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Papers by Mya-Thanda Sein

Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Sep 29, 2023

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2022

Objective To investigate the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) ... more Objective To investigate the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) in normal and preeclamptic (PE) placentae. Methods The present cross-sectional analytical study was performed in normal and PE primigravidae (n = 10 in each group) who were admitted to the North Okkalapa General and Teaching Hospital from February 2019 to February 2020. Serum samples were collected immediately before delivery, and placental tissues were collected immediately after emergency or elective cesarean section. The expression of placental eNOS was measured by western blot, and the levels of ET-1 in placental tissue homogenates and in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The PE group had significantly higher serum levels of ET-1 (median: 116.56 pg/mL; IQR: 89.14–159.62 pg/mL) than the normal group (median: 60.02 pg/mL; IQR: 50.89–94.37 pg/mL) (p

Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2021

Background: Evidence from epidemiological research suggests that dietary calcium may protect agai... more Background: Evidence from epidemiological research suggests that dietary calcium may protect against metabolic abnormality in populations at high risk. Observational studies show the relationship between dietary calcium intake and metabolic syndrome. However evidence for beneficial effect of elemental calcium supplementation on metabolic syndrome is limited. Aims: Present studydetermined whether oral calcium supplementation reduced insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome or not. Methods; Hundred patients who have metabolic syndrome without diabetes mellitus, parathyroid disease, chronic renal failure, pregnancy and lactationwere randomly allocated to the group receiving 1500 mg/ day of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate for 8 weeks and the control group. The primary outcome was change in insulin resistance as measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Other outcomes were changes of serum free ionized calcium (FiCa) level with accompa...

Journal of UOEH, 2021

Although acute organophosphate (OP) pesticide poisoning is associated with the risk cardiovascula... more Although acute organophosphate (OP) pesticide poisoning is associated with the risk cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the association between chronic occupational OP pesticide exposure and CVD risk is limited. We investigated serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and QTc intervals in 45 agricultural workers who were chronically exposed to OP pesticides and 45 non-exposed subjects. Serum hs-CRP level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a level >1.0 mg/l was regarded as CVD risk. The QT interval was measured by routine 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) with Lead II rhythm, and QTc was calculated. The median value of the serum hs-CRP level [1.20 (0.67-2.38) vs 0.74 (0.41-1.17) mg/l, P <0.05] and the mean QTc interval (422.71 ± 23.73 vs 396.27 ± 18.48 ms, P <0.0001) was significantly higher in the OP pesticide exposed subjects. Pesticide exposure was significantly associated with CVD risk (Chi-Square χ2 = 6.480, P = 0.011) and QTc inte...

Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, 2020

Objective. This study determined the correlation between erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ... more Objective. This study determined the correlation between erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and insulin sensitivity in agricultural workers and non-agricultural workers. Methodology. The cross-sectional comparative study was undertaken in 45 agricultural and 45 non-agricultural workers from Nat-Kan Village, Magway Township. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity and serum malondialdehyde were measured by spectrophotometric method. Insulin sensitivity was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Results. Mean erythrocyte AChE activity was significantly lower in agricultural (3553.99 IU/L) compared with nonagricultural workers (4432.68 IU/L) (p<0.001). A significant high level of mean serum MDA was observed in agricultural workers (0.74 versus 0.28 μmol/L, p<0.001). Median HOMA-IR value was significantly higher in agricultural (2.74) than that of non-agricultural workers (2.28) (p<0.05). The risk of insulin resistance was 2.8 times greater in agricultural workers than non-agricultural workers (OR 2.8, 95% CI, 1.18 to 6.72). Erythrocyte AChE activity had weak negative correlation with serum MDA level (r=-0.357, p<0.001) and HOMA-IR (ρ=-0.305, p<0.05). There was a significant but weak positive correlation between serum MDA level and HOMA-IR (ρ=0.355, p<0.001). Conclusion. Organophosphate pesticide exposure lowered erythrocyte AChE activity and increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is partly attributed to the development of insulin resistance.

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology, 2018

IntRoductIon The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in the recent decades. Previous... more IntRoductIon The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in the recent decades. Previously, it was thought that obesity is a problem of developed countries; nowadays, it becomes pandemic. In Myanmar as a developing country, the prevalence of obesity increased from 15% to approximately 17.6% in adult population between 2010 and 2014. [1] The hazards of obesity include dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular accidents. [2] Many evidence has been reported that obesity is associated with respiratory dysfunction such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. [3-5] Many studies have reported an inverse relation between respiratory function and anthropometric parameters such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percentage of fat mass, and skinfold thickness. [6-10] Relation between obesity and respiratory function observed in most of previous studies was simply explained by BMI as the measure of overall obesity, but it cannot indicate the fat distribution. Background and Aim: Proinflammatory cytokines may be the crucial factor in link between respiratory function decline and obesity. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between respiratory function and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) level in nonobese and obese male adult subjects. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in 30 nonobese (body mass index [BMI] = 22.99 ± 1.08 Kg/m 2 ; waist circumference [WC] = 75.27 ± 4.08 cm), 34 generally obese (BMI = 30.88 ± 0.87 Kg/m 2 ; WC = 84.03 ± 3.02 cm), and 37 centrally obese subjects (BMI = 31.59 ± 2.11 Kg/m 2 ; WC = 96.08 ± 3.35 cm). Spirobank II spirometer was used to measure respiratory function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV 1 ], forced vital capacity [FVC], FEV 1 /FVC, peak expiratory flow rate, and average forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC). Serum IL-6 level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For comparative studies, ANOVA test was used for normally distributed data and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for screwed data. Pearson's correlation and Spearman's rho test were used for correlation studies. Results: The percentage of predicted value of all respiratory function parameters of generally obese group as well as centrally obese group was significantly lower than that of nonobese group (P < 0.05). Median and interquartile range of serum IL-6 level of nonobese group, generally obese group, and centrally obese group were 10 (10-11) pg/mL, 32 (17.5-65) pg/mL, and 52 (25-65) pg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences between the groups (P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between serum IL-6 levels and BMI (r = 0.519, n = 101, P < 0.001) as well as WC (r = 0.547, n = 101, P < 0.001). All respiratory function parameters were significantly and negatively correlated with anthropometric measurements (BMI and WC) as well as serum IL-6 level. Respiratory functions were more significantly and strongly correlated with anthropometric parameters than serum IL-6. Conclusion: It was concluded that reduced respiratory function in obesity might be due to mechanical effect of obesity and systemic low-grade inflammatory effect of obesity is partly contributed.

Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, 2014

Objective. To assess the effect of oral calcium supplementation on lipid profile and atherogenic ... more Objective. To assess the effect of oral calcium supplementation on lipid profile and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Methodology. This study was undertaken in 28 centrally obese male subjects [age 26.4 (6.5) years], BMI 31.6 (4.7) kg/m 2 , WC 99.4 (6.4) cm. All participants received six tablets of CaCO 3 (250 mg of elemental calcium/ capsule, for a total of 1500 md/day) for 8 weeks. Serum lipid profile including triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C was measured at baseline and after intervention. AIP was calculated by using formula = log (TG/HDL-C). Results. Oral calcium supplementation achieved a 22% (36 mg/dL, p<0.001) reduction in Triglyceride from baseline [163.4 (37.9) mg/dL] and 19.2% (5.8 mg/dL, p<0.001) increase in HDL-C from baseline [30.4 (7.4) mg/dL)]. There were no significant treatment effects on total cholesterol [217.1 (41.21) mg/dL vs 196.3 (46.2) mg/dL] and LDL-C [155.4 (45.1) mg/dL vs 136.3 (45.1) mg/dL]. Significant reduction in serum total cholesterol and LDL-C level was only found in dyslipidemic centrally obese subjects. AIP decreased significantly by 51% with calcium carbonate treatment [median and interquartile range; 0.35 (0.29-0.44) vs 0.17 (0.04-0.44), p<0.01]. Conclusion. Eight-week calcium supplementation at 1500 mg/day led to a significant change in lipid levels and AIP.

European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2021

QT Interval prolongation is common in insulin resistance state obesity. Insulin-induced hyperpola... more QT Interval prolongation is common in insulin resistance state obesity. Insulin-induced hyperpolarization might be involved in ventricular repolarization leading to QTc lengthening. Therefore, this study is designated to investigate the relationship between corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation and insulin resistance in obese adult male subjects. Apparently healthy adult male subjects (n=100) aged between 18-35 years residing in Magway Township were recruited by simple random sampling method. Then all the eligible subjects were categorized into 2 groups: non-obese [body mass index (BMI) 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, n= 40] and obese group [BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2, n=60] by their anthropometric parameters. Serum fasting glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. Serum insulin level was determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Insulin sensitivity was calculated by Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR). The QT interval was measured by routine 12-lead ECG and corrected QT interv...

Journal of Endocrinology Research, 2021

Objective: To determine the relationship between insulin resistance and related variables (serum ... more Objective: To determine the relationship between insulin resistance and related variables (serum testosterone, interleukin (IL-6) and leptin level) in obese and non-obese healthy subjects. Methods: Community-based crosssectional, analytic study was undertaken in 60 subjects for each obese group (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and non-obese group (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) (age;18-45 years) residing in Magway Township from December 2016 to December 2017. Serum insulin, testosterone, IL-6 and leptin levels were measured by enzyme linked immunoassay, and serum fasting glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. Insulin sensitivity was calculated by HOMA formula (Homeostatic Model Assessment). Results:HOMA-IR, serum leptin and IL-6 level were significantly higher in obese group while serum testosterone level was significantly lower in obese group. There was a significantly correlation between HOMA-IR with leptin (r=0.306, p=0.001), IL-6 (r=0.237, p=0.009) and testosterone (r=-0.209,p=0.02). Moreov...

Female reproductive hormone changes in the menstrual cycle affect the mineral metabolisms which i... more Female reproductive hormone changes in the menstrual cycle affect the mineral metabolisms which in turn cause disorders in the body. This study was aimed at evaluating serum calcium, magnesium, and Ca:Mg ratio during the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phase in 80 women (15 - 45 years). The detailed menstrual history including basal body temperature for two consecutive cycles were recorded. The ovulation day was estimated individually from the change in basal body temperature and the phases were estimated from the individual cycle length and estimated ovulation day. The follicular, ovulatory and luteal phase blood samples were taken during Day 8 - 10, Day 14 - 16 and Day 22 - 26 respectively. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium were estimated by colorimetric method.

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology, 2015

Background and Aim: Central obesity is a major contributor to the development of cardiovascular (... more Background and Aim: Central obesity is a major contributor to the development of cardiovascular (CV) risks. Several atherogenic indices had been derived from lipid profiles for predicting the risk of CV disease. The present study assessed atherogenic indices as CV risk in centrally obese men. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was undertaken in 34 apparently healthy centrally obese (waist circumference [WC] >90 cm) and 30 nonobese (WC < 90 cm) men aged between 18 and 35 years. The plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined using spectrophotometry methods. The following atherogenic indices were calculated: TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by homeostasis model assessment method of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: Atherogenic indices and HOMA-IR values increased significantly in the centrally obese subjects than that of nonobese subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between WC and LDL-C/HDL-C ( r = 0.46, P < 0.01), TC/HDL-C ( r = 0.51, P < 0.01) and AIP ( r = 0.66, P < 0.001). Among them, AIP has the strongest and most significant correlation with WC. The risk of developing CV disease (AIP > 0.1) among centrally obese male subjects is 11.72 times (adjusted odds ratio = 11.72; 95% confidence interval = 1.84-72.81) greater than that of nonobese subjects. AIP can only express the association between (HOMA-IR > 2.52) and CV risk (AIP > 0.1) in central adiposity. Conclusion: AIP is a better indicator of CV risk than other previously used lipid parameters in centrally obese Myanmarese.

Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Objective. This study determined the relationship between plasma adiponectin level and corrected ... more Objective. This study determined the relationship between plasma adiponectin level and corrected QT interval (QTc) in smokers and non-smokers. Methodology. This cross-sectional analytical study was undertaken in 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers. Plasma adiponectin level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The QT interval was measured by routine 12-lead ECG with Lead II rhythm and QTc was calculated. Results. Mean plasma adiponectin level was significantly lower in smokers (27.89±15 μg/ml) than that of non-smokers (52.13±21.57μg/ml) (p<0.001). Mean QTc interval was significantly longer in smokers than that of non-smokers (415.37±29.9 versus 395.63±26.13 ms, p<0.01). Higher risk of low adiponectin level (odds ratio [OR],8.1; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.61-40.77) and QTc interval prolongation (OR,6; 95%CI,1.17-30.73) were observed in smokers. There was weak significant negative correlation between plasma adiponectin level and QTc interval in the study pop...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Arsenic is carcinogenic and teratogenic. In addition, it is also a developmental neurotoxicant. L... more Arsenic is carcinogenic and teratogenic. In addition, it is also a developmental neurotoxicant. Little is known however about the effect of arsenic exposure during brain development on social behavior. This study aimed to detect the effect of developmental arsenic exposure on social behavior and related gene expression in C3H adult male mice. Pregnant C3H mice were exposed to sodium arsenite (NaAsO2, 85 ppm in the drinking water) from gestational day (GD) 8 to 18. The F1 generation male pups from different mothers were taken and social behavior tasks were examined. Social behavioral-related gene expression in the prefrontal cortex was determined by the real-time RT-PCR method. The mice with developmental arsenic exposure showed poor sociability and poor social novelty preference. Glutamate receptor expression (NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits) showed no significant difference, but gene expressions of serotonin receptor 5B (5-HT 5B) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were si...

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Present review discusses the organophosphate (OP) pesticides toxicity with associated hyperglycem... more Present review discusses the organophosphate (OP) pesticides toxicity with associated hyperglycemia in animal as well as human studies and effect of OP pesticide on liver enzymes involved in glucose homeostasis pathways. Pancreas keeps hormonal control of glucose homeostasis by secretion of glucagon and insulin. Insulin resistance is higher risk of impair glucose homeostasis. Based on cumulative evidences, oxidative stress induced by OP pesticides may lead to disturbance of glucose homeostasis. There is increasing interest in environment pesticides exposure can affect the glucose homeostasis. fasciculation [10]. During these conditions, the flow of oxygen through brain and muscle is greatly increased. This metabolic stress Volume 14-Issue 2

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2016

Background: Animal studies show that ovarian hormone defi ciency is associated with development o... more Background: Animal studies show that ovarian hormone defi ciency is associated with development of insulin resistance. In women, the menopause transition marks the cessation of ovarian function and insulin sensitivity would be reduced in postmenopausal women. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the insulin sensitivity in Myanmar postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional comparative study was undertaken in non obese, normal glucose tolerant post menopausal women (n=42, BMI (mean± SD) 21.3±2.8 kg/m 2 , age 52.6±4.4 years) and premenopausal women (n=33, BMI (mean± SD) 19.7±2.2 kg/m 2 , age32.7±4.9 years). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by homeostasis model assessment method of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) based on fasting blood glucose and fasting serum insulin level. Blood glucose was determined by glucose oxidase method. Serum insulin was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: No differences in fasting blood glucose level (Mean ±SD 4.87±0.51 vs. 4.76±0.63mmol/L), fasting serum insulin level [median and interquartile range (IQR) 8.1 (6.7-11.8) vs. 8.1(6.5-9.9) μIU/ml] and HOMA-IR [median and IQR 1.7 (1.4-2.8) vs. 1.7 (1.2-2.2)] were found between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Postmenopausal status has no effect on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2016

Background: Almost all women experience at least mild degree of one or more premenstrual symptoms... more Background: Almost all women experience at least mild degree of one or more premenstrual symptoms during the days before menstruation. Women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) experience a pattern of severe premenstrual symptoms month after month and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the extreme, predominantly psychological end of the PMS spectrum. These symptoms hinder some aspect of their family as well as social lives and also interfere their activities at work.Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of PMS among reproductive aged Myanmar women from medical field and to investigate the frequency and severity of symptoms experience by the women with PMS.Materials and Methods: All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire derived from Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences (COPE) for two consecutive menstrual cycle to diagnose PMS and PMDD. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 400 reproductive aged women (between 15 - 45 years) a...

Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Sep 29, 2023

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2022

Objective To investigate the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) ... more Objective To investigate the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) in normal and preeclamptic (PE) placentae. Methods The present cross-sectional analytical study was performed in normal and PE primigravidae (n = 10 in each group) who were admitted to the North Okkalapa General and Teaching Hospital from February 2019 to February 2020. Serum samples were collected immediately before delivery, and placental tissues were collected immediately after emergency or elective cesarean section. The expression of placental eNOS was measured by western blot, and the levels of ET-1 in placental tissue homogenates and in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The PE group had significantly higher serum levels of ET-1 (median: 116.56 pg/mL; IQR: 89.14–159.62 pg/mL) than the normal group (median: 60.02 pg/mL; IQR: 50.89–94.37 pg/mL) (p

Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2021

Background: Evidence from epidemiological research suggests that dietary calcium may protect agai... more Background: Evidence from epidemiological research suggests that dietary calcium may protect against metabolic abnormality in populations at high risk. Observational studies show the relationship between dietary calcium intake and metabolic syndrome. However evidence for beneficial effect of elemental calcium supplementation on metabolic syndrome is limited. Aims: Present studydetermined whether oral calcium supplementation reduced insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome or not. Methods; Hundred patients who have metabolic syndrome without diabetes mellitus, parathyroid disease, chronic renal failure, pregnancy and lactationwere randomly allocated to the group receiving 1500 mg/ day of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate for 8 weeks and the control group. The primary outcome was change in insulin resistance as measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Other outcomes were changes of serum free ionized calcium (FiCa) level with accompa...

Journal of UOEH, 2021

Although acute organophosphate (OP) pesticide poisoning is associated with the risk cardiovascula... more Although acute organophosphate (OP) pesticide poisoning is associated with the risk cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the association between chronic occupational OP pesticide exposure and CVD risk is limited. We investigated serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and QTc intervals in 45 agricultural workers who were chronically exposed to OP pesticides and 45 non-exposed subjects. Serum hs-CRP level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a level >1.0 mg/l was regarded as CVD risk. The QT interval was measured by routine 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) with Lead II rhythm, and QTc was calculated. The median value of the serum hs-CRP level [1.20 (0.67-2.38) vs 0.74 (0.41-1.17) mg/l, P <0.05] and the mean QTc interval (422.71 ± 23.73 vs 396.27 ± 18.48 ms, P <0.0001) was significantly higher in the OP pesticide exposed subjects. Pesticide exposure was significantly associated with CVD risk (Chi-Square χ2 = 6.480, P = 0.011) and QTc inte...

Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, 2020

Objective. This study determined the correlation between erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ... more Objective. This study determined the correlation between erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and insulin sensitivity in agricultural workers and non-agricultural workers. Methodology. The cross-sectional comparative study was undertaken in 45 agricultural and 45 non-agricultural workers from Nat-Kan Village, Magway Township. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity and serum malondialdehyde were measured by spectrophotometric method. Insulin sensitivity was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Results. Mean erythrocyte AChE activity was significantly lower in agricultural (3553.99 IU/L) compared with nonagricultural workers (4432.68 IU/L) (p<0.001). A significant high level of mean serum MDA was observed in agricultural workers (0.74 versus 0.28 μmol/L, p<0.001). Median HOMA-IR value was significantly higher in agricultural (2.74) than that of non-agricultural workers (2.28) (p<0.05). The risk of insulin resistance was 2.8 times greater in agricultural workers than non-agricultural workers (OR 2.8, 95% CI, 1.18 to 6.72). Erythrocyte AChE activity had weak negative correlation with serum MDA level (r=-0.357, p<0.001) and HOMA-IR (ρ=-0.305, p<0.05). There was a significant but weak positive correlation between serum MDA level and HOMA-IR (ρ=0.355, p<0.001). Conclusion. Organophosphate pesticide exposure lowered erythrocyte AChE activity and increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is partly attributed to the development of insulin resistance.

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology, 2018

IntRoductIon The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in the recent decades. Previous... more IntRoductIon The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in the recent decades. Previously, it was thought that obesity is a problem of developed countries; nowadays, it becomes pandemic. In Myanmar as a developing country, the prevalence of obesity increased from 15% to approximately 17.6% in adult population between 2010 and 2014. [1] The hazards of obesity include dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular accidents. [2] Many evidence has been reported that obesity is associated with respiratory dysfunction such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. [3-5] Many studies have reported an inverse relation between respiratory function and anthropometric parameters such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percentage of fat mass, and skinfold thickness. [6-10] Relation between obesity and respiratory function observed in most of previous studies was simply explained by BMI as the measure of overall obesity, but it cannot indicate the fat distribution. Background and Aim: Proinflammatory cytokines may be the crucial factor in link between respiratory function decline and obesity. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between respiratory function and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) level in nonobese and obese male adult subjects. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in 30 nonobese (body mass index [BMI] = 22.99 ± 1.08 Kg/m 2 ; waist circumference [WC] = 75.27 ± 4.08 cm), 34 generally obese (BMI = 30.88 ± 0.87 Kg/m 2 ; WC = 84.03 ± 3.02 cm), and 37 centrally obese subjects (BMI = 31.59 ± 2.11 Kg/m 2 ; WC = 96.08 ± 3.35 cm). Spirobank II spirometer was used to measure respiratory function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV 1 ], forced vital capacity [FVC], FEV 1 /FVC, peak expiratory flow rate, and average forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC). Serum IL-6 level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For comparative studies, ANOVA test was used for normally distributed data and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for screwed data. Pearson's correlation and Spearman's rho test were used for correlation studies. Results: The percentage of predicted value of all respiratory function parameters of generally obese group as well as centrally obese group was significantly lower than that of nonobese group (P < 0.05). Median and interquartile range of serum IL-6 level of nonobese group, generally obese group, and centrally obese group were 10 (10-11) pg/mL, 32 (17.5-65) pg/mL, and 52 (25-65) pg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences between the groups (P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between serum IL-6 levels and BMI (r = 0.519, n = 101, P < 0.001) as well as WC (r = 0.547, n = 101, P < 0.001). All respiratory function parameters were significantly and negatively correlated with anthropometric measurements (BMI and WC) as well as serum IL-6 level. Respiratory functions were more significantly and strongly correlated with anthropometric parameters than serum IL-6. Conclusion: It was concluded that reduced respiratory function in obesity might be due to mechanical effect of obesity and systemic low-grade inflammatory effect of obesity is partly contributed.

Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, 2014

Objective. To assess the effect of oral calcium supplementation on lipid profile and atherogenic ... more Objective. To assess the effect of oral calcium supplementation on lipid profile and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Methodology. This study was undertaken in 28 centrally obese male subjects [age 26.4 (6.5) years], BMI 31.6 (4.7) kg/m 2 , WC 99.4 (6.4) cm. All participants received six tablets of CaCO 3 (250 mg of elemental calcium/ capsule, for a total of 1500 md/day) for 8 weeks. Serum lipid profile including triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C was measured at baseline and after intervention. AIP was calculated by using formula = log (TG/HDL-C). Results. Oral calcium supplementation achieved a 22% (36 mg/dL, p<0.001) reduction in Triglyceride from baseline [163.4 (37.9) mg/dL] and 19.2% (5.8 mg/dL, p<0.001) increase in HDL-C from baseline [30.4 (7.4) mg/dL)]. There were no significant treatment effects on total cholesterol [217.1 (41.21) mg/dL vs 196.3 (46.2) mg/dL] and LDL-C [155.4 (45.1) mg/dL vs 136.3 (45.1) mg/dL]. Significant reduction in serum total cholesterol and LDL-C level was only found in dyslipidemic centrally obese subjects. AIP decreased significantly by 51% with calcium carbonate treatment [median and interquartile range; 0.35 (0.29-0.44) vs 0.17 (0.04-0.44), p<0.01]. Conclusion. Eight-week calcium supplementation at 1500 mg/day led to a significant change in lipid levels and AIP.

European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2021

QT Interval prolongation is common in insulin resistance state obesity. Insulin-induced hyperpola... more QT Interval prolongation is common in insulin resistance state obesity. Insulin-induced hyperpolarization might be involved in ventricular repolarization leading to QTc lengthening. Therefore, this study is designated to investigate the relationship between corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation and insulin resistance in obese adult male subjects. Apparently healthy adult male subjects (n=100) aged between 18-35 years residing in Magway Township were recruited by simple random sampling method. Then all the eligible subjects were categorized into 2 groups: non-obese [body mass index (BMI) 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, n= 40] and obese group [BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2, n=60] by their anthropometric parameters. Serum fasting glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. Serum insulin level was determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Insulin sensitivity was calculated by Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR). The QT interval was measured by routine 12-lead ECG and corrected QT interv...

Journal of Endocrinology Research, 2021

Objective: To determine the relationship between insulin resistance and related variables (serum ... more Objective: To determine the relationship between insulin resistance and related variables (serum testosterone, interleukin (IL-6) and leptin level) in obese and non-obese healthy subjects. Methods: Community-based crosssectional, analytic study was undertaken in 60 subjects for each obese group (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and non-obese group (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) (age;18-45 years) residing in Magway Township from December 2016 to December 2017. Serum insulin, testosterone, IL-6 and leptin levels were measured by enzyme linked immunoassay, and serum fasting glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. Insulin sensitivity was calculated by HOMA formula (Homeostatic Model Assessment). Results:HOMA-IR, serum leptin and IL-6 level were significantly higher in obese group while serum testosterone level was significantly lower in obese group. There was a significantly correlation between HOMA-IR with leptin (r=0.306, p=0.001), IL-6 (r=0.237, p=0.009) and testosterone (r=-0.209,p=0.02). Moreov...

Female reproductive hormone changes in the menstrual cycle affect the mineral metabolisms which i... more Female reproductive hormone changes in the menstrual cycle affect the mineral metabolisms which in turn cause disorders in the body. This study was aimed at evaluating serum calcium, magnesium, and Ca:Mg ratio during the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phase in 80 women (15 - 45 years). The detailed menstrual history including basal body temperature for two consecutive cycles were recorded. The ovulation day was estimated individually from the change in basal body temperature and the phases were estimated from the individual cycle length and estimated ovulation day. The follicular, ovulatory and luteal phase blood samples were taken during Day 8 - 10, Day 14 - 16 and Day 22 - 26 respectively. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium were estimated by colorimetric method.

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology, 2015

Background and Aim: Central obesity is a major contributor to the development of cardiovascular (... more Background and Aim: Central obesity is a major contributor to the development of cardiovascular (CV) risks. Several atherogenic indices had been derived from lipid profiles for predicting the risk of CV disease. The present study assessed atherogenic indices as CV risk in centrally obese men. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was undertaken in 34 apparently healthy centrally obese (waist circumference [WC] >90 cm) and 30 nonobese (WC < 90 cm) men aged between 18 and 35 years. The plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined using spectrophotometry methods. The following atherogenic indices were calculated: TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by homeostasis model assessment method of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: Atherogenic indices and HOMA-IR values increased significantly in the centrally obese subjects than that of nonobese subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between WC and LDL-C/HDL-C ( r = 0.46, P < 0.01), TC/HDL-C ( r = 0.51, P < 0.01) and AIP ( r = 0.66, P < 0.001). Among them, AIP has the strongest and most significant correlation with WC. The risk of developing CV disease (AIP > 0.1) among centrally obese male subjects is 11.72 times (adjusted odds ratio = 11.72; 95% confidence interval = 1.84-72.81) greater than that of nonobese subjects. AIP can only express the association between (HOMA-IR > 2.52) and CV risk (AIP > 0.1) in central adiposity. Conclusion: AIP is a better indicator of CV risk than other previously used lipid parameters in centrally obese Myanmarese.

Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Objective. This study determined the relationship between plasma adiponectin level and corrected ... more Objective. This study determined the relationship between plasma adiponectin level and corrected QT interval (QTc) in smokers and non-smokers. Methodology. This cross-sectional analytical study was undertaken in 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers. Plasma adiponectin level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The QT interval was measured by routine 12-lead ECG with Lead II rhythm and QTc was calculated. Results. Mean plasma adiponectin level was significantly lower in smokers (27.89±15 μg/ml) than that of non-smokers (52.13±21.57μg/ml) (p<0.001). Mean QTc interval was significantly longer in smokers than that of non-smokers (415.37±29.9 versus 395.63±26.13 ms, p<0.01). Higher risk of low adiponectin level (odds ratio [OR],8.1; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.61-40.77) and QTc interval prolongation (OR,6; 95%CI,1.17-30.73) were observed in smokers. There was weak significant negative correlation between plasma adiponectin level and QTc interval in the study pop...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Arsenic is carcinogenic and teratogenic. In addition, it is also a developmental neurotoxicant. L... more Arsenic is carcinogenic and teratogenic. In addition, it is also a developmental neurotoxicant. Little is known however about the effect of arsenic exposure during brain development on social behavior. This study aimed to detect the effect of developmental arsenic exposure on social behavior and related gene expression in C3H adult male mice. Pregnant C3H mice were exposed to sodium arsenite (NaAsO2, 85 ppm in the drinking water) from gestational day (GD) 8 to 18. The F1 generation male pups from different mothers were taken and social behavior tasks were examined. Social behavioral-related gene expression in the prefrontal cortex was determined by the real-time RT-PCR method. The mice with developmental arsenic exposure showed poor sociability and poor social novelty preference. Glutamate receptor expression (NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits) showed no significant difference, but gene expressions of serotonin receptor 5B (5-HT 5B) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were si...

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Present review discusses the organophosphate (OP) pesticides toxicity with associated hyperglycem... more Present review discusses the organophosphate (OP) pesticides toxicity with associated hyperglycemia in animal as well as human studies and effect of OP pesticide on liver enzymes involved in glucose homeostasis pathways. Pancreas keeps hormonal control of glucose homeostasis by secretion of glucagon and insulin. Insulin resistance is higher risk of impair glucose homeostasis. Based on cumulative evidences, oxidative stress induced by OP pesticides may lead to disturbance of glucose homeostasis. There is increasing interest in environment pesticides exposure can affect the glucose homeostasis. fasciculation [10]. During these conditions, the flow of oxygen through brain and muscle is greatly increased. This metabolic stress Volume 14-Issue 2

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2016

Background: Animal studies show that ovarian hormone defi ciency is associated with development o... more Background: Animal studies show that ovarian hormone defi ciency is associated with development of insulin resistance. In women, the menopause transition marks the cessation of ovarian function and insulin sensitivity would be reduced in postmenopausal women. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the insulin sensitivity in Myanmar postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional comparative study was undertaken in non obese, normal glucose tolerant post menopausal women (n=42, BMI (mean± SD) 21.3±2.8 kg/m 2 , age 52.6±4.4 years) and premenopausal women (n=33, BMI (mean± SD) 19.7±2.2 kg/m 2 , age32.7±4.9 years). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by homeostasis model assessment method of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) based on fasting blood glucose and fasting serum insulin level. Blood glucose was determined by glucose oxidase method. Serum insulin was estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: No differences in fasting blood glucose level (Mean ±SD 4.87±0.51 vs. 4.76±0.63mmol/L), fasting serum insulin level [median and interquartile range (IQR) 8.1 (6.7-11.8) vs. 8.1(6.5-9.9) μIU/ml] and HOMA-IR [median and IQR 1.7 (1.4-2.8) vs. 1.7 (1.2-2.2)] were found between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Postmenopausal status has no effect on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2016

Background: Almost all women experience at least mild degree of one or more premenstrual symptoms... more Background: Almost all women experience at least mild degree of one or more premenstrual symptoms during the days before menstruation. Women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) experience a pattern of severe premenstrual symptoms month after month and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the extreme, predominantly psychological end of the PMS spectrum. These symptoms hinder some aspect of their family as well as social lives and also interfere their activities at work.Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of PMS among reproductive aged Myanmar women from medical field and to investigate the frequency and severity of symptoms experience by the women with PMS.Materials and Methods: All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire derived from Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences (COPE) for two consecutive menstrual cycle to diagnose PMS and PMDD. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 400 reproductive aged women (between 15 - 45 years) a...