Muhammad S Bello - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Muhammad S Bello

npj Vaccines

The mRNA vaccine platform has offered the greatest potential in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic ow... more The mRNA vaccine platform has offered the greatest potential in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic owing to rapid development, effectiveness, and scalability to meet the global demand. There are many other mRNA vaccines currently being developed against different emerging viral diseases. As with the current COVID-19 vaccines, these mRNA-based vaccine candidates are being developed for parenteral administration via injections. However, most of the emerging viruses colonize the mucosal surfaces prior to systemic infection making it very crucial to target mucosal immunity. Although parenterally administered vaccines would induce a robust systemic immunity, they often provoke a weak mucosal immunity which may not be effective in preventing mucosal infection. In contrast, mucosal administration potentially offers the dual benefit of inducing potent mucosal and systemic immunity which would be more effective in offering protection against mucosal viral infection. There are however many challe...

Journal of Veterinary Science

University of the Free State, Mar 1, 2020

جامعة إفريقيا العالمية, 2020

I declare that the work in this thesis entitled:-Party Politics and Democracy in Northern Nigeria... more I declare that the work in this thesis entitled:-Party Politics and Democracy in Northern Nigeria 1951-1983‖, has been carried out by me in the Department of History. No part of this thesis has been submitted for a degree or diploma at this or any other institution of higher education.

In this paper, we employ a framework that allows us to jointly model the response to the stated c... more In this paper, we employ a framework that allows us to jointly model the response to the stated choice component as well as the response to the attribute processing questions for organic product attributes among consumers in Nigeria. The model allows us to make use of respondent reported information on processing strategies and conditions attribute parameters on underlying latent attribute importance ratings, while avoiding the potential endogeneity bias and measurement error problems arising with traditional methods. Using between-sample design, we compare the welfare estimates from respondents under cheap talk and honesty priming treatments. Our results suggest that the HP task leads to lower WTP values by a factor of two relative to cheap talk task, for three of the four attributes identified. Our findings also reveal some modest impacts on implied WTP patterns, with a more realistic difference between the valuations for the attributes, and lower overall heterogeneity relative to...

Review of Politics and Public Policy in Emerging Economies, 2021

Purpose: Colonialism, a phenomenon which has long gone remains an interesting subject of debates ... more Purpose: Colonialism, a phenomenon which has long gone remains an interesting subject of debates especially among the African scholars. This is perhaps, due to the aggressive nature in which colonialism violently altered the evolutionary destiny of the African states. Any study that carefully dig deeply can easily come up with an area of contribution regarding the subject matter of colonialism in Africa. This study specifically explored how colonialism emasculated the political and religious institutions of Northern Nigeria with a view to ascertain the current crisis of identity that the region is facing. Design/Methodology/Approach: Descriptive analytical design was adopted, thematic analysis and a qualitative content analysis method was used in this study which analyzed critically the various views and dimensions on the role played by colonialism in the emasculation of political and religious institutions in Northern Nigeria. Findings: The results revealed that Northern Nigeria ha...

American Journal of Education and Learning, 2021

COVID 19 pandemic has strategically overwhelmed all the global sectors of human endeavours since ... more COVID 19 pandemic has strategically overwhelmed all the global sectors of human endeavours since its first appearance in December 2019. The Virus shattered and paralysed all socioeconomic activities for several months. One of the areas that is seriously affected globally is the education sector. Nigeria is most affected just like other world countries economically and socio-culturally. The Nigerian Policy on Education has been widely criticised for its failure to make adequate provisions for an unforeseen contingency like pandemic periods. Thus, when COVID 19 emerged in Nigeria, the education sector emerges arguably as the most affected. Schools were totally shut down for more than two terms or nearly two semesters for tertiary institutions. The study examined the Nigerian education policy and the impacts of COVID 19 on tertiary institutions. The study used both primary and secondary sources of data. The data obtained were discussed using manual SPSS. The study discovered that the obsolete educational policies subjected tertiary institutions to the mercy of COVID 19 protocols which left the schools closed for many months leading to crisis of confidence from the students and a total loss of a whole session in most cases. The study recommends among others that the Nigerian Policy in Education should be immediately revisited to cater for future pandemic preparations that will avoid closure of schools or learning. This can be achieved through the adoption of e-learning and provision of modern tools of learning in public schools.

Research Papers in Economics, 2016

Given the growing interest in the potential of organic agriculture to correct environmental exter... more Given the growing interest in the potential of organic agriculture to correct environmental externalities in sub-Saharan Africa, we use data from a hypothetical stated preference survey conducted in Nigeria to determine the market potentials of organic products as well as show how the relative importance that consumers attach to organic attributes varies strongly as a function of underlying attitudes. We specify a latent class structure that allows us to jointly analyze responses to stated choice and assignment to latent classes, while avoiding measurement error problems. Our results reveal that consumers are willing to pay premium for both environmental and health gains achieved through organic production systems, although their quantitative valuation is higher for the health concerns. Furthermore, we note that individuals with stronger preferences for organic products tend to attach a global value to the third party organic certification program attributes, whereas the valuation t...

SIASAT, 2021

The COVID 19 pandemic has become a global health issue that now intersects with security issues, ... more The COVID 19 pandemic has become a global health issue that now intersects with security issues, especially in African countries. The outbreak of the virus in Africa has halted political, economic and social activities, including countering armed violence. Nigeria is one of the African countries that is faced with security challenges, ranging from Boko Haram insurgency, rural banditry, farmers-herders clash, kidnapping, robbery to piracy among others. However, much attention has concentrated on mitigating the spread of COVID 19 pandemic and the provisions of palliatives to cushion the effects of the abrupt stoppage of formal and informal economic activities. This study examines the intersections between the pandemic and armed banditry in Northwestern. It appears that armed bandits have intensified attacks on communities, against the background of government’s anti-COVID policy. Government has equally re-strategized in responding to the bandits’ attacks. The study gathered data from ...

Agribusiness, 2017

Using data from a hypothetical stated preference survey conducted in Nigeria, we show how the rel... more Using data from a hypothetical stated preference survey conducted in Nigeria, we show how the relative importance that consumers attach to organic products' attributes varies strongly as a function of underlying attitudes. We specify a latent class structure that allows us to jointly analyze responses to stated choice and assignment to latent classes, while avoiding measurement error problems. Our results reveal that consumers are willing to pay premium for both health and environmental gains achieved through organic production systems, although their quantitative valuation is higher for the health concerns. Furthermore, we note that individuals with stronger preferences for organic products tend to attach a global value to the certification program, whereas the valuation tends to be more restrictive among respondents that prioritize the status quo option (conventional alternative). We also observe that differences in respondents' geographic location and level of awareness of organic food production characteristics (prior to the survey) have significant impact on consumers' choices.[EconLit citations: D12, Q13, Q18, Q56] 1 INTRODUCTION Land degradation is a far-reaching biophysical problem that threatens food production systems in developing regions of the world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (UNEP-UNCTAD, 2008). Available empirical evidence stresses the role played by resource-poor farmers in human-induced natural resource degradation (e.g., Reardon & Vosti, 1997). This situation has generated concern over which environmental externalities of agricultural production should be encouraged and which should be corrected. The prevailing economic explanation for the continuing trend toward resource degradation is that economic incentives often encourage land degradation (e.g., Heath & Binswanger, 1996). However, there is a growing interest in using organic agriculture (OA) to correct environmental externalities in SSA. OA is one of the approaches that meet the objectives of sustainable agriculture. Studies have shown that OA has the potential to offer a range of local and national sustainable development opportunities for Africa in that it integrates

Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2013

This paper attempts to examine the relationship between money supply, interest rate, income growt... more This paper attempts to examine the relationship between money supply, interest rate, income growth and inflation rate in Nigeria for the period 1980-2010. The paper employed a cointegration method, VAR, and Granger causality test to examine the relationship among the variables. Based on this approach, the paper found that there is no long run relationship among the variables and granger causality test shows a bidirectional relationship between money supply and inflation, income growth and inflation and interest rate and inflation. The granger causality test also revealed that money supply, interest rate, and income growth all granger cause inflation. Based on these findings, this study recommends appropriate control and management of money supply, interest rate and inflation rate.

European Scientific Journal, Dec 28, 2012

This paper uses the multiple regression analyses to investigate the extent to which government sp... more This paper uses the multiple regression analyses to investigate the extent to which government spending crowd in or crowd out private investment in Nigeria. The analysis is conducted using 34 years of annual data for Nigeria. The paper lays emphasis on disaggregating the capital and recurrent spending of the federal government and examining their separate effect on private investment. The analysis suggests that effective macroeconomic management be ensued in order to cushion the adverse effect of rising inflation on private investment.

American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2016

In this article, we use survey data from Nigeria on consumers' preferences for organic produc... more In this article, we use survey data from Nigeria on consumers' preferences for organic products to investigate the impact of ex‐ante hypothetical bias mitigation methods (Cheap Talk and Honesty Priming) on respondents' attribute non‐attendance. We employ a framework that allows us to jointly examine the response to the stated choice component and the response to the attribute processing questions, while avoiding the potential endogeneity bias and measurement error problems arising from some attribute non‐attendance methods. Our results show that the incidence of attribute non‐attendance varies across the treatments in general, with significant difference in attribute non‐attendance rates between respondents exposed to the mitigation strategies (Honesty Priming and Cheap Talk) and the baseline group. We also find that the low willingness to pay values for the honesty priming task appear to correspond with the lowest attribute non‐attendance rates reported for all the attribut...

European Scientific Journal, Aug 29, 2012

The paper analyses the effect of government expenditure on gross domestic private investment in N... more The paper analyses the effect of government expenditure on gross domestic private investment in Nigeria using time series annual data for 34 years. Multiple regression and cointegration methods were used to analyse the data. Result of the analysed data revealed that the actual impact of government expenditure on private investment varies depending on the type of expenditure under consideration. The negative relationship established that the federal government recurrent expenditure crowded out or substituted for private investment in the period under study. Furthermore, the study revealed a positive effect of inflation rate on private investment. The analysis suggests that government should give more priorities to expenditures that compliment private investment rather than spending on expenditures that substitute for private investment.

Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2015

Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere Schriftenreihe Des Kolner Instituts Fur Afrikanistik, 2002

Applied Economics, 2015

ABSTRACT The identification of the market potentials of organic products is important in the driv... more ABSTRACT The identification of the market potentials of organic products is important in the drive towards a sustainable agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, available evidence shows that valuing attributes of credence goods (such as organic products) while using stated preference methods faces additional obstacles compared to other normal goods. In this study, we examine consumers’ preferences and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for health and environmental attributes of organic products in Nigeria. We employ an approach that allows us to adequately capture the value of organic products by linking part of the heterogeneity across respondents to differences in scale, while making use of indicators of survey engagement, without risks of endogeneity bias and measurement error that arise from the deterministic methods. The empirical results show that market for organic products exists in Nigeria, with reduction in pesticide residues attribute attracting the highest value, followed by the certification programme. Furthermore, we observe that increases in the latent engagement variable lead to a greater probability of agreement with statements relating to survey understanding and realism, and hence more substantive output.