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Papers by Muhammad Iqbal
AL-BANJARI Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman, 2015
Tulisan ini membicarakan tentang perkembangan nalar keislaman urang Banjar dengan menggunakan pen... more Tulisan ini membicarakan tentang perkembangan nalar keislaman urang Banjar dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah dan filsafat. Diawali dengan pengenalan terhadap nalar keislaman dan urang Banjar sebagai obyek dan subyek pembahasan. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan mengungkapkan perkembangan nalar keagamaan dan nalar keislaman urang Banjar secara historis dan filosofis. Dalam tulisan ini diungkapkan bahwa nalar keagamaan pra-Islam yang bersifat mitis berkembang menjadi nalar keislaman mistik, lalu tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi nalar keislaman formal, dan akhirnya tumbuh nalar keislaman ilmiah yang sesungguhnya belum begitu berkembang. Perkembangan satu nalar kenalar lainnya tidak bersifat linear dalam arti saling menggantikan tapi lebih bersifat overlapping, di mana ketika muncul nalar baru sesungguhnya nalar lama masih hidup.
Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 2018
One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms o... more One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms of co-relational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās, represent an innovative and sophisticated form of reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal reasoning in general but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical argumentation studied in contemporary philosophy of science. However, in the present paper we will only discuss the case of so-called co-relational inferences of the occasioning factor and only in the context of Islamic jurisprudence.
Jurnal Al-Banjari, 2011
Tulisan ini membicarakan tentang perkembangan nalar keislaman urang Banjar dengan menggunakan pen... more Tulisan ini membicarakan tentang perkembangan nalar keislaman urang Banjar dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah dan filsafat. Diawali dengan pengenalan terhadap nalar keislaman dan urang Banjar sebagai obyek dan subyek pembahasan. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan mengungkapkan perkembangan nalar keagamaan dan nalar keislaman urang Banjar secara historis dan filosofis. Dalam tulisan ini diungkapkan bahwa nalar keagamaan pra-Islam yang bersifat mitis berkembang menjadi nalar keislaman mistik, lalu tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi nalar keislaman formal, dan akhirnya tumbuh nalar keislaman ilmiah yang sesungguhnya belum begitu berkembang. Perkembangan satu nalar kenalar lainnya tidak bersifat linear dalam arti saling menggantikan tapi lebih bersifat overlapping, di mana ketika muncul nalar baru sesungguhnya nalar lama masih hidup.
This monograph proposes a new (dialogical) way of studying the different forms of correlational i... more This monograph proposes a new (dialogical) way of studying the different forms of correlational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās. According to the authors’ view, qiyās represents an innovative and sophisticated form of dialectical cooperative reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal argumentation in general (including legal reasoning in Common and Civil Law) but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical reasoning studied in contemporary philosophy of science and argumentation theory.
After an overview of the emergence of qiyās and of the work of al-Shīrāzī penned by Soufi Youcef, the authors discuss al-Shīrāzī’s classification of correlational inferences of the occasioning factor (qiyās al-ʿilla). The second part of the volume deliberates on the system of correlational inferences by indication and resemblance (qiyās al-dalāla, qiyās al-shabah). The third part develops the main theoretical background of the authors’ work, namely, the dialogical approach to Martin-Löf's Constructive Type Theory. The authors present this in a general form and independent of adaptations deployed in parts I and II. Part III also includes an appendix on the relevant notions of Constructive Type Theory, which has been extracted from an overview written by Ansten Klev. The book concludes with some brief remarks on contemporary approaches to analogy in Common and Civil Law and also to parallel reasoning in general.
The present file constitutes the preface and conclusion of the book Inferences by Parallel Reason... more The present file constitutes the preface and conclusion of the book
Inferences by Parallel Reasoning in Islamic Jurisprudence. Al-Shīrāzī’s Insights into the Dialectical Constitution of Meaning and Knowledge. With Muhammad Iqbal and Youcef Soufi. Forthcoming in Springer.
It is fairly self-contained and the conclusion shows how dialogical cooperative schemas for legal reasoning of medieval Islam can contribute to the understanding of contemporary reasoning. We briefly disccuss there Alchourron' take on analogy, and Brewer (1996) and woods (2015) on analogu
Despite the fact that the spread of Islam in Indonesia can perhaps be traced back to the 9 th cen... more Despite the fact that the spread of Islam in Indonesia can perhaps be traced back to the 9 th century, it had to wait until the 17 th and 18 th centuries to reach its full cultural, scientific and institutional outcomes. One crucial challenge was one that nowadays rises up in our modern society, namely finding out ways of cultural integration. Particularly so, since as in every legal system, Islamic Law contained the principle that what is not explicitly forbidden is allowed. In Borneo, strategies of integration involved pondering the uses of the Banjarese tradition, which were the dominant tribe in these times. It is here where the work of Sheikh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari (in English Arshad al-Banjari) who lived from 1721 to 1810, becomes relevant. Indeed, Arsyad al-Banjari, of Banjarese origins himself, and whose writtings were in Banjarese, applied a model of integration based on a dialectical constitution of qiyās, the legal argumentation theory for parallel reasoning and analogy, he borrowed from the Shāfi'ī-school of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh). Our paper focuses in the model of integration proposed and practiced by al-Banjari, a rational debate grounded on a dynamic view on legal systems. We will illustrate the method with the help of two different kind of qiyās deployed by al-Banjari in order to argue for the rejection of some traditional Banjaresse offering-rituals for avoiding disease or calamities (Manyanggar and Membuang Pasilih), and for the acceptance of the use of consumming the traditional sugary palm-tree-drink called Lahang, even when fermented. As we see from our dialogical reconstruction the debates, particularly the one concerning Manyanggar and Membuang Pasilih are quite sophisticated, with a Banjarese opponent that does not surrender easily to the rejection of his use of those rituals.
One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms o... more One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms of co-relational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās, represent an innovative and sophisticated form of reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal reasoning in general but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical argumentation studied in contemporary philosophy of science.
in the present paper we will discuss the case of so-called co-relational inferences by indication and ressemblance. More precisly, in the present paper we focus on the ways to transfer a juridical ruling to a new case when the ratio legis is not present.
Thesis Chapters by Muhammad Iqbal
Thesis UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2007
The thesis describes Rūmī's criticism on religiosity that is established on the concept of the tr... more The thesis describes Rūmī's criticism on religiosity that is established on the concept of the truth based on the text (naṣṣ) and reason. For him, such truth is metaphorical truth, not ultimate truth. Departing from the concept of the unity of existence (waḥdat al-wujūd), Rūmī distinguishes reality into two, form and meaning. Meaning is the real world that is hidden behind form. According to him, religiosity which is established on the concept of truth based on the text and reason simply pursues form and forgets meaning, so that it only touches the metaphorical reality, not the ultimate one. This is due to the fact that such truth is obtained by a partial intellect. Whereas, the meaning can only be reached with Universal Intellect as it perceives everything as one. This concept then leads Rūmī to the path of love as the basis of religiosity since only love can unite the separated.
AL-BANJARI Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman, 2015
Tulisan ini membicarakan tentang perkembangan nalar keislaman urang Banjar dengan menggunakan pen... more Tulisan ini membicarakan tentang perkembangan nalar keislaman urang Banjar dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah dan filsafat. Diawali dengan pengenalan terhadap nalar keislaman dan urang Banjar sebagai obyek dan subyek pembahasan. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan mengungkapkan perkembangan nalar keagamaan dan nalar keislaman urang Banjar secara historis dan filosofis. Dalam tulisan ini diungkapkan bahwa nalar keagamaan pra-Islam yang bersifat mitis berkembang menjadi nalar keislaman mistik, lalu tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi nalar keislaman formal, dan akhirnya tumbuh nalar keislaman ilmiah yang sesungguhnya belum begitu berkembang. Perkembangan satu nalar kenalar lainnya tidak bersifat linear dalam arti saling menggantikan tapi lebih bersifat overlapping, di mana ketika muncul nalar baru sesungguhnya nalar lama masih hidup.
Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 2018
One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms o... more One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms of co-relational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās, represent an innovative and sophisticated form of reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal reasoning in general but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical argumentation studied in contemporary philosophy of science. However, in the present paper we will only discuss the case of so-called co-relational inferences of the occasioning factor and only in the context of Islamic jurisprudence.
Jurnal Al-Banjari, 2011
Tulisan ini membicarakan tentang perkembangan nalar keislaman urang Banjar dengan menggunakan pen... more Tulisan ini membicarakan tentang perkembangan nalar keislaman urang Banjar dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah dan filsafat. Diawali dengan pengenalan terhadap nalar keislaman dan urang Banjar sebagai obyek dan subyek pembahasan. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan mengungkapkan perkembangan nalar keagamaan dan nalar keislaman urang Banjar secara historis dan filosofis. Dalam tulisan ini diungkapkan bahwa nalar keagamaan pra-Islam yang bersifat mitis berkembang menjadi nalar keislaman mistik, lalu tumbuh dan berkembang menjadi nalar keislaman formal, dan akhirnya tumbuh nalar keislaman ilmiah yang sesungguhnya belum begitu berkembang. Perkembangan satu nalar kenalar lainnya tidak bersifat linear dalam arti saling menggantikan tapi lebih bersifat overlapping, di mana ketika muncul nalar baru sesungguhnya nalar lama masih hidup.
This monograph proposes a new (dialogical) way of studying the different forms of correlational i... more This monograph proposes a new (dialogical) way of studying the different forms of correlational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās. According to the authors’ view, qiyās represents an innovative and sophisticated form of dialectical cooperative reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal argumentation in general (including legal reasoning in Common and Civil Law) but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical reasoning studied in contemporary philosophy of science and argumentation theory.
After an overview of the emergence of qiyās and of the work of al-Shīrāzī penned by Soufi Youcef, the authors discuss al-Shīrāzī’s classification of correlational inferences of the occasioning factor (qiyās al-ʿilla). The second part of the volume deliberates on the system of correlational inferences by indication and resemblance (qiyās al-dalāla, qiyās al-shabah). The third part develops the main theoretical background of the authors’ work, namely, the dialogical approach to Martin-Löf's Constructive Type Theory. The authors present this in a general form and independent of adaptations deployed in parts I and II. Part III also includes an appendix on the relevant notions of Constructive Type Theory, which has been extracted from an overview written by Ansten Klev. The book concludes with some brief remarks on contemporary approaches to analogy in Common and Civil Law and also to parallel reasoning in general.
The present file constitutes the preface and conclusion of the book Inferences by Parallel Reason... more The present file constitutes the preface and conclusion of the book
Inferences by Parallel Reasoning in Islamic Jurisprudence. Al-Shīrāzī’s Insights into the Dialectical Constitution of Meaning and Knowledge. With Muhammad Iqbal and Youcef Soufi. Forthcoming in Springer.
It is fairly self-contained and the conclusion shows how dialogical cooperative schemas for legal reasoning of medieval Islam can contribute to the understanding of contemporary reasoning. We briefly disccuss there Alchourron' take on analogy, and Brewer (1996) and woods (2015) on analogu
Despite the fact that the spread of Islam in Indonesia can perhaps be traced back to the 9 th cen... more Despite the fact that the spread of Islam in Indonesia can perhaps be traced back to the 9 th century, it had to wait until the 17 th and 18 th centuries to reach its full cultural, scientific and institutional outcomes. One crucial challenge was one that nowadays rises up in our modern society, namely finding out ways of cultural integration. Particularly so, since as in every legal system, Islamic Law contained the principle that what is not explicitly forbidden is allowed. In Borneo, strategies of integration involved pondering the uses of the Banjarese tradition, which were the dominant tribe in these times. It is here where the work of Sheikh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari (in English Arshad al-Banjari) who lived from 1721 to 1810, becomes relevant. Indeed, Arsyad al-Banjari, of Banjarese origins himself, and whose writtings were in Banjarese, applied a model of integration based on a dialectical constitution of qiyās, the legal argumentation theory for parallel reasoning and analogy, he borrowed from the Shāfi'ī-school of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh). Our paper focuses in the model of integration proposed and practiced by al-Banjari, a rational debate grounded on a dynamic view on legal systems. We will illustrate the method with the help of two different kind of qiyās deployed by al-Banjari in order to argue for the rejection of some traditional Banjaresse offering-rituals for avoiding disease or calamities (Manyanggar and Membuang Pasilih), and for the acceptance of the use of consumming the traditional sugary palm-tree-drink called Lahang, even when fermented. As we see from our dialogical reconstruction the debates, particularly the one concerning Manyanggar and Membuang Pasilih are quite sophisticated, with a Banjarese opponent that does not surrender easily to the rejection of his use of those rituals.
One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms o... more One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms of co-relational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās, represent an innovative and sophisticated form of reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal reasoning in general but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical argumentation studied in contemporary philosophy of science.
in the present paper we will discuss the case of so-called co-relational inferences by indication and ressemblance. More precisly, in the present paper we focus on the ways to transfer a juridical ruling to a new case when the ratio legis is not present.
Thesis UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2007
The thesis describes Rūmī's criticism on religiosity that is established on the concept of the tr... more The thesis describes Rūmī's criticism on religiosity that is established on the concept of the truth based on the text (naṣṣ) and reason. For him, such truth is metaphorical truth, not ultimate truth. Departing from the concept of the unity of existence (waḥdat al-wujūd), Rūmī distinguishes reality into two, form and meaning. Meaning is the real world that is hidden behind form. According to him, religiosity which is established on the concept of truth based on the text and reason simply pursues form and forgets meaning, so that it only touches the metaphorical reality, not the ultimate one. This is due to the fact that such truth is obtained by a partial intellect. Whereas, the meaning can only be reached with Universal Intellect as it perceives everything as one. This concept then leads Rūmī to the path of love as the basis of religiosity since only love can unite the separated.