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk memberi informasi kepada pembaca dalam membuat atau m... more Karya ilmiah ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk memberi informasi kepada pembaca dalam membuat atau menghasilkan uang dengan cara membuat bisnis kecil sebagai peluang usaha yang menguntungkan. Sekarang ini tidak banyak orang yang kreatif dalam menciptakan inovasi baru. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, penulis mengelola bisnis online tentang berbagai DESIGN RUMAH. Bisnis ini belum cukup besar, karena masih direncanakan, dan semoga bisa besar sampai dimana-mana. Dengan adanya karya ilmiah ini semoga bermanfaat bagi pembaca yang berminat mengelola Bisnis Online sebagai peluang usaha yang menguntungkan.

Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan, Apr 23, 2015

Adaptation mechanism of reintroduced Sumatran Orangutan is crucial information for successful reh... more Adaptation mechanism of reintroduced Sumatran Orangutan is crucial information for successful rehabilitation program. The main objective of this research was to investigate daily behaviors and range of eight rehabilitated Orangutans in the reintroduction station of Nature Reserve Pine Forest Jantho, Aceh Besar. Data collection was conducted through instantaneous sampling to explore daily behavior and range. The daily activities data were grouped based on ethogram by adopting the standard of Orangutan's data collection. The result showed that the proportion of daily behavior of Orangutan Sumatera are 47.32 % resting, 37 % feeding, 14.75 % moving, 0.52 % social interaction and 0.41% nesting activities. There was no different behavior between sex classes and duration of rehabilitation. The average daily range of all focal individuals is 0.7-26.2 ha. Previous interaction with humans, especially during early developmental period, may affect in behaviour of rehabilitated Orangutan Sumatera and probably also influence the adaptation success in the wild.

Movement Ecology, 2016

Background: Dispersal is a key process in the response of insect populations to rapidly changing ... more Background: Dispersal is a key process in the response of insect populations to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Variability among individuals, regarding the timing of dispersal initiation and travelled distance from source, is assumed to contribute to increased population success through risk spreading. However, experiments are often limited in studying complex dispersal interactions over space and time. By applying a local-scaled individual-based simulation model we studied dispersal and emerging infestation patterns in a host − bark beetle system (Picea abies-Ips typgraphus). More specifically, we (i) investigated the effect of individual variability in beetle physiology (flight capacity) and environmental heterogeneity (host susceptibility level) on population-level dispersal success, and (ii) elucidated patterns of spatial and/or temporal variability in individual dispersal success, host selectivity, and the resulting beetle density within colonized hosts in differently susceptible environments. Results: Individual variability in flight capacity of bark beetles causes predominantly positive effects on population-level dispersal success, yet these effects are strongly environment-dependent: Variability is most beneficial in purely resistant habitats, while positive effects are less pronounced in purely susceptible habitats, and largely absent in habitats where host susceptibility is spatially scattered. Despite success rates being highest in purely susceptible habitats, scattered host susceptibility appeared most suitable for dispersing bark beetle populations as it ensures population spread without drastically reducing success rates. At the individual level, dispersal success generally decreases with distance to source and is lowest in early flight cohorts, while host selectivity increased and colonization density decreased with increasing distance across all environments. Conclusions: Our modelling approach is demonstrated to be a powerful tool for studying movement ecology in bark beetles. Dispersal variability largely contributes to risk spreading among individuals, and facilitates the response of populations to changing environmental conditions. Higher mortality risk suffered by a small part of the dispersing population (long-distance dispersers, pioneers) is likely paid off by reduced deferred costs resulting in fitness benefits for subsequent generations. Both, dispersal variability in space and time, and environmental heterogeneity are characterized as key features which require particular emphasis when investigating dispersal and infestation patterns in tree-killing bark beetles.

Abstrak Muhammad Ali Imron, 2010. “Pengaruh Biaya Kualitas Terhadap Volume Penjualan Pada CV. Ane... more Abstrak Muhammad Ali Imron, 2010. “Pengaruh Biaya Kualitas Terhadap Volume Penjualan Pada CV. Aneka Ilmu Semarang”. Jurusan Akuntansi, Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Negeri Semarang. Kata Kunci : Biaya Pencegahan, Biaya Penilaian, Biaya Kegagalan Internal, Biaya Kegagalan Eksternal, Penjualan Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi dan informasi membawa dampak terhadap perkembangan dunia usaha. Perusahaan yang menjadikan kualitas sebagai alat strategi akan mempunyai keunggulan bersaing terhadap kompetitornya dalam menguasai pasar karena tidak semua perusahaan mampu mencapai superioritas kualitas. CV. Aneka Ilmu Semarang belum mengoptimalkan evaluasi dan pengendalian terhadap kualitas produknya secara optimal. Hal ini terlihat dari tingkat fluktuasi volume penjualannya. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut maka masalah yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah adakah pengaruh biaya kualitas terhadap penjualan produk pada CV. Aneka Ilmu Semarang pada tahun 2005 – 2007? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahi pengaruh biaya kualitas terhadap penjualan produk pada CV. Aneka Ilmu Semarang pada tahun 2005 – 2007 secara parsial maupun secara simultan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan masukan bagi perusahaan untuk mengetahui besarnya biaya kualitas yang terjadi pada perusahaan dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh total biaya kualitas serta pengaruh komposisi biaya kualitas terhadap penjualan. Variabel yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari Biaya Pencegahan (X1), Biaya Penilaian (X2), Biaya Kegagalan Internal (X3), Biaya Kegagalan Eksternal (X4) dan Penjualan (Y). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kuantitatif yang terdiri dari uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi linier berganda, Uji F, Uji t dan koefisien determinasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh secara parsial antara biaya kualitas terhadap penjualan dengan komponen pengaruh biaya pencegahan terhadap penjualan adalah 30,58%, biaya deteksi terhadap penjualan adalah 25,91%, biaya kegagalan internal terhadap penjualan adalah 12,39%, serta pengaruh biaya kegagalan eksternal terhadap penjualan sebesar 13,18%, dan terdapat pengaruh secara simultan antara biaya kualitas terhadap penjualan dengan besar pengaruh yaitu 80, 5%. Saran yang dapat peneliti sampaikan berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini adalah diharapkan CV Aneka Ilmu dapat mengoptimalkan biaya kualitasnya pada proses tersebut yang meliputi biaya management (manajemen), man (manusia), motivation (motivasi), material (bahan), machines (mesin), mechanization (mekanisme), dan mounting product requirementas (persyaratan proses produksi), dan diharapkan CV Aneka Ilmu memisahkan biaya kualitas secara terpisah dari unsur-unsur pembiayaan yang lain sehingga akan memudahkan pengukuran mengenai efektifitas biaya kualitas terhadap penjualan yang dilakukan

Papercrete adalah suatu material bangunan yang dibuat dengan kertas didaur ulang, pasir dan Portl... more Papercrete adalah suatu material bangunan yang dibuat dengan kertas didaur ulang, pasir dan Portland semen. Kertas yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kertas koran yang kemudian diolah menjadi bubur kertas dengan tujuan untuk mempermudah pengadukan campuran. Pemakaian kertas ini sebagai salah satu alternative beton ringan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini akan menunjukkan seberapa kuat beton pada variasi campuran dalam pengujian kejut(impact). Ketahanan kejut yang diperoleh diharapkan dapat menunjukkan sifat-sifat khusus dari beton kertas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratorium. Pada penelitian ini digunakan beberapa variasi campuran yaitu dengan variasi perbandingan berat semen, kertas, pasir (SKP) 111, SKP 121, SKP 131, SKP 112, SKP 122 dan SKP 132 pada benda uji balok dengan ukuran (7x1x1) cm sebanyak enam benda uji untuk setiap variasi. Serta benda uji dengan perbandingan campuran SKP 122 pada benda uji silinder dengan ukuran diameter 15 dan tinggi 30 cm, sebanyak tiga benda uji. Pengujian impak dilakukan saat umur beton kertas 28 hari dengan menggunakan impact charpy untuk benda uji balok dan impact drop weight untuk benda uji silinder. Data yang diperoleh dari uji impact charpy adalah energi serap beton kertas tersebut, dari data tersebut dapat diketahui energi serap maksimum pada masing-masing campuran. Dan data yang diperoleh dari uji impact drop weight adalah dapat diketahui energi sesaat beban hantam dilepaskan serta dapat diketahui tingkat kerusakan setelah beban hantam dilepaskan. Nilai ketahanan kejut pada variasi campuran sebesar berturut-turut adalah benda uji dengan campuran SKP 111 = 19,54 . 10-3 joule/mm2, SKP 121 = 26,912 . 10-3 joule/mm2, SKP 131 = 25,595 . 10-3 joule/mm2, SKP 112 = 18,31 . 10-3 joule/mm3, SKP 122 = 18,34 . 10-3 joule/mm2, dan SKP 132 = 22,517 . 10-3 joule/mm2. Campuran kertas pada beton kertas sangat berpengaruh terhadap besar nilai impak pada beton kertas balok. Hal ini dikarenakan kertas memberikan pengaruh lentur terhadap beton. Hasil impak drop weight yang dilakukan pada proporsi campuran SKP 1:2:2 (Semen, Koran, Pasir) berturut-turut memiliki nilai kerusakan SKP 122.1 = 2,22 %, SKP 122.2 = 2,89 %, SKP 122.3 = 2,489 %, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat kerusakan impact drop weight sangat kecil. Kata kunci : Beton kertas, , impact, strange

Reliable baseline information necessary for the monitoring and conservation of Sumatran elephants... more Reliable baseline information necessary for the monitoring and conservation of Sumatran elephants is scarce. We here combine non-invasive molecular genetics methods and capture-recapture modeling to estimate elephant population size, distribution, sex ratio, and age structure for the Bukit Tigapuluh landscape in Sumatra, Indonesia. Two separate subpopulations were found, for which we estimated a population size of 99 (95% CI = [86, 125], PCCL = 38.59%) and 44 elephants (95% CI = [37, 56], PCCL = 43.18%), respectively. Low elephant densities are likely the result of patchy habitat usage and anthropogenically increased mortality, the latter assumption being supported by strong skews in both sex ratio and age structure as well as direct evidence of elephant killing. Still, the Bukit Tigapuluh landscape currently holds the largest known population of elephants in central Sumatra, representing one of the most important areas for their conservation in Indonesia. Conservation of both the elephant population and their habitat in this region should thus be of high priority. We identified several threats to the population, including (i) the risk of inbreeding and subsequent loss of genetic diversity, (ii) illegal elephant killing, and (iii) the lack of protected habitat. In order to overcome these challenges we suggest: (i) the implementation of a meta-population management program, (ii) monitoring and safeguarding elephants and improving law enforcement, and (iii) providing sufficient safe habitat to mitigate human-elephant-conflict (HEC) and ensure elephant survival.