Thiago B Murari - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Thiago B Murari

Research paper thumbnail of Conservation in the Amazon rainforest and Google searches: A DCCA approach

PLOS ONE

In this paper we analyze the descriptive statistics of the Google search volume for the terms rel... more In this paper we analyze the descriptive statistics of the Google search volume for the terms related to the National Reserve of Copper and Associates (RENCA), a Brazilian mineral reserve in the Amazon of 4.6 million hectares, before and after the government signed the decree releasing it for exploration. First, we analyze the volume of searches for expressions related to RENCA in Google Trends using descriptive statistics; second, we assess the cross-correlation coefficient ρDCCA, which measures the cross-correlation between two nonstationary time series across different time scales. After the government announced the release of the RENCA reserve, there was an increase in the average volume of Google searches for related terms, showing people’s concern about the announcement. By using the cross-correlation coefficient ρDCCA, we identify strong cross-correlations between the different expressions related to RENCA in Google Trends. Our work shows the utility of Google Trends as an in...

Research paper thumbnail of A Proposal for the Integration of the Energy Matrix from a Graph Theory Perspective

International Journal for Innovation Education and Research

Brazil has stood out as a major producer of renewable energy in the world, despite advances in te... more Brazil has stood out as a major producer of renewable energy in the world, despite advances in terms of its use, it is not yet a potential collaborative generator due to the inability of a bidirectional flow over the existing energy matrix, which has, in its extension, a strong limitation from the topological point of view, therefore, looking for computational models that operate within optimal solutions, supported by Graph Theory, is the objective of this work, making use of the Kruskal and Vertex Cover algorithms. to identify an alternative capable of producing a usable scenario under the implementation aspect and with a reduction of the costs under this expansion.

Research paper thumbnail of Synchronized spread of COVID-19 in the cities of Bahia, Brazil

Research paper thumbnail of Retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 in patients of the Brazilian public health system with SARS-COV-2 Omicron variant infection

Several vaccines against COVID-19 are now available, based on different techniques and made by di... more Several vaccines against COVID-19 are now available, based on different techniques and made by different laboratories spread around the world. With the roll out of the vaccination process in an advanced stage in many countries, and the reduced hospitalization risk by the Omicron relative to Delta variant infection, despite the higher transmission risk of Omicron, may lead to a misinterpretation of the results, as infection by Omicron is associated with a significant reduction of severe outcomes and shorter hospitalization time than the Delta variant. We compared the in-hospital mortality due to the Omicron (Jan-Mar 2022) with Gamma (Jan 2021) and Delta (Oct-Dec 2021) variants of patients in the Brazilian public health system. This study also discusses the decrease of booster vaccine effectiveness in hospitalized patients due to the Omicron compared with the Delta variant. Without a remodeling of vaccines for new variants, booster doses may be necessary with a shorter time interval

Research paper thumbnail of Ferramenta de auxílio para comunicar a especificação dimensional aplicada a um sistema de suspensão veicular

Research paper thumbnail of A Critical Analysis of the COVID-19 Hospitalization Network in Countries with Limited Resources

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022

To effectively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, countries with limited resources could only allocate... more To effectively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, countries with limited resources could only allocate intensive and non-intensive care units to a low number of regions. In this work, we evaluated the actual displacement of infected patients in search of care, aiming to understand how the networks of planned and actual hospitalizations take place. To assess the flow of hospitalizations outside the place of residence, we used the concepts of complex networks. Our findings indicate that the current distribution of health facilities in Bahia, Brazil, is not sufficient to effectively reduce the distances traveled by patients with COVID-19 who require hospitalization. We believe that unnecessary trips to distant hospitals can put both the sick and the healthy involved in the transport process at risk, further delaying the stabilization of the COVID-19 pandemic in each region of the state of Bahia. From the results found, we concluded that, to mitigate this situation, the implementation of hea...

Research paper thumbnail of A Critical Analysis of the Hospitalization Network for COVID-19 Patients in Bahia, Brazil in the First Wave of the Pandemic

To effectively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the state government of Bahia, Brazil, has distribut... more To effectively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the state government of Bahia, Brazil, has distributed intensive and non-intensive care units along the nine regions that divide the state of Bahia, such that COVID-19 patients could be easily hospitalized in health care units located at the same regions where they live. However, the observed hospitalizations networks for COVID-19 patients shows that a considerable number of COVID-19 patients had to travel beyond their region of residence to be hospitalized. Hence, this study indicates that the current distribution of health care units in Bahia, Brazil, is not sufficient to effectively reduce the distances traveled by COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. We believe that such unnecessary travels to distant hospitals may put the sick patients as well as healthy people involved in the transportation process in risk, further delaying the stabilization of the COVID-19 pandemic in each region of the state of Bahia.

Research paper thumbnail of Optimization of COVID-19 vaccination and the role of individuals with a high number of contacts: A model based approach

PLOS ONE, 2022

We report strong evidence of the importance of contact hubs (or superspreaders) in mitigating the... more We report strong evidence of the importance of contact hubs (or superspreaders) in mitigating the current COVID-19 pandemic. Contact hubs have a much larger number of contacts than the average in the population, and play a key role on the effectiveness of vaccination strategies. By using an age-structures compartmental SEIAHRV (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected symptomatic, Asymptomatic, Hospitalized, Recovered, Vaccinated) model, calibrated from available demographic and COVID-19 incidence, and considering separately those individuals with a much greater number of contacts than the average in the population, we show that carefully choosing who will compose the first group to be vaccinated can impact positively the total death toll and the demand for health services. This is even more relevant in countries with a lack of basic resources for proper vaccination and a significant reduction in social isolation. In order to demonstrate our approach we show the effect of hypothetical vaccina...

Research paper thumbnail of Google Trends - RENCA terms

Research paper thumbnail of The Paradox and Dynamic Betweem Sustainable Development and Corporate Performance

JOURNAL OF BIOENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO HEALTH, 2021

This article discusses the false antagonism between sustainable development and corporate perform... more This article discusses the false antagonism between sustainable development and corporate performance amalgamated with the search for innovation, intensive use of technologies, and global awareness, during the COVID-19 pandemic scenario and the transformations imposed on society, together with the effects of the necessary insertion of new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence. The study highlights the interaction between elements of a technological revolution that imposes profound changes in society, organizations, and, at the same time, unprecedented health and environmental crisis that put at risk the capacity of human resilience to build the future, and opportunities to reconcile socio-economic advances and sustainability practices.

Research paper thumbnail of Induction of a Consumption Pattern for Ethanol and Gasoline in Brazil

Sustainability

Historically, carbon dioxide emissions from transport have been a globally discussed and analyzed... more Historically, carbon dioxide emissions from transport have been a globally discussed and analyzed problem. The adoption of flex fuel vehicles designed to run ethanol–gasoline blends is important to mitigate these emissions. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the ethanol–gasoline price ratio on different vehicle models, and discuss the opportunities to increase ethanol consumption from this perspective. Our analysis shows that the use of a unique fuel economy ratio for all flex–fuel vehicles in the country significantly reduces the opportunity of some customers to purchase hydrous ethanol. The paper also discusses possible actions to provide adequate information that may increase the possibility of fuelling vehicles with a high-level ethanol blend.

Research paper thumbnail of Construção do conhecimento em organizações na perspectiva da modelagem de processos industriais e sistemas complexos

Este volume da Série Compartilhando Saberes se dedica ao tema da modelagem de sistemas complexos ... more Este volume da Série Compartilhando Saberes se dedica ao tema da modelagem de sistemas complexos e processos industriais. Modelos computacionais de estudos empíricos e teóricos são apresentados pelos autores, representando uma importante metodologia para a análise e a compreensão de problemas reais nas organizações.

Research paper thumbnail of Virtual Reality-Based Stimuli for Immersive Car Clinics: A Performance Evaluation Model

Big Data and Cognitive Computing

This study proposes a model to evaluate the performance of virtual reality-based stimuli for imme... more This study proposes a model to evaluate the performance of virtual reality-based stimuli for immersive car clinics. The model considered Attribute Importance, Stimuli Efficacy and Stimuli Cost factors and the method was divided into three stages: we defined the importance of fourteen attributes relevant to a car clinic based on the perceptions of Marketing and Design experts; then we defined the efficacy of five virtual stimuli based on the perceptions of Product Development and Virtual Reality experts; and we used a cost factor to calculate the efficiency of the five virtual stimuli in relation to the physical. The Marketing and Design experts identified a new attribute, Scope; eleven of the fifteen attributes were rated as Important or Very Important, while four were removed from the model due to being considered irrelevant. According to our performance evaluation model, virtual stimuli have the same efficacy as physical stimuli. However, when cost is considered, virtual stimuli o...

Research paper thumbnail of How Does ENSO Impact the Solar Radiation Forecast in South America? The Self-affinity Analysis Approach

The major challenge we face today in the energy sector is to meet the growing demand for electric... more The major challenge we face today in the energy sector is to meet the growing demand for electricity with less impact on the environment. South America is an important player in the renewable energy resource. Brazil accelerated the growth of photovoltaic installed capacity in 2018. From April of 2017 to April of 2018, the capacity increased 1351.5%. It is expected to reach the value of 2.4 GW until the end of the year. The new Chilean regulation request that 20% of the total electricity production in 2025 must come from renewable energy sources. The aim of this paper is to establish time series behavior changes between El Niño Southern Oscillation and the solar radiation resource in South America. The results can be used to validate forecasts of energy production for new solar plants. The method used to verify the behavior of the time series was the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. Solar radiation data were collected in twenty-five cities distributed inside the Brazilian solar belt, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Sustainable urban mobility analysis for elderly and disabled people in São Paulo

Scientific Reports

The Brazilian Urban Mobility Policy integrates urban transport with traffic planning, establishin... more The Brazilian Urban Mobility Policy integrates urban transport with traffic planning, establishing appropriate public policies that indicate the need for a safe and accessible public transport system. The major challenge is the inclusion of the elderly and people with disabilities. In this paper, we quantify the impact of rainfall on the number of people with disabilities and elderly people who use the public bus transportation system for accessibility in the first and last miles in the city of São Paulo. The proposed methodology is used to evaluate the co-movements between the time series of free-fare users and rainfall in São Paulo. The findings confirm the hypothesis that significant rainfall causes a reduction in the number of daily free-fare passengers who use the public bus system in São Paulo.

Research paper thumbnail of Acid Lead Battery impacts inside Connected Vehicles

Research paper thumbnail of O ρDCCA aplicado em séries temporais para avaliar a acessibilidade de passageiros no transporte público de ônibus em São Paulo

O impacto do automovel nas sociedades urbanas e uma questao importante em todas as regioes metrop... more O impacto do automovel nas sociedades urbanas e uma questao importante em todas as regioes metropolitanas do mundo [2]. Atrair um numero maior de pessoas para o transporte publico tem sido o foco de varias politicas governamentais e esse e um fator essencial para a sustentabilidade futura das cidades [5] [...].

Research paper thumbnail of How Does ENSO Impact the Solar Radiation Forecast in South America? The Self-affinity Analysis Approach

arXiv: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 2020

The major challenge we face today in the energy sector is to meet the growing demand for electric... more The major challenge we face today in the energy sector is to meet the growing demand for electricity with less impact on the environment. South America is an important player in the renewable energy resource. Brazil accelerated the growth of photovoltaic installed capacity in 2018. From April of 2017 to April of 2018, the capacity increased 1351.51351.5\%1351.5. It is expected to reach the value of 2.4GW2.4\ GW2.4GW until the end of the year. The new Chilean regulation request that 20\% of the total electricity production in 2025 must come from renewable energy sources. The aim of this paper is to establish time series behavior changes between El Ni\~no Southern Oscillation and the solar radiation resource in South America. The results can be used to validate forecasts of energy production for new solar plants. The method used to verify the behavior of the time series was the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. Solar radiation data were collected in twenty-five cities distributed inside the Brazilian sol...

Research paper thumbnail of Data-Driven Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Testing Prioritization

Research paper thumbnail of Use of Continuously Variable Transmission Inautomobiles as an Advantage in Reducing Fuelconsumption and Emissions Level

Research paper thumbnail of Conservation in the Amazon rainforest and Google searches: A DCCA approach

PLOS ONE

In this paper we analyze the descriptive statistics of the Google search volume for the terms rel... more In this paper we analyze the descriptive statistics of the Google search volume for the terms related to the National Reserve of Copper and Associates (RENCA), a Brazilian mineral reserve in the Amazon of 4.6 million hectares, before and after the government signed the decree releasing it for exploration. First, we analyze the volume of searches for expressions related to RENCA in Google Trends using descriptive statistics; second, we assess the cross-correlation coefficient ρDCCA, which measures the cross-correlation between two nonstationary time series across different time scales. After the government announced the release of the RENCA reserve, there was an increase in the average volume of Google searches for related terms, showing people’s concern about the announcement. By using the cross-correlation coefficient ρDCCA, we identify strong cross-correlations between the different expressions related to RENCA in Google Trends. Our work shows the utility of Google Trends as an in...

Research paper thumbnail of A Proposal for the Integration of the Energy Matrix from a Graph Theory Perspective

International Journal for Innovation Education and Research

Brazil has stood out as a major producer of renewable energy in the world, despite advances in te... more Brazil has stood out as a major producer of renewable energy in the world, despite advances in terms of its use, it is not yet a potential collaborative generator due to the inability of a bidirectional flow over the existing energy matrix, which has, in its extension, a strong limitation from the topological point of view, therefore, looking for computational models that operate within optimal solutions, supported by Graph Theory, is the objective of this work, making use of the Kruskal and Vertex Cover algorithms. to identify an alternative capable of producing a usable scenario under the implementation aspect and with a reduction of the costs under this expansion.

Research paper thumbnail of Synchronized spread of COVID-19 in the cities of Bahia, Brazil

Research paper thumbnail of Retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 in patients of the Brazilian public health system with SARS-COV-2 Omicron variant infection

Several vaccines against COVID-19 are now available, based on different techniques and made by di... more Several vaccines against COVID-19 are now available, based on different techniques and made by different laboratories spread around the world. With the roll out of the vaccination process in an advanced stage in many countries, and the reduced hospitalization risk by the Omicron relative to Delta variant infection, despite the higher transmission risk of Omicron, may lead to a misinterpretation of the results, as infection by Omicron is associated with a significant reduction of severe outcomes and shorter hospitalization time than the Delta variant. We compared the in-hospital mortality due to the Omicron (Jan-Mar 2022) with Gamma (Jan 2021) and Delta (Oct-Dec 2021) variants of patients in the Brazilian public health system. This study also discusses the decrease of booster vaccine effectiveness in hospitalized patients due to the Omicron compared with the Delta variant. Without a remodeling of vaccines for new variants, booster doses may be necessary with a shorter time interval

Research paper thumbnail of Ferramenta de auxílio para comunicar a especificação dimensional aplicada a um sistema de suspensão veicular

Research paper thumbnail of A Critical Analysis of the COVID-19 Hospitalization Network in Countries with Limited Resources

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022

To effectively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, countries with limited resources could only allocate... more To effectively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, countries with limited resources could only allocate intensive and non-intensive care units to a low number of regions. In this work, we evaluated the actual displacement of infected patients in search of care, aiming to understand how the networks of planned and actual hospitalizations take place. To assess the flow of hospitalizations outside the place of residence, we used the concepts of complex networks. Our findings indicate that the current distribution of health facilities in Bahia, Brazil, is not sufficient to effectively reduce the distances traveled by patients with COVID-19 who require hospitalization. We believe that unnecessary trips to distant hospitals can put both the sick and the healthy involved in the transport process at risk, further delaying the stabilization of the COVID-19 pandemic in each region of the state of Bahia. From the results found, we concluded that, to mitigate this situation, the implementation of hea...

Research paper thumbnail of A Critical Analysis of the Hospitalization Network for COVID-19 Patients in Bahia, Brazil in the First Wave of the Pandemic

To effectively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the state government of Bahia, Brazil, has distribut... more To effectively combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the state government of Bahia, Brazil, has distributed intensive and non-intensive care units along the nine regions that divide the state of Bahia, such that COVID-19 patients could be easily hospitalized in health care units located at the same regions where they live. However, the observed hospitalizations networks for COVID-19 patients shows that a considerable number of COVID-19 patients had to travel beyond their region of residence to be hospitalized. Hence, this study indicates that the current distribution of health care units in Bahia, Brazil, is not sufficient to effectively reduce the distances traveled by COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization. We believe that such unnecessary travels to distant hospitals may put the sick patients as well as healthy people involved in the transportation process in risk, further delaying the stabilization of the COVID-19 pandemic in each region of the state of Bahia.

Research paper thumbnail of Optimization of COVID-19 vaccination and the role of individuals with a high number of contacts: A model based approach

PLOS ONE, 2022

We report strong evidence of the importance of contact hubs (or superspreaders) in mitigating the... more We report strong evidence of the importance of contact hubs (or superspreaders) in mitigating the current COVID-19 pandemic. Contact hubs have a much larger number of contacts than the average in the population, and play a key role on the effectiveness of vaccination strategies. By using an age-structures compartmental SEIAHRV (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected symptomatic, Asymptomatic, Hospitalized, Recovered, Vaccinated) model, calibrated from available demographic and COVID-19 incidence, and considering separately those individuals with a much greater number of contacts than the average in the population, we show that carefully choosing who will compose the first group to be vaccinated can impact positively the total death toll and the demand for health services. This is even more relevant in countries with a lack of basic resources for proper vaccination and a significant reduction in social isolation. In order to demonstrate our approach we show the effect of hypothetical vaccina...

Research paper thumbnail of Google Trends - RENCA terms

Research paper thumbnail of The Paradox and Dynamic Betweem Sustainable Development and Corporate Performance

JOURNAL OF BIOENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO HEALTH, 2021

This article discusses the false antagonism between sustainable development and corporate perform... more This article discusses the false antagonism between sustainable development and corporate performance amalgamated with the search for innovation, intensive use of technologies, and global awareness, during the COVID-19 pandemic scenario and the transformations imposed on society, together with the effects of the necessary insertion of new technologies such as Artificial Intelligence. The study highlights the interaction between elements of a technological revolution that imposes profound changes in society, organizations, and, at the same time, unprecedented health and environmental crisis that put at risk the capacity of human resilience to build the future, and opportunities to reconcile socio-economic advances and sustainability practices.

Research paper thumbnail of Induction of a Consumption Pattern for Ethanol and Gasoline in Brazil

Sustainability

Historically, carbon dioxide emissions from transport have been a globally discussed and analyzed... more Historically, carbon dioxide emissions from transport have been a globally discussed and analyzed problem. The adoption of flex fuel vehicles designed to run ethanol–gasoline blends is important to mitigate these emissions. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the ethanol–gasoline price ratio on different vehicle models, and discuss the opportunities to increase ethanol consumption from this perspective. Our analysis shows that the use of a unique fuel economy ratio for all flex–fuel vehicles in the country significantly reduces the opportunity of some customers to purchase hydrous ethanol. The paper also discusses possible actions to provide adequate information that may increase the possibility of fuelling vehicles with a high-level ethanol blend.

Research paper thumbnail of Construção do conhecimento em organizações na perspectiva da modelagem de processos industriais e sistemas complexos

Este volume da Série Compartilhando Saberes se dedica ao tema da modelagem de sistemas complexos ... more Este volume da Série Compartilhando Saberes se dedica ao tema da modelagem de sistemas complexos e processos industriais. Modelos computacionais de estudos empíricos e teóricos são apresentados pelos autores, representando uma importante metodologia para a análise e a compreensão de problemas reais nas organizações.

Research paper thumbnail of Virtual Reality-Based Stimuli for Immersive Car Clinics: A Performance Evaluation Model

Big Data and Cognitive Computing

This study proposes a model to evaluate the performance of virtual reality-based stimuli for imme... more This study proposes a model to evaluate the performance of virtual reality-based stimuli for immersive car clinics. The model considered Attribute Importance, Stimuli Efficacy and Stimuli Cost factors and the method was divided into three stages: we defined the importance of fourteen attributes relevant to a car clinic based on the perceptions of Marketing and Design experts; then we defined the efficacy of five virtual stimuli based on the perceptions of Product Development and Virtual Reality experts; and we used a cost factor to calculate the efficiency of the five virtual stimuli in relation to the physical. The Marketing and Design experts identified a new attribute, Scope; eleven of the fifteen attributes were rated as Important or Very Important, while four were removed from the model due to being considered irrelevant. According to our performance evaluation model, virtual stimuli have the same efficacy as physical stimuli. However, when cost is considered, virtual stimuli o...

Research paper thumbnail of How Does ENSO Impact the Solar Radiation Forecast in South America? The Self-affinity Analysis Approach

The major challenge we face today in the energy sector is to meet the growing demand for electric... more The major challenge we face today in the energy sector is to meet the growing demand for electricity with less impact on the environment. South America is an important player in the renewable energy resource. Brazil accelerated the growth of photovoltaic installed capacity in 2018. From April of 2017 to April of 2018, the capacity increased 1351.5%. It is expected to reach the value of 2.4 GW until the end of the year. The new Chilean regulation request that 20% of the total electricity production in 2025 must come from renewable energy sources. The aim of this paper is to establish time series behavior changes between El Niño Southern Oscillation and the solar radiation resource in South America. The results can be used to validate forecasts of energy production for new solar plants. The method used to verify the behavior of the time series was the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. Solar radiation data were collected in twenty-five cities distributed inside the Brazilian solar belt, ...

Research paper thumbnail of Sustainable urban mobility analysis for elderly and disabled people in São Paulo

Scientific Reports

The Brazilian Urban Mobility Policy integrates urban transport with traffic planning, establishin... more The Brazilian Urban Mobility Policy integrates urban transport with traffic planning, establishing appropriate public policies that indicate the need for a safe and accessible public transport system. The major challenge is the inclusion of the elderly and people with disabilities. In this paper, we quantify the impact of rainfall on the number of people with disabilities and elderly people who use the public bus transportation system for accessibility in the first and last miles in the city of São Paulo. The proposed methodology is used to evaluate the co-movements between the time series of free-fare users and rainfall in São Paulo. The findings confirm the hypothesis that significant rainfall causes a reduction in the number of daily free-fare passengers who use the public bus system in São Paulo.

Research paper thumbnail of Acid Lead Battery impacts inside Connected Vehicles

Research paper thumbnail of O ρDCCA aplicado em séries temporais para avaliar a acessibilidade de passageiros no transporte público de ônibus em São Paulo

O impacto do automovel nas sociedades urbanas e uma questao importante em todas as regioes metrop... more O impacto do automovel nas sociedades urbanas e uma questao importante em todas as regioes metropolitanas do mundo [2]. Atrair um numero maior de pessoas para o transporte publico tem sido o foco de varias politicas governamentais e esse e um fator essencial para a sustentabilidade futura das cidades [5] [...].

Research paper thumbnail of How Does ENSO Impact the Solar Radiation Forecast in South America? The Self-affinity Analysis Approach

arXiv: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 2020

The major challenge we face today in the energy sector is to meet the growing demand for electric... more The major challenge we face today in the energy sector is to meet the growing demand for electricity with less impact on the environment. South America is an important player in the renewable energy resource. Brazil accelerated the growth of photovoltaic installed capacity in 2018. From April of 2017 to April of 2018, the capacity increased 1351.51351.5\%1351.5. It is expected to reach the value of 2.4GW2.4\ GW2.4GW until the end of the year. The new Chilean regulation request that 20\% of the total electricity production in 2025 must come from renewable energy sources. The aim of this paper is to establish time series behavior changes between El Ni\~no Southern Oscillation and the solar radiation resource in South America. The results can be used to validate forecasts of energy production for new solar plants. The method used to verify the behavior of the time series was the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. Solar radiation data were collected in twenty-five cities distributed inside the Brazilian sol...

Research paper thumbnail of Data-Driven Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Testing Prioritization

Research paper thumbnail of Use of Continuously Variable Transmission Inautomobiles as an Advantage in Reducing Fuelconsumption and Emissions Level