Muhammad Tiro - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Muhammad Tiro

Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 2019

Seminar Nasional LP2M UNM, Nov 21, 2021

Jumlah pasien positif penyakit Coronavirus-2019 (Covid-19) meningkat secara tajam mengikuti sebar... more Jumlah pasien positif penyakit Coronavirus-2019 (Covid-19) meningkat secara tajam mengikuti sebaran eksponensial. Salah satu Provinsi di Indonesia di luar Pulau Jawa yang memiliki jumlah kasus Covid-19 tertinggi adalah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Diantara 24 Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Kota Makassar sebagai ibukota provinsi Sulawesi Selatan memiliki kasus terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 tertinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan model Bayesian spasial Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) dalam mengestimasi risiko relative (RR) kasus Covid-19 di Makassar. Beberapa model model Bayesian spasial CAR yang digunakan adalah CAR BYM, CAR Leroux, CAR localised dan model Independent. Data yang digunakan pada penelitiaan ini adalah data jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 (20 Maret 2020-30 Agustus 2021) dan data jumlah penduduk pada 15 kecamatan di Kota Makassar. Pemilihan model terbaik didasarkan pada beberapa ukuran kecocokan model yaitu Deviance Information Criteria (DIC), Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria (WAIC). Berdasarkan nilai DIC dan WAIC yang terkecil, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Bayesian spasial CAR localised merupakan model yang terbaik dalam memodelkan kasus terkonfirmasi Covid-19 di kota Makassar. Berdasarkan Bayesian spasial CAR localised tersebut, diperoleh bahwa Ujung Pandang memiliki RR Covid-19 tertinggi (RR=1,70) sedangkan Kabupaten Sangkarrang memiliki RR Covid-19 terendah (RR=0,09). Hasil ini dapat membantu para pembuat kebijakan dalam pengambilan keputusan.

Public Policy and Administration Research, 2013

This research is intended to analyze the effect of quality of work life, organizational co mmit m... more This research is intended to analyze the effect of quality of work life, organizational co mmit ment towards work satisfaction in increasing public service performance at Spatial Planning and Building and Licensing Admin istration Office in Makassar City. It also analy zes the direct and indirect effect of quality o f work life and organizational co mmit ment towards public service performance. The research respondents are the officials of Spatial Planning and Building and Licensing Administration Office in Makassar City. The research type is survey research using the data of "cross sectional" towards the variables studied by using quantitative analysis. The research population is the officials of Spatial Planning and Building and Licensing Administration Office in Makassar City consisting of 200 officials. The research sample is drawn by proportionate stratified random sampling. The data collected by questionnaire are analyzed by using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The research results indicate that 1) quality of work life has insignificant effect towards public service performance and work satisfaction, but it has impo rtant correlat ion with organizat ional co mmit ment. 2) organizational co mmit ment has indirect effect on the performance of public service, but in fluence indirectly through work satisfaction. 3) quality of work life and organizational co mmit ment have insignificant effect towards public service performance but both can give direct contribution towards through work performance.

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021

The concept of probability and randomized events is the main basis of statistics. Thus, literacy ... more The concept of probability and randomized events is the main basis of statistics. Thus, literacy of probability and randomized events is a basis of statistical literacy. This study aimed to describe and assess the literacy of probability and randomized events for students of the statistics department of the first (2013) and the second (2014) batch at Universitas Negeri Makassar. Statistical literacy is defined in four indicators namely understanding the concept; the ability to apply; the ability to calculate; and interpretation skills of probability and randomized events. The approach used for the analysis of this survey data were descriptive quantitative and classification. Classification analysis was used to determine problems classification faced by students in probability and randomized events literacy. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to see the validity of the construct operational definitions of the variables. This study found that the level of probability and randomiz...

Proceedings of the Joint Workshop KO2PI and The 1st International Conference on Advance & Scientific Innovation, 2018

Climate information is seen as important in helping society, especially in the agricultural secto... more Climate information is seen as important in helping society, especially in the agricultural sector. In this regard, it is necessary to forecast rainfall which is one of the major factors associated with global climate change. ARIMA Method is a popular method used in forecasting. However, the method in use was based on several assumptions and is not considered independent variables in making forecasting. To anticipate the non-fulfillment of assumptions in the ARIMA method Box-Jenkins and to further streamline the results of forecasting by using free variables in forecasting, another method that can be used is backpropagation neural network. This study aims to predict rainfall in North Luwu District use backpropagation neural network method. From the research results obtained the best model i.e. architecture (5,4,1) for backpropagation neural network method with RMSE 95,41.

Penelitian ex-post facto ini bertujuan menyelidiki kontribusi kemampuan berpikir divergen dan efi... more Penelitian ex-post facto ini bertujuan menyelidiki kontribusi kemampuan berpikir divergen dan efikasi diri ( self efficacy ) terhadap prestasi belajar matematika baik langsung mau pun tidak langsung melalui kemandirian belajar siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri di Galesong Utara Kabupaten Takalar tahun 2017/2018. Populasi penelitian sebanyak 582 siswa dengan sampel sebanyak 197 siswa. Sampel dipilih dengan teknik proportional random sampling . Instrumen yang digunakan adalah (1) tes kemampuan berpikir divergen, (2) skala efikasi diri, (3) skala kemandirian belajar, (4) tes prestasi belajar matematika. Data dianalisis dengan statistika deskriptif dan analisis Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) sebagian besar siswa memiliki kemampuan berpikir divergen dalam kategori sedang, efikasi diri dalam kategori sangat tinggi, kemandirian belajar dalam kategori tinggi, dan prestasi belajar matematika dalam kategori sangat rendah, (2) efikasi diri memiliki pengaru...

This study is research and development refers to 4-D Thiagarajan model which aims at producing a ... more This study is research and development refers to 4-D Thiagarajan model which aims at producing a valid learning devices and examining whether cooperative learning tools of jigsaw type problem posing giving approach is effektive to be applied on circle subject matter of grade VIII students at SMP Ittihad Makassar. This study is conducted due to low quality of education, teacher centered is still applied in school in mathematics learning, and a pleasant learning condition has not been achieved yet. Therefore, the problem statement related to the main problem is how is the implementation and the effectiveness of cooperative learning devices of jigsaw type through problem giving approach on circle subject matter. The devices of be produced in this study are the lesson plan, teacher’s manual, student’s book, student’s workbook, and lerning achievement test. Data on teacher and students’ activities were obtained by using observation sheet; whereas, to examine students’ learning achievemen...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021

This development research has obtained an assessment model of probability literacy in senior seco... more This development research has obtained an assessment model of probability literacy in senior secondary school students. Such literacy is crucial because the statistical assessment as part of mathematics today in senior secondary schools tend to emphasize technical procedures with many mathematical formulae. Literacy of probability consists of five basic competencies, namely: (1) understanding the concept of probability, (2) insight into the application of the probability concepts, (3) skills in calculating the value of probability, (4) careful interpretation of the probability value, and (5) skills in visualization and communication of probabilities and conclusion that may be drawn from them. This study maps ability levels in these five competencies across Makassar City, identifying weaknesses in several questions about probability literacy that need to be revised. The emphasis on the concept of literacy is a major strategy to improve learning in secondary schools. These five compet...

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020

BACKGROUND: Prevention of mother-to-child Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission or prev... more BACKGROUND: Prevention of mother-to-child Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission or prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) is part of efforts to control HIV-Acquired Deficiency Syndrome and sexually transmitted infections. In Indonesia, there were 1,805,993 pregnant women who were tested for HIV and there were 5074 (0.28%) pregnant women who were HIV positive. AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence pregnant women not to conduct a PMTCT examination in Makassar City in 2019. METHODS: This study was an observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. The sample in this study was 260 pregnant women in the working area of the Sudiang Raya Health Center and Antang Perumnas Makassar City. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS: The results showed that education affected pregnant women who did not conduct PMTCT examination with p = 0.013 (p 0.05), knowledge p = 0.621 (p > 0.05), p...

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 2016

This action research was conducted in the first grade of SLTP Negeri 3 Ujungpandang to study the ... more This action research was conducted in the first grade of SLTP Negeri 3 Ujungpandang to study the ability of students to solve problems of verbal sentences in mathematics. The objectives are improving quality of mathematics learning process, finding effective ways in mathematics teaching, motivating teachers and related researchers to improve their professionalism, and training teachers in thinking and acting with cooperative ways in doing their jobs. The results show the improvement of students ability to identify problems, to determine mathematical models, to simplify the mathematical models, to solve mathematical problems, and to interpret the mathematical solutions. Besides, there are significant improvement of teachers ability in doing learning process by expansions of verbal sentence problems according to student's situations

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020

BACKGROUND: Population that continues to increase is a big problem for countries in the world, es... more BACKGROUND: Population that continues to increase is a big problem for countries in the world, especially developing countries. One of the problems in the management of family planning programs is the high level of unmet need for family planning in Indonesia. Unmet need is the number of couples of childbearing age who want to postpone pregnancy or do not want additional children but do not use birth control methods. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the determinants of the occurrence of unmet need in fertile age couples in the West Bulotadaa Village, Gorontalo City. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional with a sample of 146 fertile age couples selected by systematic random sampling. Data collection was made, using questionnaires containing questions from the research variables. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis through the SPSS for windows program. RESULTS: The visit of KB officers affected the unmet need with p = 0.032 (p 0.05), family inc...

Universal Journal of Educational Research, 2020

The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to find out the development process of holistic assessme... more The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to find out the development process of holistic assessment in multiple linear regression literacy; 2) to develop a valid, practical, and effective holistic assessment in multiple linear regression literacy. Employing Research and Development model, it indicated that holistic assessment model is developed based on preliminary research and development of the assessment as mentioned earlier in multiple linear regression literacy following the revision that was done after the validity test. The development of holistic assessment was strengthened by carrying out a trial to the students at the Study Program of Statistics of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar. The trial was conducted in the lesson of multiple linear regression literacy in an integrated manner. Holistic assessment encompasses the information on students' learning outcomes from the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects that are oriented to the lesson of multiple linear regression literacy. This model of assessment is able to monitor the progress of students' learning outcomes. The holistic assessment in multiple linear regression literacy is proven valid based on the result of instrument assessment by the experts. Besides, this assessment model is also considered practical and effective to apply, as signified by the observation of holistic assessment implementation in the lesson of multiple regression linear literacy as well as the result of the trial.

VARIANSI: Journal of Statistics and Its application on Teaching and Research, 2020

Discriminant analysis is a method in multivariat statistic analysis that related with object whic... more Discriminant analysis is a method in multivariat statistic analysis that related with object which have separated into the defined group defined and see the accuracy of the formed group. In this research, clustera analysis is used for the first grouping, cluster analysis is a statistical analysis which aims to classify some objects based on the characteristics similarity among the object. Data for this study is HDI (Human Development Index) of indicator in south sulawesi in 2016. The result of this research are 1st cluster (lower HDI indicator) which have 21 city/ distric and the 2nd cluster (higher HDI indicator) which have 3 city/distric as the closeness value between the cluster that formed is 0.902 which shows the closeness between the cluster is high. Furthermore, the discriminant function that have formed explains that if the life expectancy increase, the HDI indicator in city/distric in south sulawesi province will decrease but if school expectation duration in school , average of duration in school, and parity of pur hasing power is increasing, the HDI indicator in city/distric in aouth sulawesi will also increase.

Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development, 2019

Seminar Nasional LP2M UNM, Nov 21, 2021

Jumlah pasien positif penyakit Coronavirus-2019 (Covid-19) meningkat secara tajam mengikuti sebar... more Jumlah pasien positif penyakit Coronavirus-2019 (Covid-19) meningkat secara tajam mengikuti sebaran eksponensial. Salah satu Provinsi di Indonesia di luar Pulau Jawa yang memiliki jumlah kasus Covid-19 tertinggi adalah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Diantara 24 Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Kota Makassar sebagai ibukota provinsi Sulawesi Selatan memiliki kasus terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 tertinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan model Bayesian spasial Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) dalam mengestimasi risiko relative (RR) kasus Covid-19 di Makassar. Beberapa model model Bayesian spasial CAR yang digunakan adalah CAR BYM, CAR Leroux, CAR localised dan model Independent. Data yang digunakan pada penelitiaan ini adalah data jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 (20 Maret 2020-30 Agustus 2021) dan data jumlah penduduk pada 15 kecamatan di Kota Makassar. Pemilihan model terbaik didasarkan pada beberapa ukuran kecocokan model yaitu Deviance Information Criteria (DIC), Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria (WAIC). Berdasarkan nilai DIC dan WAIC yang terkecil, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Bayesian spasial CAR localised merupakan model yang terbaik dalam memodelkan kasus terkonfirmasi Covid-19 di kota Makassar. Berdasarkan Bayesian spasial CAR localised tersebut, diperoleh bahwa Ujung Pandang memiliki RR Covid-19 tertinggi (RR=1,70) sedangkan Kabupaten Sangkarrang memiliki RR Covid-19 terendah (RR=0,09). Hasil ini dapat membantu para pembuat kebijakan dalam pengambilan keputusan.

Public Policy and Administration Research, 2013

This research is intended to analyze the effect of quality of work life, organizational co mmit m... more This research is intended to analyze the effect of quality of work life, organizational co mmit ment towards work satisfaction in increasing public service performance at Spatial Planning and Building and Licensing Admin istration Office in Makassar City. It also analy zes the direct and indirect effect of quality o f work life and organizational co mmit ment towards public service performance. The research respondents are the officials of Spatial Planning and Building and Licensing Administration Office in Makassar City. The research type is survey research using the data of "cross sectional" towards the variables studied by using quantitative analysis. The research population is the officials of Spatial Planning and Building and Licensing Administration Office in Makassar City consisting of 200 officials. The research sample is drawn by proportionate stratified random sampling. The data collected by questionnaire are analyzed by using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The research results indicate that 1) quality of work life has insignificant effect towards public service performance and work satisfaction, but it has impo rtant correlat ion with organizat ional co mmit ment. 2) organizational co mmit ment has indirect effect on the performance of public service, but in fluence indirectly through work satisfaction. 3) quality of work life and organizational co mmit ment have insignificant effect towards public service performance but both can give direct contribution towards through work performance.

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021

The concept of probability and randomized events is the main basis of statistics. Thus, literacy ... more The concept of probability and randomized events is the main basis of statistics. Thus, literacy of probability and randomized events is a basis of statistical literacy. This study aimed to describe and assess the literacy of probability and randomized events for students of the statistics department of the first (2013) and the second (2014) batch at Universitas Negeri Makassar. Statistical literacy is defined in four indicators namely understanding the concept; the ability to apply; the ability to calculate; and interpretation skills of probability and randomized events. The approach used for the analysis of this survey data were descriptive quantitative and classification. Classification analysis was used to determine problems classification faced by students in probability and randomized events literacy. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to see the validity of the construct operational definitions of the variables. This study found that the level of probability and randomiz...

Proceedings of the Joint Workshop KO2PI and The 1st International Conference on Advance & Scientific Innovation, 2018

Climate information is seen as important in helping society, especially in the agricultural secto... more Climate information is seen as important in helping society, especially in the agricultural sector. In this regard, it is necessary to forecast rainfall which is one of the major factors associated with global climate change. ARIMA Method is a popular method used in forecasting. However, the method in use was based on several assumptions and is not considered independent variables in making forecasting. To anticipate the non-fulfillment of assumptions in the ARIMA method Box-Jenkins and to further streamline the results of forecasting by using free variables in forecasting, another method that can be used is backpropagation neural network. This study aims to predict rainfall in North Luwu District use backpropagation neural network method. From the research results obtained the best model i.e. architecture (5,4,1) for backpropagation neural network method with RMSE 95,41.

Penelitian ex-post facto ini bertujuan menyelidiki kontribusi kemampuan berpikir divergen dan efi... more Penelitian ex-post facto ini bertujuan menyelidiki kontribusi kemampuan berpikir divergen dan efikasi diri ( self efficacy ) terhadap prestasi belajar matematika baik langsung mau pun tidak langsung melalui kemandirian belajar siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri di Galesong Utara Kabupaten Takalar tahun 2017/2018. Populasi penelitian sebanyak 582 siswa dengan sampel sebanyak 197 siswa. Sampel dipilih dengan teknik proportional random sampling . Instrumen yang digunakan adalah (1) tes kemampuan berpikir divergen, (2) skala efikasi diri, (3) skala kemandirian belajar, (4) tes prestasi belajar matematika. Data dianalisis dengan statistika deskriptif dan analisis Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) sebagian besar siswa memiliki kemampuan berpikir divergen dalam kategori sedang, efikasi diri dalam kategori sangat tinggi, kemandirian belajar dalam kategori tinggi, dan prestasi belajar matematika dalam kategori sangat rendah, (2) efikasi diri memiliki pengaru...

This study is research and development refers to 4-D Thiagarajan model which aims at producing a ... more This study is research and development refers to 4-D Thiagarajan model which aims at producing a valid learning devices and examining whether cooperative learning tools of jigsaw type problem posing giving approach is effektive to be applied on circle subject matter of grade VIII students at SMP Ittihad Makassar. This study is conducted due to low quality of education, teacher centered is still applied in school in mathematics learning, and a pleasant learning condition has not been achieved yet. Therefore, the problem statement related to the main problem is how is the implementation and the effectiveness of cooperative learning devices of jigsaw type through problem giving approach on circle subject matter. The devices of be produced in this study are the lesson plan, teacher’s manual, student’s book, student’s workbook, and lerning achievement test. Data on teacher and students’ activities were obtained by using observation sheet; whereas, to examine students’ learning achievemen...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021

This development research has obtained an assessment model of probability literacy in senior seco... more This development research has obtained an assessment model of probability literacy in senior secondary school students. Such literacy is crucial because the statistical assessment as part of mathematics today in senior secondary schools tend to emphasize technical procedures with many mathematical formulae. Literacy of probability consists of five basic competencies, namely: (1) understanding the concept of probability, (2) insight into the application of the probability concepts, (3) skills in calculating the value of probability, (4) careful interpretation of the probability value, and (5) skills in visualization and communication of probabilities and conclusion that may be drawn from them. This study maps ability levels in these five competencies across Makassar City, identifying weaknesses in several questions about probability literacy that need to be revised. The emphasis on the concept of literacy is a major strategy to improve learning in secondary schools. These five compet...

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020

BACKGROUND: Prevention of mother-to-child Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission or prev... more BACKGROUND: Prevention of mother-to-child Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission or prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) is part of efforts to control HIV-Acquired Deficiency Syndrome and sexually transmitted infections. In Indonesia, there were 1,805,993 pregnant women who were tested for HIV and there were 5074 (0.28%) pregnant women who were HIV positive. AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence pregnant women not to conduct a PMTCT examination in Makassar City in 2019. METHODS: This study was an observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. The sample in this study was 260 pregnant women in the working area of the Sudiang Raya Health Center and Antang Perumnas Makassar City. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS: The results showed that education affected pregnant women who did not conduct PMTCT examination with p = 0.013 (p 0.05), knowledge p = 0.621 (p > 0.05), p...

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 2016

This action research was conducted in the first grade of SLTP Negeri 3 Ujungpandang to study the ... more This action research was conducted in the first grade of SLTP Negeri 3 Ujungpandang to study the ability of students to solve problems of verbal sentences in mathematics. The objectives are improving quality of mathematics learning process, finding effective ways in mathematics teaching, motivating teachers and related researchers to improve their professionalism, and training teachers in thinking and acting with cooperative ways in doing their jobs. The results show the improvement of students ability to identify problems, to determine mathematical models, to simplify the mathematical models, to solve mathematical problems, and to interpret the mathematical solutions. Besides, there are significant improvement of teachers ability in doing learning process by expansions of verbal sentence problems according to student's situations

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020

BACKGROUND: Population that continues to increase is a big problem for countries in the world, es... more BACKGROUND: Population that continues to increase is a big problem for countries in the world, especially developing countries. One of the problems in the management of family planning programs is the high level of unmet need for family planning in Indonesia. Unmet need is the number of couples of childbearing age who want to postpone pregnancy or do not want additional children but do not use birth control methods. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the determinants of the occurrence of unmet need in fertile age couples in the West Bulotadaa Village, Gorontalo City. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional with a sample of 146 fertile age couples selected by systematic random sampling. Data collection was made, using questionnaires containing questions from the research variables. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis through the SPSS for windows program. RESULTS: The visit of KB officers affected the unmet need with p = 0.032 (p 0.05), family inc...

Universal Journal of Educational Research, 2020

The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to find out the development process of holistic assessme... more The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to find out the development process of holistic assessment in multiple linear regression literacy; 2) to develop a valid, practical, and effective holistic assessment in multiple linear regression literacy. Employing Research and Development model, it indicated that holistic assessment model is developed based on preliminary research and development of the assessment as mentioned earlier in multiple linear regression literacy following the revision that was done after the validity test. The development of holistic assessment was strengthened by carrying out a trial to the students at the Study Program of Statistics of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar. The trial was conducted in the lesson of multiple linear regression literacy in an integrated manner. Holistic assessment encompasses the information on students' learning outcomes from the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects that are oriented to the lesson of multiple linear regression literacy. This model of assessment is able to monitor the progress of students' learning outcomes. The holistic assessment in multiple linear regression literacy is proven valid based on the result of instrument assessment by the experts. Besides, this assessment model is also considered practical and effective to apply, as signified by the observation of holistic assessment implementation in the lesson of multiple regression linear literacy as well as the result of the trial.

VARIANSI: Journal of Statistics and Its application on Teaching and Research, 2020

Discriminant analysis is a method in multivariat statistic analysis that related with object whic... more Discriminant analysis is a method in multivariat statistic analysis that related with object which have separated into the defined group defined and see the accuracy of the formed group. In this research, clustera analysis is used for the first grouping, cluster analysis is a statistical analysis which aims to classify some objects based on the characteristics similarity among the object. Data for this study is HDI (Human Development Index) of indicator in south sulawesi in 2016. The result of this research are 1st cluster (lower HDI indicator) which have 21 city/ distric and the 2nd cluster (higher HDI indicator) which have 3 city/distric as the closeness value between the cluster that formed is 0.902 which shows the closeness between the cluster is high. Furthermore, the discriminant function that have formed explains that if the life expectancy increase, the HDI indicator in city/distric in south sulawesi province will decrease but if school expectation duration in school , average of duration in school, and parity of pur hasing power is increasing, the HDI indicator in city/distric in aouth sulawesi will also increase.