Muhammad Tandru Salam - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Muhammad Tandru Salam

Environmental Earth Sciences, 2021

Water pollution is a primary environmental concern in Pakistan due to its serious health effects.... more Water pollution is a primary environmental concern in Pakistan due to its serious health effects. Over more than 1.25 million people in the Swat district rely on surface and groundwater sources for drinking, agricultural purposes. Hence, the need to ascertain the drinking water quality and associated human health risks were considered highly significant. In this study, eighty water samples (40 for chemical parameters and 40 for biological parameters) were randomly collected from schools and colleges at Mingora city, district Swat. The mean values of physico-chemical water quality parameters such as pH (6.3), TDS (410.7 mg/l), EC (709.7), temperature (25.83 °C), turbidity (0.47 NTU), alkalinity (104.8 mg/l), salinity (910.0 mg/l), total hardness (348.15 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (DO) (2.35 ppm), chlorine (5.4 mg/l), fluoride (1.12 mg/l), nitrate (NO3) (44.52 mg/l) and nitrite (NO2) (4.05 mg/l) were measured using standard methods recommended by World Health Organization and the American Public Health Association. Besides, the mean value of total coliform bacteria, including fecal coliform, was found; (0.32) with standard deviation; (0.572) whereas, the mean value of Escherichia coli was found (0.3) with a standard deviation of (0.564). This study also finds the drinking water sources highly contaminated by fecal coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, which is the main reason for many waterborne diseases such as gastroenteritis, dysentery, and diarrhea. Additionally, residents of the area also reported some instances of viral hepatitis. Moreover, the significant variations among various water quality parameters were attributed to growing urbanization trends, nearby agricultural runoffs, lack of proper sewerage/solid waste disposal systems, and direct discharge of waste effluents containing human and animal fecal material. Hence, the need for adequate education on health hygiene and water treatment practices was highly recommended. Similarly, the execution of routine drinking water quality monitoring by relevant organizations was considered indispensable.

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022

Microplastics (MPs) can sorb toxic substances and be colonized by microorganisms. However, the in... more Microplastics (MPs) can sorb toxic substances and be colonized by microorganisms. However, the interactions between the adsorbed toxic substances and the MPs biofilm remains inadequately understood. Here, a 37-days microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on microcystin (MC-LR) behavior in turbulent scenarios. The results revealed that adsorption by PS-MPs was the primary process that led to a quick reduction of aquatic MC-LR concentrations. With the colonization of microorganisms on the PS-MPs, the attached biofilm altered the surface properties of PS-MPs, which enhanced the bio-adsorption of MC-LR. Meanwhile, microcystins degrading bacteria, such as Sphingomonadaceae and Methylophilaceae, inhabited in the biofilm, which facilitated the MC-LR biodegradation; this was also demonstrated by the identified MC-LR degradation products. Thus, the MC-LR concentration in water was constantly decreased, with a maximum removal capability of 35.8% in PS-MPs added groups. In addition, a 25% reduction of MC-LR was recorded in PS-MPs added static water. This suggested that the interaction between PS-MPs, biofilm, and MC-LR may be prevalent in natural waters. Our results indicate MPs as vectors for toxic substances could be a double-edged sword (adsorption and biodegradation), which provides new insights for understanding the ecological risks of microplastics.

In this paper a modified version NXM of traditional 5X5 playfair cipher is introduced which enabl... more In this paper a modified version NXM of traditional 5X5 playfair cipher is introduced which enable the user to encrypt message of any Natural language by taking appropriate size of the matrix depending upon the size of the natural language. 5X5 matrix has the capability of storing only 26 characters of English language and unable to store characters of any language having more than 26 characters. To overcome this limitation NXM matrix is introduced which solve this limitation. In this paper a special case of Urdu language is discussed. Where # is used for completing odd pair and * is used for repeating letters.

Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Topic Maps are the two prominent technologies of Semanti... more Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Topic Maps are the two prominent technologies of Semantic Web developed for the purpose to make Web useful for humans and ‘understandable’ by machines by facilitating knowledge integration and sharing. The basic goal of RDF and Topic Maps is the same, i.e. to successfully turn the vision of semantic web into reality by attaching rich structured semantics to web contents. The problem of interoperability between RDF and Topic Maps emerged due to the difference in their fundamental architectures and their owner organizations which may lead to islands on the future web. The architecture of RDF and Topic Maps is also complex and a suitable query language is the essential pats of it for the precise and quick retrieval of required information from RDF and Topic Maps. Therefore, several types of query languages have been developed for both technologies to retrieve the required information precisely from both RDF and Topic Maps. These query languages ...

Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE), 2020

Over exploitation of Ground Water (GW) has resulted in lowering of water table in the Indus Basin... more Over exploitation of Ground Water (GW) has resulted in lowering of water table in the Indus Basin. While waterlogging, salinity and seawater intrusion has resulted in rising of water table in Indus Basin. The sparse piezometer network cannot provide sufficient data to map groundwater changes spatially. To estimate groundwater change in this region, data from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite was used. GRACE measures (Total Water Storage) TWS and used to estimate groundwater storage change. Net change in storage of groundwater was estimated from the change in TWS by including the additional components such as Soil Moisture (SM), Surface water storage (Qs) and snowpack equivalent water (SWE). For the estimation of these components Global Land Data Assimilation system (GLDAS) Land Surface Models (LSMs) was used. Both GRACE and GLDAS produce results for the Indus Basin for the period of April 2010 to January 2017. The monitoring well water-level records from the ...

Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, Jan 5, 2017

Rhinitis is a common pediatric disease with upper airway infection in which allergic rhinitis (AR... more Rhinitis is a common pediatric disease with upper airway infection in which allergic rhinitis (AR) affecting 9.7% children in the United States (1). Some rhinitis symptoms are related to allergen exposures. Both epidemiologic and experimental studies have documented that exposure to traffic-related air pollutant (TRAP) increases the risk of allergen sensitization and allergic diseases (2-4) , which suggested that allergens and TRAP may have synergistic effects on the development of rhinitis. TRAP refers to exposure to primary emissions from motor vehicles including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). However, it is not feasible to measure all the components of TRAP, residential distance to the nearest freeway or main road has been accepted as one surrogate of TRAP using methods described previously (5). We previously reported that children living near major roads had increased risk of respiratory diseases, including wheeze (5) , respiratory hospital admission, as well as significant deficits in lung function growth rate (6) .

Nature genetics, 2018

We examined common variation in asthma risk by conducting a meta-analysis of worldwide asthma gen... more We examined common variation in asthma risk by conducting a meta-analysis of worldwide asthma genome-wide association studies (23,948 asthma cases, 118,538 controls) of individuals from ethnically diverse populations. We identified five new asthma loci, found two new associations at two known asthma loci, established asthma associations at two loci previously implicated in the comorbidity of asthma plus hay fever, and confirmed nine known loci. Investigation of pleiotropy showed large overlaps in genetic variants with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The enrichment in enhancer marks at asthma risk loci, especially in immune cells, suggested a major role of these loci in the regulation of immunologically related mechanisms.

Environmental Health, 2017

Background: The fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a biomarker of airway ... more Background: The fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a biomarker of airway inflammation that has proved to be useful in investigations of genetic and epigenetic airway susceptibility to ambient air pollutants. For example, susceptibility to airway inflammation from exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < =2. 5 μm (PM 2.5) varies by haplotypes and promoter region methylation in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS encoded by NOS2). We hypothesized that PM2.5 susceptibility associated with these epigenetic and genetic variants may be greater in children with high FeNO from inflamed airways. In this study, we investigated genetic and epigenetic susceptibility to airborne particulate matter by examining whether the joint effects of PM2.5, NOS2 haplotypes and iNOS promoter methylation significantly vary across the distribution of FeNO in school children. Methods: The study included 940 school children in the southern California Children's Health Study who provided concurrent buccal samples and FeNO measurements. We used quantile regression to examine susceptibility by estimating the quantile-specific joint effects of PM 2.5 , NOS2 haplotype and methylation on FeNO. Results: We discovered striking differences in susceptibility to PM 2.5 in school children. The joint effects of short-term PM 2.5 exposure, NOS2 haplotypes and methylation across the FeNO distribution were significantly larger in the upper tail of the FeNO distribution, with little association in its lower tail, especially among children with asthma and Hispanic white children. Conclusion: School-aged children with higher FeNO have greater genetic and epigenetic susceptibility to PM 2.5 , highlighting the importance of investigating effects across the entire distribution of FeNO.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, May 1, 2017

Asthma and obesity often occur together in children. It is unknown whether asthma contributes to ... more Asthma and obesity often occur together in children. It is unknown whether asthma contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. We aimed to investigate the effects of asthma and asthma medication use on the development of childhood obesity. The primary analysis was conducted among 2,171 nonobese children who were 5-8 years of age at study enrollment in the Southern California Children's Health Study (CHS) and were followed for up to 10 years. A replication analysis was performed in an independent sample of 2,684 CHS children followed from a mean age of 9.7 to 17.8 years. Height and weight were measured annually to classify children into normal, overweight, and obese categories. Asthma status was ascertained by parent- or self-reported physician-diagnosed asthma. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to assess associations of asthma history with obesity incidence during follow-up. We found that children with a diagnosis of asthma at cohort entry were at 51% increased risk ...

Product Design, Nov 12, 2014

Indonesia adalah pemasok rumput laut utama di dunia, lebih dari 65.000.000 ton rumput laut telah ... more Indonesia adalah pemasok rumput laut utama di dunia, lebih dari 65.000.000 ton rumput laut telah diekspor ke seluruh penjuru dunia pada tahun 2013, Namun pengembangan budidaya rumput hanya memanfaatkan 222.180 ha atau 20% dari luas area potensial. Faktanya 85% dari hasil akuakultur tersebut diekspor dalam bentuk mentah, hanya 15% yang diolah menjadi produk industri. Rumput laut dapat diekstrak menjadi karagenan, salah satu jenis polisakarida yang banyak digunakan dalam produk pangan, farmasi dan kosmetik. Perusahaan pengolah karagenan tutup satu persatu karena minimnya pilihan untuk memanfaatkan karagenan sebagai produk industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan inovasi desain produk berbahan dasar rumput laut, sebagai bentuk upaya mengoptimalkan potensi rumput laut sebagai komoditas Indonesia yang melimpah, dan mengaplikasikannya ke desain produk sesuai dengan karakteristik material. Luaran penelitian ini adalah desain kemasan edibel yang dapat larut dan memberikan asupan serat.

International Symposium on Information Theory, Jun 29, 1997

For multilevel block codes with mutually independent binary component codes, Sayegh (1986) has sh... more For multilevel block codes with mutually independent binary component codes, Sayegh (1986) has shown optimum binary codes which maximize the minimum Euclidean distance. Our proposed multilevel codes, however, are constructed from mutually interdependent binary component codes. To investigate how interdependency should be composed for good minimum distance, the algebraic structures of the codes are discussed. Cyclic codes over Z/sub M/ for M-PSK presented by Piret (1995) can be constructed by the multilevel coding method. Comparing with these codes, furthermore, we can obtain better minimum distances. Such multilevel codes have the algebraic structure of a cyclic (additive) group over GF(M). The authors show the constellations of QPSK and 8-PSK with three mappings.

European Respiratory Journal, Sep 1, 2012

Jurnal Arsitektur, May 31, 2012

Keberhasilan pembangunan di era reformasi sekarang ini, khususnya dalam Kegiatan peningkatan kual... more Keberhasilan pembangunan di era reformasi sekarang ini, khususnya dalam Kegiatan peningkatan kualitas permukiman di kawasan pusat kota, sangat dtentukan oleh adanya partisipasi aktif dan masyarakat. Partisipasi masyarakat dalarn kegiatan ini tentunya dipengaruhi oleh motivasi dan masyarakat tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Mengetahui signifikansi pengaruh faktor-faktor motivasi, pengetahuan, dan faktor kepemimpinan tokoh masyarakat bersama aparat pernerintah dalam peningkatan kualitas permukiman di KPKP; (2) Untuk mendapatkon model manajemen pembangunan permukiman yang partisipatif. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 370 orang yang ditarik secara proporsional cluster random sampling sederhana dan 8704 kepala keluarga di Kelurahan Lere, Kamonji, Besusu Barat, dan Kelurahan Lolu Utara (Kawasan Pusat Kota Palu). Data dikumpulkan dengan memakal teknik observasi, angket, interviu dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan teknik statistik deskriptif dan inferensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pelaksanaan peningkatan kualitas permukiman di KPKP cukup balk. Cukup baiknya tingkat pailisipasi ml disebabkan oleh tujuh faktor, yaitu: tingkat keamanan sebesar 69 persen, intensitas berinteraksi sosial sebesar 79 persen, kebutuhan prasarana dan sarana permukiman sebesar 52 persen, penghargaan sebesar 94 persen. kesempatan menerapkan kemampuan 65 persen, tingkat pengetahuan 98 persen, Jan faktor kepemimpinan sebesar 27 persen.

Diabetes care, Apr 11, 2016

Recent studies suggest that air pollution plays a role in type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence and mor... more Recent studies suggest that air pollution plays a role in type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence and mortality. The underlying physiological mechanisms have yet to be established. We hypothesized that air pollution adversely effects insulin sensitivity and secretion and serum lipid levels. Participants were selected from BetaGene (n = 1,023), a study of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell function in Mexican Americans. All participants underwent DEXA and oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests and completed dietary and physical activity questionnaires. Ambient air pollutant concentrations (NO2, O3, and PM2.5) for short- and long-term periods were assigned by spatial interpolation (maximum interpolation radius of 50 km) of data from air quality monitors. Traffic-related air pollution from freeways (TRAP) was estimated using the dispersion model as NOx. Variance component models were used to analyze individual and multiple air pollutant associations with metabolic traits. Short-ter...

A45. GENETIC BASIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES, 2009

Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan konsep Perda perizinan investasi yang harmoni secara vertikal... more Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan konsep Perda perizinan investasi yang harmoni secara vertikal untuk terciptanya efisiensi pelayanan dalam rangka mendorong peningkatan investasi di daerah. Bahan hukum dihimpun melalui studi dokumen, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif untuk menghasilkan simpulan yang komprehensif serta rekomendasi yang konkret dan aplikatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dua kesimpulan: Pertama, konsep Perda perizinan investasi yang harmoni secara vertikal mengaktualisasikan model PTSP, integrasi struktural, pemrosesan dan waktu penyelesaian perizinan paralel, persyaratan minimalis serta pemberian insentif fiskal dalam perizinan. Kedua, Perda perizinan investasi di lokasi penelitian belum terharmonisasikan secara vertikal ditinjau dari aspek struktur, proses dan waktu penyelesaian serta pemberian insentif fiskal dalam perizinan.

I would like to thank God for giving me strength, wisdom, patience, good health and countless ble... more I would like to thank God for giving me strength, wisdom, patience, good health and countless blessing to complete my Ph.D. research. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude and thank to my advisor Professor Mohamad Sawan for all his support, encouragement, generosity and advice during my Ph.D. studies in Polytechnique Montréal. I am grateful to my co-advisor Dr. Dang Khoa Nguyen for his valuable medical advices throughout my research works. Also I am grateful to late Dr. Anas Hamoui who deserves my utmost gratitude for his support and invaluable technical advices. I would like to thank Dr. Alain Bouthillier for teaching me fundamental mechanisms of human brain function and surgical treatment of epilepsy, and giving me many precious feedbacks on my research. It is hard to imagine my animal model experiments without the guidance from Dr. Lionel Carmant. All animal experiments presented in this dissertation conducted in his laboratory. Also, I would like to thank all faculty members, staffs, graduate students, and colleagues of Polystim lab who helped me during my education and research. Special thanks are due to the following people for their helps and collaboration: Mona