Muhammad Ikram - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Muhammad Ikram
Eclética Química Journal, Oct 31, 2017
selective binding affinity at cholecystokinin CCK1 receptors (IC50=156.5±33.2 nM) [6,7]. Classica... more selective binding affinity at cholecystokinin CCK1 receptors (IC50=156.5±33.2 nM) [6,7]. Classical benzodiazepines show anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant activities whereas, several 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives such as diazepam, triazolam or midazolam, several others have demonstrated activity as antitumor antibiotics, anti-HIV agents, and antiarrhytmics [10,11,12].The synthesis of new indazolone and pyrazolone derivatives starting from methyl anthranilate presents advantageous alternative for the synthesis of the target heterocycles, which implies the use of the environmentally friendly oxidizer PIFA [phenyliodine(III)bis-(trifluoroacetate)] [11] Keeping in view the importance of hydrazides [12-18] and their complexes with Copper, Nickel and Zinc [20,21] we here by reported the hydrazide derived from methyl anthranilate through the condensation with hydrazine, to get a new modified diammine adding to the previous ones we reported so far [22-24]. All these various studies forced us to make complexes of such compounds and to study the effect on their bioassay studies.
Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2016
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, 2016
Chicken egg shells were grinded and sieved to an exact particle size of 125 micron and treated wi... more Chicken egg shells were grinded and sieved to an exact particle size of 125 micron and treated with excess aqua regia and n-hexane to remove inorganic and organic impurities. Adsorption of oxalic acid from waste water was studied on treated powder egg shells by kinetics and batch adsorption techniques at different temperatures, 20ºC, 30ºC and 40ºC. The samples were characterized by BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The amount of acid adsorbed was determined with respect to initial acid concentration, equilibrium time and different acid concentration manually by titration method. Intra-particle diffusion, Elovich and Bhangam models were used for adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔE≠ were calculated. The results obtained showed that adsorption process was spontaneous and entropy of adsorption had negative value. Freundlich, Langmuir, ...
Brown-Séquard Syndrome is a type of Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury characterized by a relatively g... more Brown-Séquard Syndrome is a type of Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury characterized by a relatively greater ipsilateral loss of proprioception and motor function, with contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensations. The residual deficits in balance produced by such injury may render a person liable to fall that may result in vertebral fracture and another injury to the spinal cord. We present here a case who initially had Brown-Séquard Syndrome due to penetrating knife injury to the neck and later on developed Cauda Equina Syndrome (another Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury) due to fractured LV1 following a fall. The fracture was fixed through Pedicle Screws and the patient underwent effective rehabilitation to gain maximum achievable independence in functional activities. ÖZET Brown-Sequard Sendromu; ısıya ve ağrıya duyarlılığın kontralateral kaybının yanı sıra motor işlevinin ve propriyosepsiyonun yüksek oranda ipsilateral kaybı ile karakterize edilen tamamlanmamış omurilik yaralan...
To assess the frequency and socio-18±10. Twelve (19%) patients had no depression, demographic pre... more To assess the frequency and socio-18±10. Twelve (19%) patients had no depression, demographic predictors of clinical depression 33 (52.4%) had mild, 6 (9.5%) had moderate and among combat amputees of Pakistan Armed 12 (19%) had severe depression. A negative Forces presenting at a military rehabilitation correlation was found between the depression setup. scores and social support score (r =-0.71). The Methodology: Through convenience sampling, depression scores were significantly higher in 63 male lower limb amputees were recruited from amputees who were in age group <30 years, clinics of Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation unmarried or had no children, in amputees with Medicine Rawalpindi, Pakistan from April 2011 to below-knee amputation due to traumatic etiology May 2012. A questionnaire was used for who reported within three months of amputation. information about socio-demographic variables Conclusion: There is a high incidence of and characteristics of amputation. A single item depression in combat amputees of Pakistan stem measured social support and depression Armed Forces. The depression scores are magnitude was assessed by the Beck Depression negatively correlated to the social support Inventory-Urdu version. available and age and are higher in patients who Results: Mean age was 29±7 years. Majority 42 are young, unmarried or had no children, who (66.7%) were in age group <30 years. Most of the have a traumatic etiology of their amputation and patients were married 61.9% (n=39) and did not a below-knee amputation. The scores are also have any child 61.9% (n=39). Majority 57 (90.5%) high in first three months post amputation. (Rawal had a below knee amputation due to traumatic Med J 2014;39: 167-170).
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Connecting the World Wirelessly - IWCMC '09, 2009
Transmission of IPv6 packets over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) was conside... more Transmission of IPv6 packets over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) was considered nearly impractical once. The size of IPv6 packets is much larger than the packet size of the IEEE 802.15.4 data link layer. 6LoW-PAN implements an adaptation layer between network and data link layers. Main purpose of the adaptation layer is to fragment and reassemble IPv6 packets. Implementation of the adaptation layer enhances the routing/forwarding decision of packets both network and adaptation layers. We can divide the routing scheme in 6LoWPAN into two categories: the mesh-under and the route-over, based on the routing decision taken on adaptation layer or network layer respectively. In this paper we perform an analytical comparison between these two schemes in terms of the packet/fragment arrival probability, the total number of transmissions and the total delay between source and destination. We also compare the selective fragment retransmission mechanism between mesh-under and route-over schemes.
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Connecting the World Wirelessly - IWCMC '09, 2009
ABSTRACT Resource and power limited IPv6-based Low rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs... more ABSTRACT Resource and power limited IPv6-based Low rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) requires energy effi-cient access control scheme for authentication, bootstrap-ping, and commissioning of prospective 6LoWPAN devices. In this paper, we propose an ...
Thermochimica Acta, 2013
The Schiff base 2-[(E)-(quinolin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol (H-QMP) was crystallized in Pc space gro... more The Schiff base 2-[(E)-(quinolin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol (H-QMP) was crystallized in Pc space group and complexed with Ni(II) and Co(II) in [M(QMP) 2 ] and Cu(II) and Zn(II) in [M(QMP)(CH 3 COO)]H 2 O compositions. Elemental analyses, mass spectrometry, IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, conductance study and magnetic susceptibilities were used to characterize the complexes. The thermograms obtained in the range of 30-1000 • C were used for kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. The activation energies and order of pyrolysis were calculated using Horowitz-Metzger method. The calculated activation energies were subsequently used for the calculations of thermodynamic parameters including S*, H* and G*. It was found that the thermal stability and activation energy follow the order Cu(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) and
Thermochimica Acta, 2013
ABSTRACT Transition metal [Co, Ni, Cu and Zn(II) acetates] complexes of salicylaldehyde derived S... more ABSTRACT Transition metal [Co, Ni, Cu and Zn(II) acetates] complexes of salicylaldehyde derived Schiff bases, 2-{(E)-[(4-chlorophenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (CIMP) and 2-{(E)-[(4-bromophenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (BIMP) were synthesized and characterized by various anal. and spectroscopic studies. The Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes were also screened for their urease, α-chymotrypsin, acetylcholinesterse and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activities. The ligands were found active against α-chymotrypsin with IC50 ± S. M. = 305.0 ± 3.2 and 330.6 ± 1.6 μM resp. The copper complexes of both the ligands were found active in inhibiting urease enzyme with IC50 ± S. M. = 10.7 ± 0.2 and 5.0 ± 0.1 μM resp., as compared to std. inhibitor. Structure activity relationship (SAR) was evaluated using autodock program. It was found that the active complexes block the entrance cavity to the enzyme. All the complexes were evaluated for their thermal degrdn. studies using TG-DTA anal. methods in static
2010 International Conference on Networking and Information Technology, 2010
Abstract-Exact string matching algorithms are essential components in practical applications of t... more Abstract-Exact string matching algorithms are essential components in practical applications of the computer system. In this research we propose a new concept to solve the problem of exact string matching by scanning text string for the rightmost character of the pattern in ...
Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 2012
The synthesis of highly fluorinated zinc carboxylates, [{CF 3 (CF 2) 5 CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 } 2 Zn], an... more The synthesis of highly fluorinated zinc carboxylates, [{CF 3 (CF 2) 5 CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 } 2 Zn], and alkoxides, [{CF 3 (CF 2) 5 CH 2 CH 2 O} 2 Zn(OEt 2) 2 ] and their use as catalysts for the ring opening polymerisation of-caprolactone are described. Quenching the polymerisation reaction with fluorous acids or alcohols regenerates the catalyst which can be recovered by fluorous solvent extractions and the catalytic activity is retained for three cycles. The superior recyclability of the alkoxide to the carboxylate zinc compound is due to the greater partition coefficient between fluorous and organic solvents. Also investigated is the well defined aryloxide compound [(ArO) 2 Zn(THF) 2 ] which yields very well controlled polymerisation, but cannot be recycled by quenching with a fluorous alcohol.
Chemistry Central Journal, 2013
Background: Coumarin and its derivatives are biologically very active. It was found that the enha... more Background: Coumarin and its derivatives are biologically very active. It was found that the enhanced activities are dependent on the coumarin nucleus. Biological significance of these compounds include anti-bacterial, anti-thrombotic and vasodilatory, anti-mutagenic, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibition, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, and anti-tumourigenic. Our interest in medicinal chemistry of dicoumarol compounds have been developed by keeping in view the importance of coumarins along with its derivatives in medicinal chemistry. All the synthesized compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques and were screened for antimicrobial and U2OS bone cancer activities. Results: 4-hydroxycoumarin was derivatized by condensing with different aldehydes yielding the dicoumarol and translactonized products. Elemental analyses, ESI(+,−) MS, 1 H and 13 C{ 1 H}-NMR, infrared spectroscopy and conductance studies were used to characterize the synthesized compounds which revealed the dicoumarol and dichromone structures for the compounds. The compounds were screened against U2OS cancerous cells and pathogenic micro organisms. The compounds with intermolecular H-bonding were found more active revealing a possible relationship among hydrogen bonding, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. Conclusion: Coumarin based drugs can be designed for the possible treatment of U2OS leukemia.
The objective of this work is to quantitatively characterize the 3D complexity of ZnO : TiO 2-org... more The objective of this work is to quantitatively characterize the 3D complexity of ZnO : TiO 2-organic blended solar cells layers by atomic force microscopy and fractal analysis. ZnO : TiO 2-organic blended solar cells layers were investigated by AFM in tapping-mode in air, on square areas of 25 μm2. A detailed methodology for ZnO : TiO 2-organic blended solar cells layers surface fractal characterization, which may be applied for AFM data, is presented. Detailed surface characterization of the surface topography was obtained using statistical parameters, according with ISO 25178-2: 2012. The fractal dimensions Df values (all with average ± standard deviation), obtained with morphological envelopes method, for: blend D1 ( P 3 HT : PCBM : ZnO : TiO 2 blend with ratio 1:0.35:0.175:0.175 mg in 1 ml of Chlorobenzene) is Df = 2.55 ± 0.01; and for blend D2 ( P 3 HT : PCBM : ZnO : TiO 2 blend with ratio 1:0.55:0.075:0.075 mg in 1 ml of Chlorobenzene) is Df = 2.45 ± 0.01. Denoting the ratios in 1 ml of Chlorobenzene with D1 and D2 articles. The 3D surface roughness of samples revealed a fractal structure at nanometer scale. Fractal and AFM analysis may assist manufacturers in developing ZnO : TiO 2-organic blended solar cells layers with better surface characteristics and provides different yet complementary information to that offered by traditional surface statistical parameters.
Eclética Química Journal, Oct 31, 2017
selective binding affinity at cholecystokinin CCK1 receptors (IC50=156.5±33.2 nM) [6,7]. Classica... more selective binding affinity at cholecystokinin CCK1 receptors (IC50=156.5±33.2 nM) [6,7]. Classical benzodiazepines show anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant activities whereas, several 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives such as diazepam, triazolam or midazolam, several others have demonstrated activity as antitumor antibiotics, anti-HIV agents, and antiarrhytmics [10,11,12].The synthesis of new indazolone and pyrazolone derivatives starting from methyl anthranilate presents advantageous alternative for the synthesis of the target heterocycles, which implies the use of the environmentally friendly oxidizer PIFA [phenyliodine(III)bis-(trifluoroacetate)] [11] Keeping in view the importance of hydrazides [12-18] and their complexes with Copper, Nickel and Zinc [20,21] we here by reported the hydrazide derived from methyl anthranilate through the condensation with hydrazine, to get a new modified diammine adding to the previous ones we reported so far [22-24]. All these various studies forced us to make complexes of such compounds and to study the effect on their bioassay studies.
Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2016
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, 2016
Chicken egg shells were grinded and sieved to an exact particle size of 125 micron and treated wi... more Chicken egg shells were grinded and sieved to an exact particle size of 125 micron and treated with excess aqua regia and n-hexane to remove inorganic and organic impurities. Adsorption of oxalic acid from waste water was studied on treated powder egg shells by kinetics and batch adsorption techniques at different temperatures, 20ºC, 30ºC and 40ºC. The samples were characterized by BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The amount of acid adsorbed was determined with respect to initial acid concentration, equilibrium time and different acid concentration manually by titration method. Intra-particle diffusion, Elovich and Bhangam models were used for adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔE≠ were calculated. The results obtained showed that adsorption process was spontaneous and entropy of adsorption had negative value. Freundlich, Langmuir, ...
Brown-Séquard Syndrome is a type of Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury characterized by a relatively g... more Brown-Séquard Syndrome is a type of Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury characterized by a relatively greater ipsilateral loss of proprioception and motor function, with contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensations. The residual deficits in balance produced by such injury may render a person liable to fall that may result in vertebral fracture and another injury to the spinal cord. We present here a case who initially had Brown-Séquard Syndrome due to penetrating knife injury to the neck and later on developed Cauda Equina Syndrome (another Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury) due to fractured LV1 following a fall. The fracture was fixed through Pedicle Screws and the patient underwent effective rehabilitation to gain maximum achievable independence in functional activities. ÖZET Brown-Sequard Sendromu; ısıya ve ağrıya duyarlılığın kontralateral kaybının yanı sıra motor işlevinin ve propriyosepsiyonun yüksek oranda ipsilateral kaybı ile karakterize edilen tamamlanmamış omurilik yaralan...
To assess the frequency and socio-18±10. Twelve (19%) patients had no depression, demographic pre... more To assess the frequency and socio-18±10. Twelve (19%) patients had no depression, demographic predictors of clinical depression 33 (52.4%) had mild, 6 (9.5%) had moderate and among combat amputees of Pakistan Armed 12 (19%) had severe depression. A negative Forces presenting at a military rehabilitation correlation was found between the depression setup. scores and social support score (r =-0.71). The Methodology: Through convenience sampling, depression scores were significantly higher in 63 male lower limb amputees were recruited from amputees who were in age group <30 years, clinics of Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation unmarried or had no children, in amputees with Medicine Rawalpindi, Pakistan from April 2011 to below-knee amputation due to traumatic etiology May 2012. A questionnaire was used for who reported within three months of amputation. information about socio-demographic variables Conclusion: There is a high incidence of and characteristics of amputation. A single item depression in combat amputees of Pakistan stem measured social support and depression Armed Forces. The depression scores are magnitude was assessed by the Beck Depression negatively correlated to the social support Inventory-Urdu version. available and age and are higher in patients who Results: Mean age was 29±7 years. Majority 42 are young, unmarried or had no children, who (66.7%) were in age group <30 years. Most of the have a traumatic etiology of their amputation and patients were married 61.9% (n=39) and did not a below-knee amputation. The scores are also have any child 61.9% (n=39). Majority 57 (90.5%) high in first three months post amputation. (Rawal had a below knee amputation due to traumatic Med J 2014;39: 167-170).
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Connecting the World Wirelessly - IWCMC '09, 2009
Transmission of IPv6 packets over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) was conside... more Transmission of IPv6 packets over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) was considered nearly impractical once. The size of IPv6 packets is much larger than the packet size of the IEEE 802.15.4 data link layer. 6LoW-PAN implements an adaptation layer between network and data link layers. Main purpose of the adaptation layer is to fragment and reassemble IPv6 packets. Implementation of the adaptation layer enhances the routing/forwarding decision of packets both network and adaptation layers. We can divide the routing scheme in 6LoWPAN into two categories: the mesh-under and the route-over, based on the routing decision taken on adaptation layer or network layer respectively. In this paper we perform an analytical comparison between these two schemes in terms of the packet/fragment arrival probability, the total number of transmissions and the total delay between source and destination. We also compare the selective fragment retransmission mechanism between mesh-under and route-over schemes.
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Connecting the World Wirelessly - IWCMC '09, 2009
ABSTRACT Resource and power limited IPv6-based Low rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs... more ABSTRACT Resource and power limited IPv6-based Low rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) requires energy effi-cient access control scheme for authentication, bootstrap-ping, and commissioning of prospective 6LoWPAN devices. In this paper, we propose an ...
Thermochimica Acta, 2013
The Schiff base 2-[(E)-(quinolin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol (H-QMP) was crystallized in Pc space gro... more The Schiff base 2-[(E)-(quinolin-3-ylimino)methyl]phenol (H-QMP) was crystallized in Pc space group and complexed with Ni(II) and Co(II) in [M(QMP) 2 ] and Cu(II) and Zn(II) in [M(QMP)(CH 3 COO)]H 2 O compositions. Elemental analyses, mass spectrometry, IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, conductance study and magnetic susceptibilities were used to characterize the complexes. The thermograms obtained in the range of 30-1000 • C were used for kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. The activation energies and order of pyrolysis were calculated using Horowitz-Metzger method. The calculated activation energies were subsequently used for the calculations of thermodynamic parameters including S*, H* and G*. It was found that the thermal stability and activation energy follow the order Cu(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) and
Thermochimica Acta, 2013
ABSTRACT Transition metal [Co, Ni, Cu and Zn(II) acetates] complexes of salicylaldehyde derived S... more ABSTRACT Transition metal [Co, Ni, Cu and Zn(II) acetates] complexes of salicylaldehyde derived Schiff bases, 2-{(E)-[(4-chlorophenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (CIMP) and 2-{(E)-[(4-bromophenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (BIMP) were synthesized and characterized by various anal. and spectroscopic studies. The Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes were also screened for their urease, α-chymotrypsin, acetylcholinesterse and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activities. The ligands were found active against α-chymotrypsin with IC50 ± S. M. = 305.0 ± 3.2 and 330.6 ± 1.6 μM resp. The copper complexes of both the ligands were found active in inhibiting urease enzyme with IC50 ± S. M. = 10.7 ± 0.2 and 5.0 ± 0.1 μM resp., as compared to std. inhibitor. Structure activity relationship (SAR) was evaluated using autodock program. It was found that the active complexes block the entrance cavity to the enzyme. All the complexes were evaluated for their thermal degrdn. studies using TG-DTA anal. methods in static
2010 International Conference on Networking and Information Technology, 2010
Abstract-Exact string matching algorithms are essential components in practical applications of t... more Abstract-Exact string matching algorithms are essential components in practical applications of the computer system. In this research we propose a new concept to solve the problem of exact string matching by scanning text string for the rightmost character of the pattern in ...
Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 2012
The synthesis of highly fluorinated zinc carboxylates, [{CF 3 (CF 2) 5 CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 } 2 Zn], an... more The synthesis of highly fluorinated zinc carboxylates, [{CF 3 (CF 2) 5 CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 } 2 Zn], and alkoxides, [{CF 3 (CF 2) 5 CH 2 CH 2 O} 2 Zn(OEt 2) 2 ] and their use as catalysts for the ring opening polymerisation of-caprolactone are described. Quenching the polymerisation reaction with fluorous acids or alcohols regenerates the catalyst which can be recovered by fluorous solvent extractions and the catalytic activity is retained for three cycles. The superior recyclability of the alkoxide to the carboxylate zinc compound is due to the greater partition coefficient between fluorous and organic solvents. Also investigated is the well defined aryloxide compound [(ArO) 2 Zn(THF) 2 ] which yields very well controlled polymerisation, but cannot be recycled by quenching with a fluorous alcohol.
Chemistry Central Journal, 2013
Background: Coumarin and its derivatives are biologically very active. It was found that the enha... more Background: Coumarin and its derivatives are biologically very active. It was found that the enhanced activities are dependent on the coumarin nucleus. Biological significance of these compounds include anti-bacterial, anti-thrombotic and vasodilatory, anti-mutagenic, lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibition, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, and anti-tumourigenic. Our interest in medicinal chemistry of dicoumarol compounds have been developed by keeping in view the importance of coumarins along with its derivatives in medicinal chemistry. All the synthesized compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques and were screened for antimicrobial and U2OS bone cancer activities. Results: 4-hydroxycoumarin was derivatized by condensing with different aldehydes yielding the dicoumarol and translactonized products. Elemental analyses, ESI(+,−) MS, 1 H and 13 C{ 1 H}-NMR, infrared spectroscopy and conductance studies were used to characterize the synthesized compounds which revealed the dicoumarol and dichromone structures for the compounds. The compounds were screened against U2OS cancerous cells and pathogenic micro organisms. The compounds with intermolecular H-bonding were found more active revealing a possible relationship among hydrogen bonding, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. Conclusion: Coumarin based drugs can be designed for the possible treatment of U2OS leukemia.
The objective of this work is to quantitatively characterize the 3D complexity of ZnO : TiO 2-org... more The objective of this work is to quantitatively characterize the 3D complexity of ZnO : TiO 2-organic blended solar cells layers by atomic force microscopy and fractal analysis. ZnO : TiO 2-organic blended solar cells layers were investigated by AFM in tapping-mode in air, on square areas of 25 μm2. A detailed methodology for ZnO : TiO 2-organic blended solar cells layers surface fractal characterization, which may be applied for AFM data, is presented. Detailed surface characterization of the surface topography was obtained using statistical parameters, according with ISO 25178-2: 2012. The fractal dimensions Df values (all with average ± standard deviation), obtained with morphological envelopes method, for: blend D1 ( P 3 HT : PCBM : ZnO : TiO 2 blend with ratio 1:0.35:0.175:0.175 mg in 1 ml of Chlorobenzene) is Df = 2.55 ± 0.01; and for blend D2 ( P 3 HT : PCBM : ZnO : TiO 2 blend with ratio 1:0.55:0.075:0.075 mg in 1 ml of Chlorobenzene) is Df = 2.45 ± 0.01. Denoting the ratios in 1 ml of Chlorobenzene with D1 and D2 articles. The 3D surface roughness of samples revealed a fractal structure at nanometer scale. Fractal and AFM analysis may assist manufacturers in developing ZnO : TiO 2-organic blended solar cells layers with better surface characteristics and provides different yet complementary information to that offered by traditional surface statistical parameters.