Musa Akrami - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Musa Akrami
Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, Mar 15, 2011
Critical rationalism is an approach in epistemology and science philosophy, based on which each c... more Critical rationalism is an approach in epistemology and science philosophy, based on which each cognitive predicate, in general, and each scientific theory, in particular, can be criticized rationally. In case of having experimental content, the theory can be experimentally tested by applying different experiments and observations, to be supported or rejected. In critical rationalism, when man encounters a particular problem, he provides some solutions, and when the number of solutions is higher, there is a higher probability of finding an appropriate solution. One of the concerns of the supporters of each particular philosophy, for instance medical philosophy, is to evaluate whether or not the evaluation and confirmation of the methods and hypotheses of the particular field is possible in the framework of critical rationalism. When talking about the philosophy of the science of medicine in the Islamic world, one can elaborate on the Islamic philosophy of medicine on the one hand and the philosophy of Islamic medicine on the other hand. The authors do not believe in the existence of a unique medical philosophy through the Islamic world. Furthermore, we accept the presence of a tradition called Islamic medicine (in spite of internal heterogeneity) and believe that one can talk about the philosophy of Islamic medicine. Therefore, the elements of this medical philosophy can be considered and its methods and hypotheses can be described and also criticized. By devising different medical encyclopedias and presenting different solutions for treatment of various diseases, critical appraisal of different treatment methods in different medical traditions, attempts to found large hospitals with instruments required for precise evaluation of the diseases for a large number f patients, employment of some effective methods for diagnosis and treatment in the hospitals, and development of effective educational, rehabilitation, and legal medical systems, physicians of the Islamic world have provided a good sample of critical rationalism. Moreover, by using different treatment methods for particular diseases and employment of different experimental methods, they had a great chance for finding appropriate treatments.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research, Sep 23, 2011
Many philosophers and logicians have contemplated the relationship between ontology and logic. Th... more Many philosophers and logicians have contemplated the relationship between ontology and logic. The author of this paper, working within a Bolzanoan-Husserlian tradition of studying both ontology and logic, considers ontology as the science of the most general features of beings and the most general relations among them. He considers logic as the science concerning the most general statements of all (natural or artificial) languages and the most general relations among them from an inferential point of view. It is possible to see logic in a broader sense as the science of all kinds of relations among all kinds of entities, acts, and processes stating some (objective, subjective, artificial, or conventional) reality. These entities, acts, and processes are not individual; rather, they are idealized, such that their universals may be instantiated at all times and in all places. In formal ontology we search for the properties of those structures of the reality that are formally similar. So we may find some formal truths applying to all things and/or properties and/or processes in different areas of objective/subjective/fictional reality. Surveying briefly the most important relations of logic and ontology in both analytic and phenomenological traditions, the author focuses on this central point: If reality is one as the unity of more or less interconnected and interactive beings of all physical, nonphysical and artificial types, the system of inference too may be one as the unity of more or less interconnected statements of all natural and artificial types. The universal system of inference may be divided into several relatively separate subsystems (having a more or less degree of connection) just as the unified reality has divided into several relatively separate fields (having a more or less degree of connection
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research, Feb 20, 2014
Iranian scholars, in Islamic era, came to be acquainted with Menelaus’ Theorem, as the fifth theo... more Iranian scholars, in Islamic era, came to be acquainted with Menelaus’ Theorem, as the fifth theorem of Menelaus ’ Sphaerica, via 1) translation of Ptolemy’s Almagest in which Menelaus ’ Theorem appeared as the basis of theorems and proofs, and 2) translation of Menelaus ’ Sphaerica itself. Afterwards, several corrections, elaborations, and explanations of these two books appeared in Islamic world [1] and [5]. The scholars of fields such as mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy paid special attention to Menelaus ’ Theorem because of its important role in astronomy [2], [3] and [4]. So, Menelaus ’ Theorem came to be the subject matter of some important books and treatises under the title “ashshakl ol qattā ′ ” [\”secant figure“\”figura alkata”], in its plane and spherical forms [1], [2] and [4]. Understanding the development of Menelaus ’ Theorem from Abū Nasr Irāq and Būzajānī to Tūsī has important lessons for those who are interested in the history of mathematics. This paper, ther...
arXiv: History and Philosophy of Physics, 2011
The official Iranian calendar is a solar one that in both the length and the first day of its yea... more The official Iranian calendar is a solar one that in both the length and the first day of its year is based not on convention, but on two natural (i.e. astronomical) factors: a) the moment of coincidence of the centre of the Sun and the vernal equinox during the Sun's apparent revolution around the Earth; and b) the time length between two successive apparent passages of the Sun's center across that point. These factors give this calendar the chance that 1) its beginning is the beginning of natural solar year, 2) its length is the length of solar year, and 3) the length of its months is very close to the time of the Sun's passage across twelve signs of the Zodiac from Farvardin/Aries to Esfand/Pisces. In this paper it would be shown that a) discussions concerning these facts have their own historical backgrounds, and b) up-to-date computations, being based on choosing the tropical year (i.e. 365.24219879 days) as the length of the calendar year, give the best possible in...
Logica Universalis, 2017
On the relations between logic and religion in the Islamic world, one may refer to logic in two d... more On the relations between logic and religion in the Islamic world, one may refer to logic in two different ways: 1. logic in religious texts, that includes doctrinal sacred texts such as Qur’ān and sayings of the Prophet (as well as Imāms, in Shī’īism), as well as the Qur’ānic commentaries and the texts related to the principles and fundamentals of jurisprudence, all of which make use of some reasoning to persuade the audience or to infer the rules and prescripts for the religious behavior of members of the religious community; and 2. logic as a discipline that is studied and applied both independently and as a tool for reasoning in (a) schools of Islamic theology (from Ash’aris to Mu’tazilis and Shī’īs), (b) systems of Islamic philosophy (from Peripatetics to Illuminationists), and (c) other types of knowledge in the medieval Islamic world, all being strongly influenced by religious doctrines of Islam.
Speaking of relations between logic and religion in Islamic world may refer to logic in two respe... more Speaking of relations between logic and religion in Islamic world may refer to logic in two respects: (1) logic in religious texts, from doctrinal sacred texts such as Qur’ān and sayings of the Prophet (as well as Imāms, in Sh̄ı’̄ıism) to the Qur’ānic commentaries and the texts related to the principles and fundamentals of jurisprudence, all of which make use of some reasoning to persuade the audiences or to infer the rules and prescripts for religious behavior of the members of religious community; and (2) logic as a discipline that is studied and applied both independently and as a tool for reasoning in (a) schools of Islamic theology (from Ash’ar̄ıs to Mu’tazil̄ıs and Sh̄ı’̄ıs), (b) systems of Islamic philosophy (from Peripatetics to Illuminationists), and (c) other types of knowledge in medieval Islamic world, all being strongly influenced by religious doctrines of Islam. Accordingly, this paper speaks of (i) the different manifestations of using logical reasoning, particularly ...
This paper studies the role of the semiotic discussions of Charles Sanders Peirce, the American p... more This paper studies the role of the semiotic discussions of Charles Sanders Peirce, the American philosopher and mathematician, in the formation of Deleuze’s first leading book on cinema, Cinema 1: the Movement-Image, in which the author surpasses Peirce’s semiotics. We will show how Deleuze creates a new form of signs in his second leading book on cinema, Cinema 2: the Time-Image. Deleuze had tried to couple the patterns of Peirce’s semiotics in his first book with the philosophical discussions on different epochs of the classical cinema. In his second book, he tried to surpass Peirce’s semiotics, proposing patterns of new semiotics concerning modern cinema by modeling on Peirce’s semiotics. This paper attempts to propose the Peircian signs in Cinema 1: the Movement-Image and Deleuze’s modeling on the signs in Cinema 2: the Time-Image, showing that such a surpassing for Deleuze is the key point of under-standing philosophy. It helps him to reach his particular semiotics based on bot...
The official Iranian calendar is a solar one that both the length and the first day of its year a... more The official Iranian calendar is a solar one that both the length and the first day of its year are based not on convention, but on two natural / solar factors: a) the moment of coincidence of the centre of the Sun and the vernal equinox in apparent revolution of the Sun around the Earth (i.e. the transition moment); and b) the time length between two successive apparent passages of the center of the Sun through that point. These factors give this calendar the chance that 1) its beginning is the beginning of natural/solar year, 2) its length is the length of solar year, and 3) the length of its months is very close to the time of the transition of the Sun across twelve signs of the Zodiac from Farvardin/Aries to Esfand/Pisces. In this paper it would be shown that a) these facts have their own historical backgrounds, and b) up-to-date computations, being based on choosing the tropical year (i.e. 365.24219879 days) as the length of the calendar year, give the best possible intercalati...
Studies in Universal Logic, 2015
Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, Mar 15, 2011
Critical rationalism is an approach in epistemology and science philosophy, based on which each c... more Critical rationalism is an approach in epistemology and science philosophy, based on which each cognitive predicate, in general, and each scientific theory, in particular, can be criticized rationally. In case of having experimental content, the theory can be experimentally tested by applying different experiments and observations, to be supported or rejected. In critical rationalism, when man encounters a particular problem, he provides some solutions, and when the number of solutions is higher, there is a higher probability of finding an appropriate solution. One of the concerns of the supporters of each particular philosophy, for instance medical philosophy, is to evaluate whether or not the evaluation and confirmation of the methods and hypotheses of the particular field is possible in the framework of critical rationalism. When talking about the philosophy of the science of medicine in the Islamic world, one can elaborate on the Islamic philosophy of medicine on the one hand and the philosophy of Islamic medicine on the other hand. The authors do not believe in the existence of a unique medical philosophy through the Islamic world. Furthermore, we accept the presence of a tradition called Islamic medicine (in spite of internal heterogeneity) and believe that one can talk about the philosophy of Islamic medicine. Therefore, the elements of this medical philosophy can be considered and its methods and hypotheses can be described and also criticized. By devising different medical encyclopedias and presenting different solutions for treatment of various diseases, critical appraisal of different treatment methods in different medical traditions, attempts to found large hospitals with instruments required for precise evaluation of the diseases for a large number f patients, employment of some effective methods for diagnosis and treatment in the hospitals, and development of effective educational, rehabilitation, and legal medical systems, physicians of the Islamic world have provided a good sample of critical rationalism. Moreover, by using different treatment methods for particular diseases and employment of different experimental methods, they had a great chance for finding appropriate treatments.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research, Sep 23, 2011
Many philosophers and logicians have contemplated the relationship between ontology and logic. Th... more Many philosophers and logicians have contemplated the relationship between ontology and logic. The author of this paper, working within a Bolzanoan-Husserlian tradition of studying both ontology and logic, considers ontology as the science of the most general features of beings and the most general relations among them. He considers logic as the science concerning the most general statements of all (natural or artificial) languages and the most general relations among them from an inferential point of view. It is possible to see logic in a broader sense as the science of all kinds of relations among all kinds of entities, acts, and processes stating some (objective, subjective, artificial, or conventional) reality. These entities, acts, and processes are not individual; rather, they are idealized, such that their universals may be instantiated at all times and in all places. In formal ontology we search for the properties of those structures of the reality that are formally similar. So we may find some formal truths applying to all things and/or properties and/or processes in different areas of objective/subjective/fictional reality. Surveying briefly the most important relations of logic and ontology in both analytic and phenomenological traditions, the author focuses on this central point: If reality is one as the unity of more or less interconnected and interactive beings of all physical, nonphysical and artificial types, the system of inference too may be one as the unity of more or less interconnected statements of all natural and artificial types. The universal system of inference may be divided into several relatively separate subsystems (having a more or less degree of connection) just as the unified reality has divided into several relatively separate fields (having a more or less degree of connection
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research, Feb 20, 2014
Iranian scholars, in Islamic era, came to be acquainted with Menelaus’ Theorem, as the fifth theo... more Iranian scholars, in Islamic era, came to be acquainted with Menelaus’ Theorem, as the fifth theorem of Menelaus ’ Sphaerica, via 1) translation of Ptolemy’s Almagest in which Menelaus ’ Theorem appeared as the basis of theorems and proofs, and 2) translation of Menelaus ’ Sphaerica itself. Afterwards, several corrections, elaborations, and explanations of these two books appeared in Islamic world [1] and [5]. The scholars of fields such as mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy paid special attention to Menelaus ’ Theorem because of its important role in astronomy [2], [3] and [4]. So, Menelaus ’ Theorem came to be the subject matter of some important books and treatises under the title “ashshakl ol qattā ′ ” [\”secant figure“\”figura alkata”], in its plane and spherical forms [1], [2] and [4]. Understanding the development of Menelaus ’ Theorem from Abū Nasr Irāq and Būzajānī to Tūsī has important lessons for those who are interested in the history of mathematics. This paper, ther...
arXiv: History and Philosophy of Physics, 2011
The official Iranian calendar is a solar one that in both the length and the first day of its yea... more The official Iranian calendar is a solar one that in both the length and the first day of its year is based not on convention, but on two natural (i.e. astronomical) factors: a) the moment of coincidence of the centre of the Sun and the vernal equinox during the Sun's apparent revolution around the Earth; and b) the time length between two successive apparent passages of the Sun's center across that point. These factors give this calendar the chance that 1) its beginning is the beginning of natural solar year, 2) its length is the length of solar year, and 3) the length of its months is very close to the time of the Sun's passage across twelve signs of the Zodiac from Farvardin/Aries to Esfand/Pisces. In this paper it would be shown that a) discussions concerning these facts have their own historical backgrounds, and b) up-to-date computations, being based on choosing the tropical year (i.e. 365.24219879 days) as the length of the calendar year, give the best possible in...
Logica Universalis, 2017
On the relations between logic and religion in the Islamic world, one may refer to logic in two d... more On the relations between logic and religion in the Islamic world, one may refer to logic in two different ways: 1. logic in religious texts, that includes doctrinal sacred texts such as Qur’ān and sayings of the Prophet (as well as Imāms, in Shī’īism), as well as the Qur’ānic commentaries and the texts related to the principles and fundamentals of jurisprudence, all of which make use of some reasoning to persuade the audience or to infer the rules and prescripts for the religious behavior of members of the religious community; and 2. logic as a discipline that is studied and applied both independently and as a tool for reasoning in (a) schools of Islamic theology (from Ash’aris to Mu’tazilis and Shī’īs), (b) systems of Islamic philosophy (from Peripatetics to Illuminationists), and (c) other types of knowledge in the medieval Islamic world, all being strongly influenced by religious doctrines of Islam.
Speaking of relations between logic and religion in Islamic world may refer to logic in two respe... more Speaking of relations between logic and religion in Islamic world may refer to logic in two respects: (1) logic in religious texts, from doctrinal sacred texts such as Qur’ān and sayings of the Prophet (as well as Imāms, in Sh̄ı’̄ıism) to the Qur’ānic commentaries and the texts related to the principles and fundamentals of jurisprudence, all of which make use of some reasoning to persuade the audiences or to infer the rules and prescripts for religious behavior of the members of religious community; and (2) logic as a discipline that is studied and applied both independently and as a tool for reasoning in (a) schools of Islamic theology (from Ash’ar̄ıs to Mu’tazil̄ıs and Sh̄ı’̄ıs), (b) systems of Islamic philosophy (from Peripatetics to Illuminationists), and (c) other types of knowledge in medieval Islamic world, all being strongly influenced by religious doctrines of Islam. Accordingly, this paper speaks of (i) the different manifestations of using logical reasoning, particularly ...
This paper studies the role of the semiotic discussions of Charles Sanders Peirce, the American p... more This paper studies the role of the semiotic discussions of Charles Sanders Peirce, the American philosopher and mathematician, in the formation of Deleuze’s first leading book on cinema, Cinema 1: the Movement-Image, in which the author surpasses Peirce’s semiotics. We will show how Deleuze creates a new form of signs in his second leading book on cinema, Cinema 2: the Time-Image. Deleuze had tried to couple the patterns of Peirce’s semiotics in his first book with the philosophical discussions on different epochs of the classical cinema. In his second book, he tried to surpass Peirce’s semiotics, proposing patterns of new semiotics concerning modern cinema by modeling on Peirce’s semiotics. This paper attempts to propose the Peircian signs in Cinema 1: the Movement-Image and Deleuze’s modeling on the signs in Cinema 2: the Time-Image, showing that such a surpassing for Deleuze is the key point of under-standing philosophy. It helps him to reach his particular semiotics based on bot...
The official Iranian calendar is a solar one that both the length and the first day of its year a... more The official Iranian calendar is a solar one that both the length and the first day of its year are based not on convention, but on two natural / solar factors: a) the moment of coincidence of the centre of the Sun and the vernal equinox in apparent revolution of the Sun around the Earth (i.e. the transition moment); and b) the time length between two successive apparent passages of the center of the Sun through that point. These factors give this calendar the chance that 1) its beginning is the beginning of natural/solar year, 2) its length is the length of solar year, and 3) the length of its months is very close to the time of the transition of the Sun across twelve signs of the Zodiac from Farvardin/Aries to Esfand/Pisces. In this paper it would be shown that a) these facts have their own historical backgrounds, and b) up-to-date computations, being based on choosing the tropical year (i.e. 365.24219879 days) as the length of the calendar year, give the best possible intercalati...
Studies in Universal Logic, 2015