Muhammad Tayyab - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Muhammad Tayyab

2018 14th International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO), 2018

The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a primary protocol for in-vehicle communication between the ... more The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a primary protocol for in-vehicle communication between the engine control units. However, there are certain flaws in the architecture of this protocol which induce some inherent security vulnerabilities. This paper proposes a novel idea of authenticating the CAN nodes based on the unique frequency response of each transmitter. Electrical devices leave unique signatures in the transmitted signal, which can be used to fingerprint the source. This uniqueness is imparted because of the non-uniform nature and the imperfection of the material and the design of the device. Researchers have proposed different methods for parametric uniqueness in a physical signal. The method used for fingerprinting in this paper is based on the frequency response of the engine control unit (ECU). The calculated frequency response is then used to train a classifier. Experimental results in the proposed research reveal that from the identical data transmission from different ECUs in the network, it is possible to identify the transmitter (ECU) from the frequency response. This concept can be used to design an efficient Intrusion Detection System for the CAN bus security. It is particularly efficient in detecting the spoofing attacks. The performance and the robustness of the proposed method are also discussed in detail.

2017 IEEE Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS), 2017

The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus serves as a legacy protocol for in-vehicle data communicati... more The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus serves as a legacy protocol for in-vehicle data communication. Simplicity, robustness, and suitability for real-time systems are the salient features of the CAN bus protocol. However, it lacks the basic security features such as massage authentication, which makes it vulnerable to the spoofing attacks. In a CAN network, linking CAN packet to the sender node is a challenging task. This paper aims to address this issue by developing a framework to link each CAN packet to its source. Physical signal attributes of the received packet consisting of channel and node (or device) which contains specific unique artifacts are considered to achieve this goal. Material and design imperfections in the physical channel and digital device, which are the main contributing factors behind the device-channel specific unique artifacts, are leveraged to link the received electrical signal to the transmitter. Generally, the inimitable patterns of signals from each ECUs exist over the course of time that can manifest the stability of the proposed method. Uniqueness of the channel-device specific attributes are also investigated for time-and frequency-domain. Feature vector is made up of both time and frequency domain physical attributes and then employed to train a neural network-based classifier. Performance of the proposed fingerprinting method is evaluated by using a dataset collected from 16 different channels and four identical ECUs transmitting same message. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves correct detection rates of 95.2% and 98.3% for channel and ECU classification, respectively.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

Sugarcane monoculture (SM) often leads to soil problems, like soil acidification, degradation, an... more Sugarcane monoculture (SM) often leads to soil problems, like soil acidification, degradation, and soil-borne diseases, which ultimately pose a negative impact on agricultural productivity and sustainability. Understanding the change in microbial communities’ composition, activities, and functional microbial taxa associated with the plant and soil under SM is unclear. Using multidisciplinary approaches such as Illumina sequencing, measurements of soil properties, and enzyme activities, we analyzed soil samples from three sugarcane fields with different monoculture histories (1-, 2-, and 4-year cultivation times, respectively). We observed that SM induced soil acidity and had adverse effects on soil fertility, i.e., soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), and available potassium (AK), as well as enzyme activities indicative for carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycles. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that SM time greatly affected soil attribute patterns. We observed strong correlation among soil enzymes activities and soil physiochemical properties (soil pH, OM, and TC). Alpha diversity analysis showed a varying response of the microbes to SM time. Bacterial diversity increased with increasing oligotrophs (e.g., Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi), while fungal diversity decreased with reducing copiotrophs (e.g., Ascomycota). β-Diversity analysis showed that SM time had a great influence on soil microbial structure and soil properties, which led to the changes in major components of microbial structure (soil pH, OM, TC, bacteria and soil pH; TC, fungi). Additionally, SM time significantly stimulated (four bacterial and ten fungal) and depleted (12 bacterial and three fungal) agriculturally and ecologically important microbial genera that were strongly and considerably correlated with soil characteristics (soil pH, OM, TC, and AK). In conclusion, SM induces soil acidity, reduces soil fertility, shifts microbial structure, and reduces its activity. Furthermore, most beneficial bacterial genera decreased significantly due to SM, while beneficial fungal genera showed a reverse trend. Therefore, mitigating soil acidity, improving soil fertility, and soil enzymatic activities, including improved microbial structure with beneficial service to plants and soil, can be an effective measure to develop a sustainable sugarcane cropping system.

Materials Research Express, 2021

Tunable electronic properties of two dimensional Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) make it a potential ... more Tunable electronic properties of two dimensional Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) make it a potential material. In this study, we inspect electronic and structural properties of TMN-doped MoS2 (T = Transition metal (Cu-copper), M = Metalloid (B-boron) and N = Nonmetal (C-carbon)) by using first principles DFT (density functional theory) calculations. Cu is substituted by Mo with varying concentration, which ranges from 2.08 to 8.33%, whereas B and C are replaced by S atoms with varying concentration of 2.08 to 4.16%. The substitutions result into significant variations in electronic and structural properties of MoS2. Moreover, the importance of substitutional site has been elaborated. The substitution of these impurities, variation in concentration and the replaced sites of MoS2 cause to modify the structure and energy gaps. Resulting bandgap fluctuates remain between 0.16 eV to 0.48 eV relative to 1.95 eV of pristine MoS2. The PDOS calculations show good bonding relation among the host ...

Esculapio, 2020

Objective: To compare the outcome of salbutamol nebulization with controls (normal saline) in tra... more Objective: To compare the outcome of salbutamol nebulization with controls (normal saline) in transient tachypnea of newborn. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial 284 (142 in each group) neonates were included with gestational age above 35 weeks of any gender. Study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi. Sampling technique was consecutive non probability sampling. Duration of study was 6 months. Sample size had been calculated using WHO calculator; Significance level 5%, Power of test 80%, Population mean 5.4, Test value of population mean 4.8, Standard Deviation 1.8. At admission complete blood picture, C-reactive protein and chest x-ray were done. Group-1 received salbutamol nebulization at a dose of 0.15mg / kg / dose for 10 minutes in 2ml normal saline QID while Group-2 received only normal saline nebulization 2ml QID in 24 hours. Double blinding was ensured and in case of any side effects of salbutamol (tachycardia, arrhythmias and hy...

Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2020

Current study was planned keeping in mind the importance of proteases and their role in industry.... more Current study was planned keeping in mind the importance of proteases and their role in industry. In the present study protease was produced using Luria Bertani medium. The LB medium was supplemented with various carbon and nitrogen sources separately for the enhancement of growth of Geobacillus SBS-4S and for protease production. The optimization studies demonstrated the increase in protease production from 10.6 to 24.4 U/mL or 34.5 U/mL when the medium was supplemented with additional 2% yeast extract or 5% wheat bran respectively. Under the optimal conditions we could produce 46.2 U/mL of protease. The protein was purified by column chromatography and the purified protein was utilized for characterization studies. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the molecular weight of protease as 37 kDa. The enzyme exhibited its maximal activity at 60 °C and pH 9.0. Presence of Ca 2+ and Mn 2+ at a final concentration of I mM in the activity assay mixture enhanced protease activity from 100% to 133 and 150% respectively. Protease activity was slightly reduced (92%) in the presence of SDS whereas the presence of non-ionic detergents Triton X-100, Tween-20 and Tween-80 reduced the enzyme activity to 87, 82 and 69% respectively. Thermostability studies demonstrated that the protein was stable with 50% residual activity after an incubation of 2 h and 25 min at 60 °C in the presence of 1 mM Mn 2+. The kinetic studies demonstrated the K m and V max values of 16.67 mg/mL and 143 U/mL respectively. The stability of protease at wide range of pH and temperature makes this enzyme suitable for its utilization in detergent and poultry feed industry.

Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health, 2019

Our blood oxygen level shows the amount of oxygen that red blood cells carry. Our body tightly ma... more Our blood oxygen level shows the amount of oxygen that red blood cells carry. Our body tightly maintain our level of oxygen in the blood. Regulating the accurate balance of blood saturated with oxygen is important for the normal functioning of our body and for good health. The normal oxygen percentage is about 95 and less then that shows respiratory diseases and heart problems. Most children and adults do not need to control their level of oxygen in the blood. Doctors are not interested to check blood oxygen level until the patient shows some critical problems like chest pain and respiratory problems like shortness of breathing. However, people sufferings from serious diseases need to control their level of oxygen in the blood. This include critical conditions of heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. In such chronic cases, controlling and maintaining the oxygen level in the blood can help to determine if the treatments are working or should be adjusted. Burger has become a vital and important part of our life. we can get burgers at any time at anywhere. Therefore, when we feel hunger we do not need to wait for long. We can easily get burger without doing anything. It has become very famous all over the world and has also broken the popular class. But, in addition to its popularity, it also has a many negative impacts on our health. It helps in weight gaining and cause serious harmful effects on our

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2019

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is one of the promising technologies having a wide rang... more Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is one of the promising technologies having a wide range of applications, which includes underwater natural resources exploration, marine life study and underwater pipeline monitoring. Due to the harsh underwater environment, it is very challenging to provide an energy-efficient mobility-aware routing protocol for data collection. Due to the regular movement of the water currents, it becomes difficult to design a routing protocol that manages mobility of sensor nodes without the need of the localization details and with minimum energy utilization. Another issue of the UWSN is how to efficiently detect and avoid void nodes in a void area. The effect of the void node during routing increases energy utilization of the sensor nodes, which leads to decrease in the network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. In this paper, a Mobility-aware IMU-based Energy Efficient Routing (MIER) protocol for UWSN has been proposed to address issues including i) higher transmission overhead due to flooding of localization information exchange ii) and void node occurrence that leads to higher energy utilization and packet loss. The opportunistic data forward approach has been employed for the node communication. Extensive simulation has been carried out and the results show that MIER outperforms existing related research work in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and network lifetime.

Mathematics, 2019

In various modern linear control systems, a common practice is to make use of control in the feed... more In various modern linear control systems, a common practice is to make use of control in the feedback loops which act as an important tool for linear feedback systems. Stability and instability analysis of a linear feedback system give the measure of perturbed system to be singular and non-singular. The main objective of this article is to discuss numerical computation of the μ -values bounds by using low ranked ordinary differential equations based technique. Numerical computations illustrate the behavior of the method and the spectrum of operators are then numerically analyzed.

Molecular and Cellular Probes, 2017

For rapid and simultaneous detection of nine bovine mastitic pathogens, a sensitive and specific ... more For rapid and simultaneous detection of nine bovine mastitic pathogens, a sensitive and specific multiplex PCR assay was developed. The assay was standardized using reference strains and validated on mastitic milk cultures which were identified to species level based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Multiplex PCR assay also efficiently detected the target bacterial strains directly from milk. Detection limit of the assay was up to 50 pg for DNA isolated from pure cultures and

Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016

Molecular dissection of apomixis-an asexual reproductive mode-is anticipated to solve the enigma ... more Molecular dissection of apomixis-an asexual reproductive mode-is anticipated to solve the enigma of loss of meiotic sex, and to help fixing elite agronomic traits. The Brassicaceae genus Boechera comprises of both sexual and apomictic species, permitting comparative analyses of meiotic circumvention (apomeiosis) and parthenogenesis. Whereas previous studies reported local transcriptome changes during these events, it remained unclear whether global changes associated with hybridization, polyploidy and environmental adaptation that arose during evolution of Boechera might serve as (epi)genetic regulators of early development prior apomictic initiation. To identify these signatures during vegetative stages, we compared seedling RNA-seq transcriptomes of an obligate triploid apomict and a diploid sexual, both isolated from a drought-prone habitat. Uncovered were several genes differentially expressed between sexual and apomictic seedlings, including homologs of meiotic genes ASYNAPTIC 1 (ASY1) and MULTIPOLAR SPINDLE 1 (MPS1) that were downregulated in apomicts. An intriguing class of apomict-specific deregulated genes included several NAC transcription factors, homologs of which are known to be transcriptionally reprogrammed during abiotic stress in other plants. Deregulation of both meiotic and stress-response genes during seedling stages might possibly be important in preparation for meiotic circumvention, as similar transcriptional alteration was discernible in apomeiotic floral buds too. Furthermore, we noted that the apomict showed better tolerance to osmotic stress in vitro than the sexual, in conjunction with significant upregulation of a subset of NAC genes. In support of the current model that DNA methylation epigenetically regulates stress, ploidy, hybridization and apomixis, we noted that ASY1, MPS1 and NAC019 homologs were deregulated in Boechera seedlings upon DNA demethylation, and ASY1 in particular seems to be repressed by global DNA methylation exclusively in the apomicts. Variability in stress and transcriptional response in a diploid apomict, which is geographically distinct from the triploid apomict, pinpoints both common and independent features of apomixis

Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2015

Lysine executes imperative structural and functional roles in body and its supplementation in die... more Lysine executes imperative structural and functional roles in body and its supplementation in diet beneficial to prevent the escalating threat of protein deficiency. The physical mutagenesis offers new fascinating avenues of research for overproduction of lysine through surplus carbohydrate containing agriculture waste especially in developing countries. The current study was aimed to investigate the potential of UV mutated strain of Brevibacterium flavum at 254 nm for lysine production. The physical and nutritional parameters were optimized and maximum lysine production was observed with molasses (4% substrate water ratio). Moreover, supplementation of culture medium with metal cations (i.e. 0.4% CaSO4, 0.3% NaCl, 0.3% KH2PO4, 0.4% MgSO4, and 0.2% (NH4) 2SO4 w/v) together with 0.75% v/v corn steep liquor significantly enhanced the lysine production up to 26.71±0.31g/L. Though, concentrations of urea, ammonium nitrate and yeast sludge did not exhibit any profound effect on lysine pr...

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 2015

This chapter covers simulator design of RFID and WSN based smart node in a delay factor environme... more This chapter covers simulator design of RFID and WSN based smart node in a delay factor environment. Simulator architecture with reference to standard software architecture model is also discussed. Smart node parameters calculation in a larger network is not an easy task to implement. Therefore, this scenario-based environment simulator can easily handle complex mathematical equations with larger data. The discussed simulation environment is an event based triggered system.

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 2015

In this chapter, after analysing the identified challenges from literature survey, a mathematical... more In this chapter, after analysing the identified challenges from literature survey, a mathematical model is presented to calculate the end-to-end delays of a routing protocol ACQUIRE. Route selection is also discussed which is very important part in communication patterns. Its impact can be observed in the form of network delay when comparatively longer routes, involving greater number of sensor node are selected and also when network lifetime is degraded when choosing short routes, causing batteries depletion.

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 2015

In this chapter research based work encompassing present and future trends of RFID and WSN has be... more In this chapter research based work encompassing present and future trends of RFID and WSN has been presented. Various research aspects in the area of security with respect to sensing network and identification have substantially been explored and pointed out for future investigation. Efforts have been made to incorporate the latest and updated research so as to provide the premises for the work that has been done in the subject area.

Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 2014

Transfusion, 2015

The Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion located in Rawalpindi, Northern Pakistan, acts as a reg... more The Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion located in Rawalpindi, Northern Pakistan, acts as a regional blood center with more than 50,000 donations collected annually. Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) was introduced in our institution in September 2012 for screening all seronegative blood donors. The study was conducted from September 21, 2012, to September 20, 2013. Samples from the seronegative donors were run on cobas s 201 platform (Roche) in pools of six. Reactive donors were followed up for further confirmatory testing to rule out false-positive results. Viral load estimation was done for all NAT-reactive donors. After serologic screening of 56,772 blood donors, 2334 were found to be reactive; 719 (1.27%) were reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen, 1046 (1.84%) for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), 12 (0.02%) for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus, and 557 (0.98%) for syphilis antibodies. A total of 27 NAT-reactive donors were confirmed after testing 54,438 seronegative donors, with an overall NAT yield of one in 2016 donors: 23 for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA (HBV NAT yield, 1:2367) and four for HCV RNA (HCV NAT yield, 1:13,609). The residual risk after NAT implementation, calculated for the first-time blood donors, was 62.5 and 4.4 per million donors for HBV and HCV, respectively. NAT has improved the safety of blood products at our transfusion institution. Confirmation of NAT results must always be done either on follow-up samples or on samples from the retrieved frozen plasma bag.

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2009

The recent emphasis on using "evidence based medicine" for decision-making in patient c... more The recent emphasis on using "evidence based medicine" for decision-making in patient care issues has prompted many publishers to mention the level of evidence of articles in their journals. The "quality" of a journal may thus be reflected by the proportion of articles with high levels of evidence, apart from other criteria. We aimed to determine the level of evidence of articles in indexed Pakistani medical journals. Two journals were selected: Journal of Pakistan Medical Association (JPMA) and Journal of College of Physician and Surgeons, Pakistan (JCPSP). Based on the information in the abstracts, all articles from 2003 and 2006 were categorized according to guidelines of Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Oxford, UK. 882 items/articles were reviewed. Of these, 270 (31%) were scientific articles within which 51% belonged to the "Therapeutic" and 25% to the "Prognostic" type. Only 27% had a high level of evidence (1 and 2) while a majority ...

2018 14th International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO), 2018

The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a primary protocol for in-vehicle communication between the ... more The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a primary protocol for in-vehicle communication between the engine control units. However, there are certain flaws in the architecture of this protocol which induce some inherent security vulnerabilities. This paper proposes a novel idea of authenticating the CAN nodes based on the unique frequency response of each transmitter. Electrical devices leave unique signatures in the transmitted signal, which can be used to fingerprint the source. This uniqueness is imparted because of the non-uniform nature and the imperfection of the material and the design of the device. Researchers have proposed different methods for parametric uniqueness in a physical signal. The method used for fingerprinting in this paper is based on the frequency response of the engine control unit (ECU). The calculated frequency response is then used to train a classifier. Experimental results in the proposed research reveal that from the identical data transmission from different ECUs in the network, it is possible to identify the transmitter (ECU) from the frequency response. This concept can be used to design an efficient Intrusion Detection System for the CAN bus security. It is particularly efficient in detecting the spoofing attacks. The performance and the robustness of the proposed method are also discussed in detail.

2017 IEEE Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS), 2017

The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus serves as a legacy protocol for in-vehicle data communicati... more The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus serves as a legacy protocol for in-vehicle data communication. Simplicity, robustness, and suitability for real-time systems are the salient features of the CAN bus protocol. However, it lacks the basic security features such as massage authentication, which makes it vulnerable to the spoofing attacks. In a CAN network, linking CAN packet to the sender node is a challenging task. This paper aims to address this issue by developing a framework to link each CAN packet to its source. Physical signal attributes of the received packet consisting of channel and node (or device) which contains specific unique artifacts are considered to achieve this goal. Material and design imperfections in the physical channel and digital device, which are the main contributing factors behind the device-channel specific unique artifacts, are leveraged to link the received electrical signal to the transmitter. Generally, the inimitable patterns of signals from each ECUs exist over the course of time that can manifest the stability of the proposed method. Uniqueness of the channel-device specific attributes are also investigated for time-and frequency-domain. Feature vector is made up of both time and frequency domain physical attributes and then employed to train a neural network-based classifier. Performance of the proposed fingerprinting method is evaluated by using a dataset collected from 16 different channels and four identical ECUs transmitting same message. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves correct detection rates of 95.2% and 98.3% for channel and ECU classification, respectively.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

Sugarcane monoculture (SM) often leads to soil problems, like soil acidification, degradation, an... more Sugarcane monoculture (SM) often leads to soil problems, like soil acidification, degradation, and soil-borne diseases, which ultimately pose a negative impact on agricultural productivity and sustainability. Understanding the change in microbial communities’ composition, activities, and functional microbial taxa associated with the plant and soil under SM is unclear. Using multidisciplinary approaches such as Illumina sequencing, measurements of soil properties, and enzyme activities, we analyzed soil samples from three sugarcane fields with different monoculture histories (1-, 2-, and 4-year cultivation times, respectively). We observed that SM induced soil acidity and had adverse effects on soil fertility, i.e., soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), and available potassium (AK), as well as enzyme activities indicative for carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycles. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis showed that SM time greatly affected soil attribute patterns. We observed strong correlation among soil enzymes activities and soil physiochemical properties (soil pH, OM, and TC). Alpha diversity analysis showed a varying response of the microbes to SM time. Bacterial diversity increased with increasing oligotrophs (e.g., Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi), while fungal diversity decreased with reducing copiotrophs (e.g., Ascomycota). β-Diversity analysis showed that SM time had a great influence on soil microbial structure and soil properties, which led to the changes in major components of microbial structure (soil pH, OM, TC, bacteria and soil pH; TC, fungi). Additionally, SM time significantly stimulated (four bacterial and ten fungal) and depleted (12 bacterial and three fungal) agriculturally and ecologically important microbial genera that were strongly and considerably correlated with soil characteristics (soil pH, OM, TC, and AK). In conclusion, SM induces soil acidity, reduces soil fertility, shifts microbial structure, and reduces its activity. Furthermore, most beneficial bacterial genera decreased significantly due to SM, while beneficial fungal genera showed a reverse trend. Therefore, mitigating soil acidity, improving soil fertility, and soil enzymatic activities, including improved microbial structure with beneficial service to plants and soil, can be an effective measure to develop a sustainable sugarcane cropping system.

Materials Research Express, 2021

Tunable electronic properties of two dimensional Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) make it a potential ... more Tunable electronic properties of two dimensional Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) make it a potential material. In this study, we inspect electronic and structural properties of TMN-doped MoS2 (T = Transition metal (Cu-copper), M = Metalloid (B-boron) and N = Nonmetal (C-carbon)) by using first principles DFT (density functional theory) calculations. Cu is substituted by Mo with varying concentration, which ranges from 2.08 to 8.33%, whereas B and C are replaced by S atoms with varying concentration of 2.08 to 4.16%. The substitutions result into significant variations in electronic and structural properties of MoS2. Moreover, the importance of substitutional site has been elaborated. The substitution of these impurities, variation in concentration and the replaced sites of MoS2 cause to modify the structure and energy gaps. Resulting bandgap fluctuates remain between 0.16 eV to 0.48 eV relative to 1.95 eV of pristine MoS2. The PDOS calculations show good bonding relation among the host ...

Esculapio, 2020

Objective: To compare the outcome of salbutamol nebulization with controls (normal saline) in tra... more Objective: To compare the outcome of salbutamol nebulization with controls (normal saline) in transient tachypnea of newborn. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial 284 (142 in each group) neonates were included with gestational age above 35 weeks of any gender. Study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi. Sampling technique was consecutive non probability sampling. Duration of study was 6 months. Sample size had been calculated using WHO calculator; Significance level 5%, Power of test 80%, Population mean 5.4, Test value of population mean 4.8, Standard Deviation 1.8. At admission complete blood picture, C-reactive protein and chest x-ray were done. Group-1 received salbutamol nebulization at a dose of 0.15mg / kg / dose for 10 minutes in 2ml normal saline QID while Group-2 received only normal saline nebulization 2ml QID in 24 hours. Double blinding was ensured and in case of any side effects of salbutamol (tachycardia, arrhythmias and hy...

Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2020

Current study was planned keeping in mind the importance of proteases and their role in industry.... more Current study was planned keeping in mind the importance of proteases and their role in industry. In the present study protease was produced using Luria Bertani medium. The LB medium was supplemented with various carbon and nitrogen sources separately for the enhancement of growth of Geobacillus SBS-4S and for protease production. The optimization studies demonstrated the increase in protease production from 10.6 to 24.4 U/mL or 34.5 U/mL when the medium was supplemented with additional 2% yeast extract or 5% wheat bran respectively. Under the optimal conditions we could produce 46.2 U/mL of protease. The protein was purified by column chromatography and the purified protein was utilized for characterization studies. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the molecular weight of protease as 37 kDa. The enzyme exhibited its maximal activity at 60 °C and pH 9.0. Presence of Ca 2+ and Mn 2+ at a final concentration of I mM in the activity assay mixture enhanced protease activity from 100% to 133 and 150% respectively. Protease activity was slightly reduced (92%) in the presence of SDS whereas the presence of non-ionic detergents Triton X-100, Tween-20 and Tween-80 reduced the enzyme activity to 87, 82 and 69% respectively. Thermostability studies demonstrated that the protein was stable with 50% residual activity after an incubation of 2 h and 25 min at 60 °C in the presence of 1 mM Mn 2+. The kinetic studies demonstrated the K m and V max values of 16.67 mg/mL and 143 U/mL respectively. The stability of protease at wide range of pH and temperature makes this enzyme suitable for its utilization in detergent and poultry feed industry.

Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health, 2019

Our blood oxygen level shows the amount of oxygen that red blood cells carry. Our body tightly ma... more Our blood oxygen level shows the amount of oxygen that red blood cells carry. Our body tightly maintain our level of oxygen in the blood. Regulating the accurate balance of blood saturated with oxygen is important for the normal functioning of our body and for good health. The normal oxygen percentage is about 95 and less then that shows respiratory diseases and heart problems. Most children and adults do not need to control their level of oxygen in the blood. Doctors are not interested to check blood oxygen level until the patient shows some critical problems like chest pain and respiratory problems like shortness of breathing. However, people sufferings from serious diseases need to control their level of oxygen in the blood. This include critical conditions of heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. In such chronic cases, controlling and maintaining the oxygen level in the blood can help to determine if the treatments are working or should be adjusted. Burger has become a vital and important part of our life. we can get burgers at any time at anywhere. Therefore, when we feel hunger we do not need to wait for long. We can easily get burger without doing anything. It has become very famous all over the world and has also broken the popular class. But, in addition to its popularity, it also has a many negative impacts on our health. It helps in weight gaining and cause serious harmful effects on our

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2019

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is one of the promising technologies having a wide rang... more Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is one of the promising technologies having a wide range of applications, which includes underwater natural resources exploration, marine life study and underwater pipeline monitoring. Due to the harsh underwater environment, it is very challenging to provide an energy-efficient mobility-aware routing protocol for data collection. Due to the regular movement of the water currents, it becomes difficult to design a routing protocol that manages mobility of sensor nodes without the need of the localization details and with minimum energy utilization. Another issue of the UWSN is how to efficiently detect and avoid void nodes in a void area. The effect of the void node during routing increases energy utilization of the sensor nodes, which leads to decrease in the network lifetime and packet delivery ratio. In this paper, a Mobility-aware IMU-based Energy Efficient Routing (MIER) protocol for UWSN has been proposed to address issues including i) higher transmission overhead due to flooding of localization information exchange ii) and void node occurrence that leads to higher energy utilization and packet loss. The opportunistic data forward approach has been employed for the node communication. Extensive simulation has been carried out and the results show that MIER outperforms existing related research work in terms of end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and network lifetime.

Mathematics, 2019

In various modern linear control systems, a common practice is to make use of control in the feed... more In various modern linear control systems, a common practice is to make use of control in the feedback loops which act as an important tool for linear feedback systems. Stability and instability analysis of a linear feedback system give the measure of perturbed system to be singular and non-singular. The main objective of this article is to discuss numerical computation of the μ -values bounds by using low ranked ordinary differential equations based technique. Numerical computations illustrate the behavior of the method and the spectrum of operators are then numerically analyzed.

Molecular and Cellular Probes, 2017

For rapid and simultaneous detection of nine bovine mastitic pathogens, a sensitive and specific ... more For rapid and simultaneous detection of nine bovine mastitic pathogens, a sensitive and specific multiplex PCR assay was developed. The assay was standardized using reference strains and validated on mastitic milk cultures which were identified to species level based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Multiplex PCR assay also efficiently detected the target bacterial strains directly from milk. Detection limit of the assay was up to 50 pg for DNA isolated from pure cultures and

Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016

Molecular dissection of apomixis-an asexual reproductive mode-is anticipated to solve the enigma ... more Molecular dissection of apomixis-an asexual reproductive mode-is anticipated to solve the enigma of loss of meiotic sex, and to help fixing elite agronomic traits. The Brassicaceae genus Boechera comprises of both sexual and apomictic species, permitting comparative analyses of meiotic circumvention (apomeiosis) and parthenogenesis. Whereas previous studies reported local transcriptome changes during these events, it remained unclear whether global changes associated with hybridization, polyploidy and environmental adaptation that arose during evolution of Boechera might serve as (epi)genetic regulators of early development prior apomictic initiation. To identify these signatures during vegetative stages, we compared seedling RNA-seq transcriptomes of an obligate triploid apomict and a diploid sexual, both isolated from a drought-prone habitat. Uncovered were several genes differentially expressed between sexual and apomictic seedlings, including homologs of meiotic genes ASYNAPTIC 1 (ASY1) and MULTIPOLAR SPINDLE 1 (MPS1) that were downregulated in apomicts. An intriguing class of apomict-specific deregulated genes included several NAC transcription factors, homologs of which are known to be transcriptionally reprogrammed during abiotic stress in other plants. Deregulation of both meiotic and stress-response genes during seedling stages might possibly be important in preparation for meiotic circumvention, as similar transcriptional alteration was discernible in apomeiotic floral buds too. Furthermore, we noted that the apomict showed better tolerance to osmotic stress in vitro than the sexual, in conjunction with significant upregulation of a subset of NAC genes. In support of the current model that DNA methylation epigenetically regulates stress, ploidy, hybridization and apomixis, we noted that ASY1, MPS1 and NAC019 homologs were deregulated in Boechera seedlings upon DNA demethylation, and ASY1 in particular seems to be repressed by global DNA methylation exclusively in the apomicts. Variability in stress and transcriptional response in a diploid apomict, which is geographically distinct from the triploid apomict, pinpoints both common and independent features of apomixis

Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2015

Lysine executes imperative structural and functional roles in body and its supplementation in die... more Lysine executes imperative structural and functional roles in body and its supplementation in diet beneficial to prevent the escalating threat of protein deficiency. The physical mutagenesis offers new fascinating avenues of research for overproduction of lysine through surplus carbohydrate containing agriculture waste especially in developing countries. The current study was aimed to investigate the potential of UV mutated strain of Brevibacterium flavum at 254 nm for lysine production. The physical and nutritional parameters were optimized and maximum lysine production was observed with molasses (4% substrate water ratio). Moreover, supplementation of culture medium with metal cations (i.e. 0.4% CaSO4, 0.3% NaCl, 0.3% KH2PO4, 0.4% MgSO4, and 0.2% (NH4) 2SO4 w/v) together with 0.75% v/v corn steep liquor significantly enhanced the lysine production up to 26.71±0.31g/L. Though, concentrations of urea, ammonium nitrate and yeast sludge did not exhibit any profound effect on lysine pr...

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 2015

This chapter covers simulator design of RFID and WSN based smart node in a delay factor environme... more This chapter covers simulator design of RFID and WSN based smart node in a delay factor environment. Simulator architecture with reference to standard software architecture model is also discussed. Smart node parameters calculation in a larger network is not an easy task to implement. Therefore, this scenario-based environment simulator can easily handle complex mathematical equations with larger data. The discussed simulation environment is an event based triggered system.

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 2015

In this chapter, after analysing the identified challenges from literature survey, a mathematical... more In this chapter, after analysing the identified challenges from literature survey, a mathematical model is presented to calculate the end-to-end delays of a routing protocol ACQUIRE. Route selection is also discussed which is very important part in communication patterns. Its impact can be observed in the form of network delay when comparatively longer routes, involving greater number of sensor node are selected and also when network lifetime is degraded when choosing short routes, causing batteries depletion.

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, 2015

In this chapter research based work encompassing present and future trends of RFID and WSN has be... more In this chapter research based work encompassing present and future trends of RFID and WSN has been presented. Various research aspects in the area of security with respect to sensing network and identification have substantially been explored and pointed out for future investigation. Efforts have been made to incorporate the latest and updated research so as to provide the premises for the work that has been done in the subject area.

Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 2014

Transfusion, 2015

The Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion located in Rawalpindi, Northern Pakistan, acts as a reg... more The Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion located in Rawalpindi, Northern Pakistan, acts as a regional blood center with more than 50,000 donations collected annually. Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) was introduced in our institution in September 2012 for screening all seronegative blood donors. The study was conducted from September 21, 2012, to September 20, 2013. Samples from the seronegative donors were run on cobas s 201 platform (Roche) in pools of six. Reactive donors were followed up for further confirmatory testing to rule out false-positive results. Viral load estimation was done for all NAT-reactive donors. After serologic screening of 56,772 blood donors, 2334 were found to be reactive; 719 (1.27%) were reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen, 1046 (1.84%) for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), 12 (0.02%) for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus, and 557 (0.98%) for syphilis antibodies. A total of 27 NAT-reactive donors were confirmed after testing 54,438 seronegative donors, with an overall NAT yield of one in 2016 donors: 23 for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA (HBV NAT yield, 1:2367) and four for HCV RNA (HCV NAT yield, 1:13,609). The residual risk after NAT implementation, calculated for the first-time blood donors, was 62.5 and 4.4 per million donors for HBV and HCV, respectively. NAT has improved the safety of blood products at our transfusion institution. Confirmation of NAT results must always be done either on follow-up samples or on samples from the retrieved frozen plasma bag.

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2009

The recent emphasis on using "evidence based medicine" for decision-making in patient c... more The recent emphasis on using "evidence based medicine" for decision-making in patient care issues has prompted many publishers to mention the level of evidence of articles in their journals. The "quality" of a journal may thus be reflected by the proportion of articles with high levels of evidence, apart from other criteria. We aimed to determine the level of evidence of articles in indexed Pakistani medical journals. Two journals were selected: Journal of Pakistan Medical Association (JPMA) and Journal of College of Physician and Surgeons, Pakistan (JCPSP). Based on the information in the abstracts, all articles from 2003 and 2006 were categorized according to guidelines of Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Oxford, UK. 882 items/articles were reviewed. Of these, 270 (31%) were scientific articles within which 51% belonged to the "Therapeutic" and 25% to the "Prognostic" type. Only 27% had a high level of evidence (1 and 2) while a majority ...