Mazlina Mustafa Kamal - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Mazlina Mustafa Kamal

IOP conference series, Nov 1, 2017

Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2016

In the present work, we report the use of graphene as multi-functional nanofiller for natural rub... more In the present work, we report the use of graphene as multi-functional nanofiller for natural rubber (NR). Dispersion of reduced graphene into natural rubber (NR) was found to enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of NR. Through a facile approach rubber molecules are successfully grafted onto the surface of graphene. Stable graphene suspension with NR afforded a weblike morphology consisting of platelet networks between the rubber particles, while internal mixer processing broke down this structure, yielding a homogeneous and improved dispersion. The resulting graphene can be dispersed in NR via dry mixing. It is found that graphene is prominent in improving the mechanical properties of NR at low filler loading. The percolation point of graphene in the nanocomposites takes place at a content of less than 0.1 wt%. With incorporation of as low as 0.1 wt% of graphene, an increase in the tensile strength and improvement in the tensile modulus achieved. The improvement in the mechanical properties of NR nanocomposites at such low filler loading is attributed to the strong interfacial interaction and the molecular-level dispersion of graphene in the NR matrix. .

Advanced Materials Research, Jun 1, 2015

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) / silica (Si) organic-inorganic composites were prepared by using... more Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) / silica (Si) organic-inorganic composites were prepared by using a sol-gel technique. The choice of ENR (50 mol % epoxidation level), as a matrix was made because of its polar nature which can interact with the silica. The processing of the masterbatch was carried out by sol-gel method at room temperature by dispersing the silica in the rubber and coagulated with steam bath. The performance of the composites was evaluated in this work for the viability of ENR/Si in tyre compounding. Compounding was carried out on a two roll mill, where the additives and curing agents was later mixed. Characterization of these composites was performed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for dispersion as well as mechanical testing. Silica was also efficient as primary reinforcing filler in ENR with regard to modulus and tensile strength, resulting on an increase in the stiffness of the rubbers. Improvement in tensile strength over the control crosslinked rubber sample was probably due to synergisms of silica reinforcement and crosslinking of the rubber phase.

Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2016

The availability of concentrated epoxidised natural rubber (ENR-LC) has provided a better opportu... more The availability of concentrated epoxidised natural rubber (ENR-LC) has provided a better opportunity for using epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) with silica to reinforce natural rubber for tyre application. ENR-LC mixed directly with silica to rubber by high speed stirrer without using any coupling agent. Some rubber compounds were prepared by mixing a large amount of precipitated amorphous white silica with natural rubber. The silica was prepared in aqueous dispersion and the filler was perfectly dispersed in the ENR-LC. The performance of the composites was evaluated in this work for the viability of ENR-LC/Si in tyre compounding. Compounding was carried out on a two roll mill, where the additives and curing agents was later mixed. Characterization of these composites was performed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for dispersion as well as mechanical testing. C-ENR/Si showed efficient as primary reinforcing filler in ENR with regard to modu...

Advanced Materials Research, 2015

Much published literature on the way in which phase morphology and filler distribution affect ble... more Much published literature on the way in which phase morphology and filler distribution affect blend properties is contractor or confusing The blending of two or more polymers by physical or chemical means may improve a variety of physical and chemical properties of the constituent polymers. The effect of different modes of filler addition on dispersion and viscosity of Epoxidisd Natural Rubber (ENR) and cis 1,4 –polybutadiene rubber (BR) has been studied. Experiments were carried out to elucidate the relationship and to determine whether the use of special mixing technique and compatabilizers might have a beneficial effect on Epoxidised Natural Rubber: Butadiene Rubber (ENR:BR) blend properties. The findings indicated blending times for combining Silica, BR and ENR was rather difficult even a close viscosity of each rubber was applied. Results indicated a high degree of compatibility with fine structured blends being quickly and easily produced with compound containing compatibilize...

Journal of Rubber Research

Journal of Rubber Research

Polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) has been increasingly used to enhance pavement performance. Many p... more Polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) has been increasingly used to enhance pavement performance. Many polymers have been used for bitumen modification, including polyethylene, polyolefins, and elastomers such as Natural Rubber (NR) and Synthetic Rubber (SR). Commercially, the natural rubber modified bitumen which produced from cuplump is prepared at high temperature and occasionally stored for a certain period at elevated temperature which could create stability problems and separation; in fact, polymers and bitumen components can lose most of the benefits from the modification due to separation during the storage phase. Hence in this work, effect of hot storage on the Cuplump Modified Bitumen (CMB) properties containing 6% of rubber weight were investigated. The CMB was heated and continuously stirred at 120 °C and 160 °C for periods up to 7 days. Changes in physical properties such as viscosities, penetration, softening, rheological and chemical properties were monitored by thermogravimetry (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Results showed that the penetration, softening point and viscosity were less affected by both storage conditions. A negligible effect was also found in the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), where the combustion temperatures sustain at values 469 °C, while similar peaks of CMB were observed by FTIR determination. Indeed, the absence of sulfoxide and carbonyl peak indication of no oxidation occurred. Results indicated that the CMB was stable at both temperatures of 120 °C and 160 °C with continuous and homogenous agitation throughout storage duration without experiencing significant degradation. The continuous agitation during storage managed to avoid rubber separation from occurring and maintaining the rubber in colloidal suspension in bitumen matrix preventing from flocculating.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

Increase in traffic loads combined with an insufficient degree of maintenance in recent years has... more Increase in traffic loads combined with an insufficient degree of maintenance in recent years has caused an acceleration and continuous deterioration of the road network globally. Hence, several types of measures may be effective in combatting these matters, such as, improved roadway design, use of better quality of materials and the use of more effective construction methods. The influence of warm mix additive (Sasobit®) on the performance of Natural Rubber Modified Binder based on cuplump was acquired. In this work, the influence of warm mix additive loading on cuplump modified binder (CMB) on softening point, penetration properties Marshall Stability, flow, and Marshall Quotient (Stability to flow ratio) were acquired. The dosage of natural rubber and additive was kept at 5% to 6% and 1% to 2% respectively for all binders. Results showed that the softening point increased while the penetration property decreased to approximately 40% indicating the effect of stiffening due to addi...

Solid State Phenomena, 2021

In recent years, automotive hose and belt specifications have changed, requiring longer product l... more In recent years, automotive hose and belt specifications have changed, requiring longer product life in terms of swelling, wear and heat ageing. Diene-based rubbers, such as natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), have been widely used in diverse industries. However, some apparent defects such as limited ageing resistance and large compression set, have been demonstrated in some rubbers cured by sulfur or peroxides. In the making of general and industrial rubber goods, short production and sufficient scorch time is crucial especially by using an injection moulding. In this work, blend of Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR 25) and Butadiene was developed with two types of curing systems namely Conventional and Efficient Vulcanisation system. The aim of the study is to produce a satisfactory heat resistance rubber compounds and adequate process safety for rubber manufacturing. Results showed that curing system applied significantly affected thermal stability property of th...

Rubber fabric coated is a unique rubber-textile composite, in which technical textile acts as rei... more Rubber fabric coated is a unique rubber-textile composite, in which technical textile acts as reinforcing material and strength providing material. In rubber textile composite, rubber to fabric adhesion plays the most critical role for determining assembly process and ultimate strength of product. A vulcanisable adhesive for rubber to fabric fabrication of composite material was developed which compatible with rubber as well as fabric. Evaluation of bonding system with respect to peel strength, shear adhesion strength and weave pattern of fabrics were the major determining criteria for selection and optimization of fabric for rubber hose application. Thus adhesive Cohedure with characteristics of high adhesive strength in Natural Rubber Polyester Fabric compound has been developed.

© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Mazlina Mustafa Kamal, 2Rohani ... more © 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Mazlina Mustafa Kamal, 2Rohani Abu Bakar Second Author, 3Muhammad Zahid Zakaria., Influence of dumping and vulcanisation temperature on silica filled ENR compound properties. J. Appl. Sci. & Agric., 8(8): 2645-2649, 2014 INTRODUCTION The alteration of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates during service at elevated temperatures or under anaerobic conditions, i. e. long cure times at high temperatures, continues to be a major problem in the tire industry. Reversion is the anaerobic aging of a polysulfidic rubber network which takes place not only at high vulcanizing temperatures and during long vulcanization times, but also in use if the vulcanizate is subject to dynamic stress. Reversion reduces the crosslink density of the vulcanizate which causes deterioration in the mechanical and dynamic vulcanizate properties. Hence the requirements in terms of heat and reversion resistance of truck tire compounds are also becoming mo...

Article history: Received 15 September 2014 Accepted 5 October 2014 Available online 25 October 2014

Article history: Received 12 February 2015 Accepted 1 March 2015 Available online 28 March 2015

interest in renewable resources and recyclable new materials available at a competitive price. Th... more interest in renewable resources and recyclable new materials available at a competitive price. The potential benefits of using naturally occurring materials are many. The use of renewable, rather than petrochemical resources, will extend the nonrenewable petrochemical supplies. It is also possible that less energy will be required to produce and process the bio materials, so reducing carbon dioxide released by energy production and hence, reducing global warming. Biodegradability is an additional benefit of many renewable biological sources of polymers.

Background: In agriculture, biodegradable plastic films are desirable alternatives to black low d... more Background: In agriculture, biodegradable plastic films are desirable alternatives to black low density poly(ethylene) (LDPE) plastic for the usage of nursery applications. Therefore, an interest study of different types of potential biodegradable polymers used for nursery application has been carried out. Objective: To evaluate the durability and degradation of several alternatives of nursery polybag in rubber tree nursery application. Results: The samples are supplied from different companies were designated as control (LDPE), CF, SF and CO. Within the time period of three months, tensile properties for all the samples showed less changes except ductility for CO. Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) revealed a characteristic absorbance of control sample, CF, SF and CO are associated with poly(ethylene), poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate) (PBAT), polyl(lactic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch molecular structure respectively. Thermal properties for degradation and decompositi...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Jul 1, 2018

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Reinforcement of rubber by precipitated silica is adversely affected due to lack of strong polyme... more Reinforcement of rubber by precipitated silica is adversely affected due to lack of strong polymer silica bonding. Functionalized polymers interact strongly with surface silanol groups of precipitated silica. In this work, effect of variation of epoxide content in silica filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) compound was studied namely ENR 10, 25, 37.5 and 50mol%. Increasing in epoxide level of rubber has contributed to better rubber filler interaction and lead to better mechanical properties. Meanwhile, ENR’s with greater degree of polarity has contributed significantly to higher storage moduli at small deformation and also leads to increase in bound rubber content value. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed that the silanol groups in silica interact with ENR through formation of Si-OH bond.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

Rheological studies of polymers are of great importance in optimizing the processing conditions a... more Rheological studies of polymers are of great importance in optimizing the processing conditions and in designing processing equipments like injection molding machines, extruders, and dies required for various products. Melt rheological studies give us valuable viscosity data that will be helpful in optimizing the processing conditions. Parameters like melt viscosity as a function of shear rate or shear stress and temperature have become more and more important. Previous study indicated that the flow behaviour of the compound depends on the filler loading. Lesser elastic torque was found with compound containing lower filler content as compared to higher filler content. In this work, effect of dual filler, based on Carbon Black / Silica filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) compound was investigated. A total of 80phr of filler content based on passenger tyre tread formulation was used in the experiment. The compounds were prepared by melt mixing in tangential type of an internal mix...

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

Rubber reinforcement in general depends on the type of filler used in the rubber mixture. Instead... more Rubber reinforcement in general depends on the type of filler used in the rubber mixture. Instead of carbon black, Silica filler has been widely accepted in tyre making due to its low rolling resistance property. In recent years, there is a trend in using higher curing temperature in order to improve productivity of vulcanisation line without drawbacks in the performance of tyres. In this work, effect of vulcanisation temperature based on the silica filled ENR curing behaviour was studied. Results indicate that time-dependant reversion behaviour of ENR was similar to that of unmodified Natural Rubber. The physical properties slowly deteriorated as the curing temperature approached 180°C which related to low crosslink density. Carbon Black filled ENR compound was used as a comparison.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica... more Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica as reinforcing fillers has spread and grown worldwide. The general advantages of silica as reinforcing filler over carbon black filler are better rolling resistance by achieving at least equal wet traction while tread wear should not be adversely affected. One way to obtain both low rolling resistance and high wet traction is indeed, to use precipitated silica together with solution polymers in tyre treads. The benefits of reinforcement by silane coupled silicas, in certain blends of solution styrene –butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR), were recognized by major tyre manufacturer. However, the use of silica compounds entails considerable disadvantages in terms of raw material costs and processability (before vulcanization). These difficulties include higher compound Mooney Viscosity (ML1+4) that increases upon storage, short scorch time and environmental problems related to...

IOP conference series, Nov 1, 2017

Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2016

In the present work, we report the use of graphene as multi-functional nanofiller for natural rub... more In the present work, we report the use of graphene as multi-functional nanofiller for natural rubber (NR). Dispersion of reduced graphene into natural rubber (NR) was found to enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of NR. Through a facile approach rubber molecules are successfully grafted onto the surface of graphene. Stable graphene suspension with NR afforded a weblike morphology consisting of platelet networks between the rubber particles, while internal mixer processing broke down this structure, yielding a homogeneous and improved dispersion. The resulting graphene can be dispersed in NR via dry mixing. It is found that graphene is prominent in improving the mechanical properties of NR at low filler loading. The percolation point of graphene in the nanocomposites takes place at a content of less than 0.1 wt%. With incorporation of as low as 0.1 wt% of graphene, an increase in the tensile strength and improvement in the tensile modulus achieved. The improvement in the mechanical properties of NR nanocomposites at such low filler loading is attributed to the strong interfacial interaction and the molecular-level dispersion of graphene in the NR matrix. .

Advanced Materials Research, Jun 1, 2015

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) / silica (Si) organic-inorganic composites were prepared by using... more Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) / silica (Si) organic-inorganic composites were prepared by using a sol-gel technique. The choice of ENR (50 mol % epoxidation level), as a matrix was made because of its polar nature which can interact with the silica. The processing of the masterbatch was carried out by sol-gel method at room temperature by dispersing the silica in the rubber and coagulated with steam bath. The performance of the composites was evaluated in this work for the viability of ENR/Si in tyre compounding. Compounding was carried out on a two roll mill, where the additives and curing agents was later mixed. Characterization of these composites was performed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for dispersion as well as mechanical testing. Silica was also efficient as primary reinforcing filler in ENR with regard to modulus and tensile strength, resulting on an increase in the stiffness of the rubbers. Improvement in tensile strength over the control crosslinked rubber sample was probably due to synergisms of silica reinforcement and crosslinking of the rubber phase.

Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2016

The availability of concentrated epoxidised natural rubber (ENR-LC) has provided a better opportu... more The availability of concentrated epoxidised natural rubber (ENR-LC) has provided a better opportunity for using epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) with silica to reinforce natural rubber for tyre application. ENR-LC mixed directly with silica to rubber by high speed stirrer without using any coupling agent. Some rubber compounds were prepared by mixing a large amount of precipitated amorphous white silica with natural rubber. The silica was prepared in aqueous dispersion and the filler was perfectly dispersed in the ENR-LC. The performance of the composites was evaluated in this work for the viability of ENR-LC/Si in tyre compounding. Compounding was carried out on a two roll mill, where the additives and curing agents was later mixed. Characterization of these composites was performed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for dispersion as well as mechanical testing. C-ENR/Si showed efficient as primary reinforcing filler in ENR with regard to modu...

Advanced Materials Research, 2015

Much published literature on the way in which phase morphology and filler distribution affect ble... more Much published literature on the way in which phase morphology and filler distribution affect blend properties is contractor or confusing The blending of two or more polymers by physical or chemical means may improve a variety of physical and chemical properties of the constituent polymers. The effect of different modes of filler addition on dispersion and viscosity of Epoxidisd Natural Rubber (ENR) and cis 1,4 –polybutadiene rubber (BR) has been studied. Experiments were carried out to elucidate the relationship and to determine whether the use of special mixing technique and compatabilizers might have a beneficial effect on Epoxidised Natural Rubber: Butadiene Rubber (ENR:BR) blend properties. The findings indicated blending times for combining Silica, BR and ENR was rather difficult even a close viscosity of each rubber was applied. Results indicated a high degree of compatibility with fine structured blends being quickly and easily produced with compound containing compatibilize...

Journal of Rubber Research

Journal of Rubber Research

Polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) has been increasingly used to enhance pavement performance. Many p... more Polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) has been increasingly used to enhance pavement performance. Many polymers have been used for bitumen modification, including polyethylene, polyolefins, and elastomers such as Natural Rubber (NR) and Synthetic Rubber (SR). Commercially, the natural rubber modified bitumen which produced from cuplump is prepared at high temperature and occasionally stored for a certain period at elevated temperature which could create stability problems and separation; in fact, polymers and bitumen components can lose most of the benefits from the modification due to separation during the storage phase. Hence in this work, effect of hot storage on the Cuplump Modified Bitumen (CMB) properties containing 6% of rubber weight were investigated. The CMB was heated and continuously stirred at 120 °C and 160 °C for periods up to 7 days. Changes in physical properties such as viscosities, penetration, softening, rheological and chemical properties were monitored by thermogravimetry (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Results showed that the penetration, softening point and viscosity were less affected by both storage conditions. A negligible effect was also found in the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), where the combustion temperatures sustain at values 469 °C, while similar peaks of CMB were observed by FTIR determination. Indeed, the absence of sulfoxide and carbonyl peak indication of no oxidation occurred. Results indicated that the CMB was stable at both temperatures of 120 °C and 160 °C with continuous and homogenous agitation throughout storage duration without experiencing significant degradation. The continuous agitation during storage managed to avoid rubber separation from occurring and maintaining the rubber in colloidal suspension in bitumen matrix preventing from flocculating.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

Increase in traffic loads combined with an insufficient degree of maintenance in recent years has... more Increase in traffic loads combined with an insufficient degree of maintenance in recent years has caused an acceleration and continuous deterioration of the road network globally. Hence, several types of measures may be effective in combatting these matters, such as, improved roadway design, use of better quality of materials and the use of more effective construction methods. The influence of warm mix additive (Sasobit®) on the performance of Natural Rubber Modified Binder based on cuplump was acquired. In this work, the influence of warm mix additive loading on cuplump modified binder (CMB) on softening point, penetration properties Marshall Stability, flow, and Marshall Quotient (Stability to flow ratio) were acquired. The dosage of natural rubber and additive was kept at 5% to 6% and 1% to 2% respectively for all binders. Results showed that the softening point increased while the penetration property decreased to approximately 40% indicating the effect of stiffening due to addi...

Solid State Phenomena, 2021

In recent years, automotive hose and belt specifications have changed, requiring longer product l... more In recent years, automotive hose and belt specifications have changed, requiring longer product life in terms of swelling, wear and heat ageing. Diene-based rubbers, such as natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), have been widely used in diverse industries. However, some apparent defects such as limited ageing resistance and large compression set, have been demonstrated in some rubbers cured by sulfur or peroxides. In the making of general and industrial rubber goods, short production and sufficient scorch time is crucial especially by using an injection moulding. In this work, blend of Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR 25) and Butadiene was developed with two types of curing systems namely Conventional and Efficient Vulcanisation system. The aim of the study is to produce a satisfactory heat resistance rubber compounds and adequate process safety for rubber manufacturing. Results showed that curing system applied significantly affected thermal stability property of th...

Rubber fabric coated is a unique rubber-textile composite, in which technical textile acts as rei... more Rubber fabric coated is a unique rubber-textile composite, in which technical textile acts as reinforcing material and strength providing material. In rubber textile composite, rubber to fabric adhesion plays the most critical role for determining assembly process and ultimate strength of product. A vulcanisable adhesive for rubber to fabric fabrication of composite material was developed which compatible with rubber as well as fabric. Evaluation of bonding system with respect to peel strength, shear adhesion strength and weave pattern of fabrics were the major determining criteria for selection and optimization of fabric for rubber hose application. Thus adhesive Cohedure with characteristics of high adhesive strength in Natural Rubber Polyester Fabric compound has been developed.

© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Mazlina Mustafa Kamal, 2Rohani ... more © 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: Mazlina Mustafa Kamal, 2Rohani Abu Bakar Second Author, 3Muhammad Zahid Zakaria., Influence of dumping and vulcanisation temperature on silica filled ENR compound properties. J. Appl. Sci. & Agric., 8(8): 2645-2649, 2014 INTRODUCTION The alteration of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates during service at elevated temperatures or under anaerobic conditions, i. e. long cure times at high temperatures, continues to be a major problem in the tire industry. Reversion is the anaerobic aging of a polysulfidic rubber network which takes place not only at high vulcanizing temperatures and during long vulcanization times, but also in use if the vulcanizate is subject to dynamic stress. Reversion reduces the crosslink density of the vulcanizate which causes deterioration in the mechanical and dynamic vulcanizate properties. Hence the requirements in terms of heat and reversion resistance of truck tire compounds are also becoming mo...

Article history: Received 15 September 2014 Accepted 5 October 2014 Available online 25 October 2014

Article history: Received 12 February 2015 Accepted 1 March 2015 Available online 28 March 2015

interest in renewable resources and recyclable new materials available at a competitive price. Th... more interest in renewable resources and recyclable new materials available at a competitive price. The potential benefits of using naturally occurring materials are many. The use of renewable, rather than petrochemical resources, will extend the nonrenewable petrochemical supplies. It is also possible that less energy will be required to produce and process the bio materials, so reducing carbon dioxide released by energy production and hence, reducing global warming. Biodegradability is an additional benefit of many renewable biological sources of polymers.

Background: In agriculture, biodegradable plastic films are desirable alternatives to black low d... more Background: In agriculture, biodegradable plastic films are desirable alternatives to black low density poly(ethylene) (LDPE) plastic for the usage of nursery applications. Therefore, an interest study of different types of potential biodegradable polymers used for nursery application has been carried out. Objective: To evaluate the durability and degradation of several alternatives of nursery polybag in rubber tree nursery application. Results: The samples are supplied from different companies were designated as control (LDPE), CF, SF and CO. Within the time period of three months, tensile properties for all the samples showed less changes except ductility for CO. Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) revealed a characteristic absorbance of control sample, CF, SF and CO are associated with poly(ethylene), poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate) (PBAT), polyl(lactic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch molecular structure respectively. Thermal properties for degradation and decompositi...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Jul 1, 2018

Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014

Reinforcement of rubber by precipitated silica is adversely affected due to lack of strong polyme... more Reinforcement of rubber by precipitated silica is adversely affected due to lack of strong polymer silica bonding. Functionalized polymers interact strongly with surface silanol groups of precipitated silica. In this work, effect of variation of epoxide content in silica filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) compound was studied namely ENR 10, 25, 37.5 and 50mol%. Increasing in epoxide level of rubber has contributed to better rubber filler interaction and lead to better mechanical properties. Meanwhile, ENR’s with greater degree of polarity has contributed significantly to higher storage moduli at small deformation and also leads to increase in bound rubber content value. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed that the silanol groups in silica interact with ENR through formation of Si-OH bond.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

Rheological studies of polymers are of great importance in optimizing the processing conditions a... more Rheological studies of polymers are of great importance in optimizing the processing conditions and in designing processing equipments like injection molding machines, extruders, and dies required for various products. Melt rheological studies give us valuable viscosity data that will be helpful in optimizing the processing conditions. Parameters like melt viscosity as a function of shear rate or shear stress and temperature have become more and more important. Previous study indicated that the flow behaviour of the compound depends on the filler loading. Lesser elastic torque was found with compound containing lower filler content as compared to higher filler content. In this work, effect of dual filler, based on Carbon Black / Silica filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) compound was investigated. A total of 80phr of filler content based on passenger tyre tread formulation was used in the experiment. The compounds were prepared by melt mixing in tangential type of an internal mix...

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

Rubber reinforcement in general depends on the type of filler used in the rubber mixture. Instead... more Rubber reinforcement in general depends on the type of filler used in the rubber mixture. Instead of carbon black, Silica filler has been widely accepted in tyre making due to its low rolling resistance property. In recent years, there is a trend in using higher curing temperature in order to improve productivity of vulcanisation line without drawbacks in the performance of tyres. In this work, effect of vulcanisation temperature based on the silica filled ENR curing behaviour was studied. Results indicate that time-dependant reversion behaviour of ENR was similar to that of unmodified Natural Rubber. The physical properties slowly deteriorated as the curing temperature approached 180°C which related to low crosslink density. Carbon Black filled ENR compound was used as a comparison.

Advanced Materials Research, 2014

Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica... more Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica as reinforcing fillers has spread and grown worldwide. The general advantages of silica as reinforcing filler over carbon black filler are better rolling resistance by achieving at least equal wet traction while tread wear should not be adversely affected. One way to obtain both low rolling resistance and high wet traction is indeed, to use precipitated silica together with solution polymers in tyre treads. The benefits of reinforcement by silane coupled silicas, in certain blends of solution styrene –butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR), were recognized by major tyre manufacturer. However, the use of silica compounds entails considerable disadvantages in terms of raw material costs and processability (before vulcanization). These difficulties include higher compound Mooney Viscosity (ML1+4) that increases upon storage, short scorch time and environmental problems related to...