Nazafarin Ghasemzadeh - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Nazafarin Ghasemzadeh
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2016
Archives of Iranian medicine, 2017
INTRODUCTION Professional behavior is first learned at the university. One of the necessary consi... more INTRODUCTION Professional behavior is first learned at the university. One of the necessary considerations in maintaining the professional environment of the university is establishing a set of codes for the behavior of physicians and medical students. This paper describes the process of developing the professional code of conduct in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. METHODS A review of Iranian and international literature was performed to develop the first draft of the guideline. In sessions of group discussion by the authors, the articles of the draft were evaluated for relevancy, clarity, and lack of repetition. The draft was sent for evaluation to all participants, including the medical faculty members, residents, and medical students, four times and necessary corrections were made according to the comments received. RESULTS The final guideline included 76 behavior codes in 6 categories, including altruism, honor and integrity, responsibility, respect, justice...
Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 2018
Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2018
Part one of the present study presented practical Islamic jurisprudential rules and investigated ... more Part one of the present study presented practical Islamic jurisprudential rules and investigated their application to performing medical procedures on nearly dead patients. It was contended that a dying patient could be used in medical education in cases where there is no alternative method, provided the patient voluntarily consents and is not offended. Part two of the present study addresses the issue by referring to the opinions of Islamic jurisprudents to find an appropriate solution to a challenging question in medicine, namely, whether clinical training of medical students on the dying person is permissible. For this purpose, istiftas (petitions or requests for a fatwa) were sent to prominent contemporary Shiite jurisprudents to solicit their opinions on the use of dying patients for medical education. After exploring the existing views, it was finally concluded that the majority of the jurisprudents allowed the practice in cases of “necessity” and provided that the principles ...
Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 2013
Background & Aims: Paying attention to the patient safety is part of ethical and legal responsibi... more Background & Aims: Paying attention to the patient safety is part of ethical and legal responsibilities of each hospital. Nowadays, radiology departments play a valuable role in diagnosis of diseases by preparing images from different organs. Patient safety should be considered in radiology departments because of using complicated equipments, technologies and applying X-ray to determine disorders and malfunctions. Since knowledge and practice of students as future staff can play a significant role in determining & improving patient safety in radiology departments, evaluating the amount of safety and ethical errors committed in radiology departments should be taken into consideration. The present study intended to determine patient safety based on radiology technology students' point of view. Materials & Methods: The present research is a descriptive and cross sectional study which was done on all of B.S radiology technology students (N= 79) of Urmia University of medical sciences in spring of 2011. The instrument used for data collection was a self-constructed questionnaire consisting of two sections. The first section was about demographic characteristics, and the second section consisted of 25 questions about factors which threaten patient safety by applying universal articles & instructions published on the most common safety error in radiology departments .Students' attitude was evaluated using Likert scale (in a self-administered questionnaire) .Validity and reliability of applied questionnaire was confirmed(Chronbach's alpha=0.75).The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive& inferential statistics and also Spss 19 software. Result: The results of this study showed that: 36.7% of the students did not give any information to the patient for his cooperation during a radiography, 25.3% of them failed to use radiation protection equipment and not collimating radiation field, 22.8% did not get enough information from patient and 17.7% of them did not update personnel's knowledge in radiology department. These were the most prevalent errors respectively .Generally speaking, according to the results obtained from the study, the amount of patient safety from students' point of view in more than half of the cases was about average. %41.8 of students assessed the amount of patient safety as being good and %58.2 of students assessed it as being moderate. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, the following strategies are suggested to improve patient safety and quality of services: The essences of using educational courses to up to date the knowledge of radiology staff Teaching the staff how to communicate with patients Training the staff on X-ray protection and patient safety rules Establishing supervisory committee on patient safety
International Journal of Pediatrics, 2014
Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing global health problem, but in the view of medical et... more Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing global health problem, but in the view of medical ethics, obesity management in children is associated with challenges. Method and materials: This study is a comprehensive review in English (Cochrane Library, and PubMed) and Persian literature which pointed to the ethical aspects of pediatrics obesity management with content analysis. Results: In the childhood obesity interventions, clinical trials should be carefully designed with obtaining approval of ethics committee, selection of the appropriate outcomes, contributing to the family, the assent of the child and consent of family, confidentiality, truth telling, fairness and avoiding discrimination and stigma paid investments. Each of community, government, health systems, media and family have special responsibilities in these interventions that cause a somehow violation of personal freedom, privacy invasion and interference with lifestyle options. In the meantime, with the help of fou...
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2016
Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurologic disorder with highe... more Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurologic disorder with higher prevalence in female adults. Patients with MS suffer from many consequences of the disease, which result in poor quality of life. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the sleep quality in patients with MS as an important aspect of their life and the relationship between sleep quality and different types of the disease, treatment, and individual characteristics. Materials and Methods: A total of 152 patients diagnosed with MS at the department of neurology, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire consisting of demographic and disease characteristics, types of treatment, and the validated Persian version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). PSQI score ≥ 5 and < 5 were categorized as poor and good sleep quality, respectively. Results: In this study, the average of PSQI score in all patients was...
Archives of Iranian Medicine, 2020
Background: The medical profession has always been an inspiration for human societies throughout ... more Background: The medical profession has always been an inspiration for human societies throughout its diverse history. This position and historical authority in the field of ethics has had a different and higher status, in such a way that many of the norms of general ethics and professional ethics, especially principles, such as trust, confidentiality and respect for human dignity, have been developed by medical professionals. Developing guidelines of general and professional ethics is one of the inherent duties of the Medical Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRIMC) as a professional organization. In this regard, the Supreme Council of IRIMC has approved the "Code of Ethics for Medical Professionals" and, in accordance with its legal authority, has annexed it to the disciplinary regulations of IRIMC. Methods: A draft document, the result of extensive literature review, was discussed in 27 expert panel meetings and after receiving and endorsing the stakeholders’ poin...
Journal of medical ethics and history of medicine, 2017
During medical training, students obtain enough skills and knowledge. However, medical ethics acc... more During medical training, students obtain enough skills and knowledge. However, medical ethics accomplishes its goals when, together with training medical courses, it guides students behavior towards morality so that ethics-oriented medical practice is internalized. Medical ethics is a branch of applied ethics which tries to introduce ethics into physicians' practice and ethical decisions; thus, it necessitates the behavior to be ethical. Therefore, when students are being trained, they need to be supplied with those guidelines which turn ethical instructions into practice to the extent possible. The current text discusses the narrowing of the gap between ethical theory and practice, especially in the field of medical education. The current study was composed using analytical review procedures. Thus, classical ethics philosophy, psychology books, and related articles were used to select the relevant pieces of information about internalizing behavior and medical education. The aim...
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Aug 15, 2013
Presumption of innocence is one of the fundamental principles of criminal law that has its roots ... more Presumption of innocence is one of the fundamental principles of criminal law that has its roots in moral and religious principles. Presumption of innocence is consistent with human nature, and special attention has been paid to it in Islam. For this reason it has been included in our constitutional law as well as in the constitutions and ordinary laws of other nations, and this indicates its significance. In Shiite jurisprudence there are two major theories on the responsibility of physicians as "daman al-tabib". Most jurists (famous) consider the physician responsible even if he or she has committed no fault. Only a minority of jurists (lessknown) consider the physician to have no responsibility. Islamic criminal law believes the physician to have absolute liability, although medical practices have become more sensitive than in the past and medical incidents have increased as a result of new technology and new methods of treatment. The present study intends to adopt a new approach to rules and principles of jurisprudence, and study the necessity of using them according to the requirements of time in solving everyday problems. Moreover, the study seeks ways to prevent the regression of those rules. Therefore, it seems essential that the golden principle of presumption of innocence be applied to physicians as the manifestation of God's healing, and more attention be paid to it.
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Nov 15, 2014
Recent provisions to the Islamic Penal Code have provided favorable regulations that absolve the ... more Recent provisions to the Islamic Penal Code have provided favorable regulations that absolve the skilled physician from absolute liability and adjust liability according to fault. The revised code adopts a new approach by allowing physicians more freedom while providing added protection, which is consistent with ethical standards and Jurisprudential principles. The present paper aimed to investigate the development process of statutory laws in Iran regarding medical liability and at the same time analyze articles of the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 on the subject. Some articles have been found to contain ambiguities that need to be modified. As an instance there seems to be a conflict between Article 492 and Clause 1 of Article 496 that should be resolved as it pertains to a case of the cause and the perpetrator (physician and nurse). In these situations the doctor orders and the nurse acts, and it is therefore necessary and proper that physicians not be absolved from liability.
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 2014
Background: Oncostatin M (OSM) is an interlukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine secreted by diverse immune cell... more Background: Oncostatin M (OSM) is an interlukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine secreted by diverse immune cells in-order to moderate cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and inflammation by effecting gp-130 cell surface receptors. Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the common type of MS influencing 85% of MS patients. It seems that upregulation of cytokines has an undeniable role in arising autoimmune mechanisms and symptoms. Isfahan province, Iran, is an area with an alarming increase in incidence and prevalence of MS in recent years. Thus, we focused on the investigation of OSM as an immune-dependent risk factor in disease patho-physiology in Isfahan RRMS patients. Objectives: To measure the association between OSM plasma level in MS patients and the healthy subjects. To evaluate the correlation between the demographic info such as age, sex, EDSS, drugs, and OSM concentration in cases. Methods: Blood sample from 60 RRMS patients and 30 healthy subjects between 15 and 40 years was gathered on EDTA and the evaluation on OSM in their plasma was achieved by EASTBIOPHARMA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The statistical analysis was performed utilizing SPSS software. Results: Data showed a significant higher OSM plasma level in the cases than the healthy donors (P valueo0.05). Conclusions: As the first step of studying IL-6 cytokine family in autoimmune diseases in Iranian population, we accomplished to approve the OSM active role in RRMS patients of Isfahan province. Further future investigation of IL-6 family such as "studying IL-6 in central nervous system (CNS) plaques", "genetic polymorphisms in association with MS", and "revealing newer aspects of their implications in cellular pathways" might result in development of immunotherapy and diagnosis in chronic autoimmune diseases of the CNS.
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 2014
Life quality, being of utmost significance, has been studied for years through the investigations... more Life quality, being of utmost significance, has been studied for years through the investigations regarding chronic diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Sleeping is one of the indices that seriously affect human life quality. Given that doctors pay less attention to the sleeping disorders in comparison with the other serious complications in MS patients, the later consequences remain untreated. This study is aimed at investigating sleeping disorder in MS patients in order to improve the patients׳ life quality owing to the little knowledge concerned with the treatment of the most chronic diseases. The current research is a descriptive/analytic study being conducted periodically in 2013 in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. One hundred and fifty two patients were randomly selected using inclusion-exclusion criteria among the patients of West Azerbaijan center of MS. Patients filled the sleeping quality related questionnaire (PSQI) voluntarily after being served with sufficient information. This questionnaire was qualified for several times by retranslating into English from the regional language and subsequently comparing it with the original version. It was then evaluated and modified by sociologist/linguist, psychotherapist, and neurologist. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software applying the following tests: t-test, Fisher׳s exact test and chi-square. For validity qualification of the questionnaire, α Chronbach was employed. In this research, 105 patients (69.1%) had PSQI≥5 (bad quality of sleeping) and 47 patients (30.9%) had PSQI<5 (good quality of sleeping) resulting in the average of 9.28±1.12 for PSQI among them. Table. Absolute and relative frequency distribution of useful life in patients with good and bad quality of life according to PSQI score will be presented. The obtained results indicated that sleeping disorder in MS patients had a high percentage expressing that more than half of the patients had a bad quality of sleeping. This high prevalence can reinforce the role of MS in the development of sleeping disorders in patients.
Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 2014
Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that is responsible for causing several diseases in humans. Parvovi... more Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that is responsible for causing several diseases in humans. Parvovirus B19-induced persistent anemia is one of its manifestations that is relatively common in transplant recipients. This study was aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 among kidney transplant recipients. Ninety-one transplant recipients were selected randomly and were investigated for several variables including age, gender, educational status, history of hemodialysis (HD), history of blood transfusion and immunosuppressive therapy. Two milliliters of blood samples were collected via venipuncture and evaluated for anti-Parvovirus B19 IgG antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All recipients were anemic, with 72.5% of them suffering from severe anemia (Hb ≤ 11 in men and ≤ 10 in women). Sixty-three patients (69.2%) were seropositive for Parvovirus B19. There was no significant difference in age, sex, educational status, history of blood transfusion, history of HD and immunosuppressive therapy between seropositive and seronegative groups. The seroprevalence of Parvovirus B19 was relatively high in kidney transplant recipients in Urmia, Iran. Our study failed to find a correlation between the severity of anemia and the seropositivity of Parvovirus B19.
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2016
Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 2017
Background: Humans have made various efforts to overcome infertility since ancient times. One of ... more Background: Humans have made various efforts to overcome infertility since ancient times. One of the modern assisted reproductive techniques is surrogacy which in this way; a woman agrees to become pregnant and carry a baby for another couple and give them the resulting offspring after birth so that they take paternal and maternal responsibility. The content of the contracts between the owner of the uterus and the applying couples is delivery of the baby to the intended couples that is usually determined by indicating the time "immediately after birth" or "as soon as birth" or "upon birth" when the nutritional status of the child by breastfeeding is not determined and even in other articles it has not even been considered. In Iran, according to the articles of the written surrogacy contract, surrogate has to deliver the baby to the intended couples immediately after birth, too. Therefore breastfeeding of newborn infant has been missed in surrogacy agreement. Objectives: In this study, we have attempted to defend the right to be breast-fed for the child of surrogacy and the right of the breast-feeding for the surrogate mother as rights that make others obligation in Iran. In addition, we propose an altruistic way and the acceptance of two motherly perspectives in surrogacy for the realization of this right. Methods: This study is a theoretical, review, library and content analysis study. First, a combination of key words such as Surrogacy Act, Ethics, Surrogacy Arrangement, and Breastfeeding was searched in the valid databases. Due to lack of the theme of breastfeeding in surrogacy contracts, in the second part of the study, the importance of breast milk was investigated from the medical and Islamic perspectives by searching keywords in medical database, verses of Quran and valid juridical sources and the related extracted information were categorized and their content was analyzed. Then, the right to breastfeed the baby in surrogacy was examined from the rights perspective and how to exercise this right. Results: Consideration of the importance of breastfeeding from the medical, Islamic points of view and legal perspective, breastfeeding is recognized as a right of newborn and mother's right or obligation. Surrogacy develops a mother-child relationship and is therefore liable to mother and child benefits. On the other hand, the breastfeeding right is not mentioned explicitly in surrogacy contract and this right has been missed. Conclusions: It is suggested that in surrogacy both the intended parents and the owner of the womb be provided with the necessary information about the advantages of the breast milk for the child and for the mother at the time of consulting before signing the contract. In addition, the breastfeeding right should be given to the surrogate mother and it should be stated that this right is not considered as the custody right.
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2016
Archives of Iranian medicine, 2017
INTRODUCTION Professional behavior is first learned at the university. One of the necessary consi... more INTRODUCTION Professional behavior is first learned at the university. One of the necessary considerations in maintaining the professional environment of the university is establishing a set of codes for the behavior of physicians and medical students. This paper describes the process of developing the professional code of conduct in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. METHODS A review of Iranian and international literature was performed to develop the first draft of the guideline. In sessions of group discussion by the authors, the articles of the draft were evaluated for relevancy, clarity, and lack of repetition. The draft was sent for evaluation to all participants, including the medical faculty members, residents, and medical students, four times and necessary corrections were made according to the comments received. RESULTS The final guideline included 76 behavior codes in 6 categories, including altruism, honor and integrity, responsibility, respect, justice...
Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 2018
Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2018
Part one of the present study presented practical Islamic jurisprudential rules and investigated ... more Part one of the present study presented practical Islamic jurisprudential rules and investigated their application to performing medical procedures on nearly dead patients. It was contended that a dying patient could be used in medical education in cases where there is no alternative method, provided the patient voluntarily consents and is not offended. Part two of the present study addresses the issue by referring to the opinions of Islamic jurisprudents to find an appropriate solution to a challenging question in medicine, namely, whether clinical training of medical students on the dying person is permissible. For this purpose, istiftas (petitions or requests for a fatwa) were sent to prominent contemporary Shiite jurisprudents to solicit their opinions on the use of dying patients for medical education. After exploring the existing views, it was finally concluded that the majority of the jurisprudents allowed the practice in cases of “necessity” and provided that the principles ...
Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 2013
Background & Aims: Paying attention to the patient safety is part of ethical and legal responsibi... more Background & Aims: Paying attention to the patient safety is part of ethical and legal responsibilities of each hospital. Nowadays, radiology departments play a valuable role in diagnosis of diseases by preparing images from different organs. Patient safety should be considered in radiology departments because of using complicated equipments, technologies and applying X-ray to determine disorders and malfunctions. Since knowledge and practice of students as future staff can play a significant role in determining & improving patient safety in radiology departments, evaluating the amount of safety and ethical errors committed in radiology departments should be taken into consideration. The present study intended to determine patient safety based on radiology technology students' point of view. Materials & Methods: The present research is a descriptive and cross sectional study which was done on all of B.S radiology technology students (N= 79) of Urmia University of medical sciences in spring of 2011. The instrument used for data collection was a self-constructed questionnaire consisting of two sections. The first section was about demographic characteristics, and the second section consisted of 25 questions about factors which threaten patient safety by applying universal articles & instructions published on the most common safety error in radiology departments .Students' attitude was evaluated using Likert scale (in a self-administered questionnaire) .Validity and reliability of applied questionnaire was confirmed(Chronbach's alpha=0.75).The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive& inferential statistics and also Spss 19 software. Result: The results of this study showed that: 36.7% of the students did not give any information to the patient for his cooperation during a radiography, 25.3% of them failed to use radiation protection equipment and not collimating radiation field, 22.8% did not get enough information from patient and 17.7% of them did not update personnel's knowledge in radiology department. These were the most prevalent errors respectively .Generally speaking, according to the results obtained from the study, the amount of patient safety from students' point of view in more than half of the cases was about average. %41.8 of students assessed the amount of patient safety as being good and %58.2 of students assessed it as being moderate. Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the present study, the following strategies are suggested to improve patient safety and quality of services: The essences of using educational courses to up to date the knowledge of radiology staff Teaching the staff how to communicate with patients Training the staff on X-ray protection and patient safety rules Establishing supervisory committee on patient safety
International Journal of Pediatrics, 2014
Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing global health problem, but in the view of medical et... more Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing global health problem, but in the view of medical ethics, obesity management in children is associated with challenges. Method and materials: This study is a comprehensive review in English (Cochrane Library, and PubMed) and Persian literature which pointed to the ethical aspects of pediatrics obesity management with content analysis. Results: In the childhood obesity interventions, clinical trials should be carefully designed with obtaining approval of ethics committee, selection of the appropriate outcomes, contributing to the family, the assent of the child and consent of family, confidentiality, truth telling, fairness and avoiding discrimination and stigma paid investments. Each of community, government, health systems, media and family have special responsibilities in these interventions that cause a somehow violation of personal freedom, privacy invasion and interference with lifestyle options. In the meantime, with the help of fou...
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2016
Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurologic disorder with highe... more Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurologic disorder with higher prevalence in female adults. Patients with MS suffer from many consequences of the disease, which result in poor quality of life. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the sleep quality in patients with MS as an important aspect of their life and the relationship between sleep quality and different types of the disease, treatment, and individual characteristics. Materials and Methods: A total of 152 patients diagnosed with MS at the department of neurology, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire consisting of demographic and disease characteristics, types of treatment, and the validated Persian version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). PSQI score ≥ 5 and < 5 were categorized as poor and good sleep quality, respectively. Results: In this study, the average of PSQI score in all patients was...
Archives of Iranian Medicine, 2020
Background: The medical profession has always been an inspiration for human societies throughout ... more Background: The medical profession has always been an inspiration for human societies throughout its diverse history. This position and historical authority in the field of ethics has had a different and higher status, in such a way that many of the norms of general ethics and professional ethics, especially principles, such as trust, confidentiality and respect for human dignity, have been developed by medical professionals. Developing guidelines of general and professional ethics is one of the inherent duties of the Medical Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRIMC) as a professional organization. In this regard, the Supreme Council of IRIMC has approved the "Code of Ethics for Medical Professionals" and, in accordance with its legal authority, has annexed it to the disciplinary regulations of IRIMC. Methods: A draft document, the result of extensive literature review, was discussed in 27 expert panel meetings and after receiving and endorsing the stakeholders’ poin...
Journal of medical ethics and history of medicine, 2017
During medical training, students obtain enough skills and knowledge. However, medical ethics acc... more During medical training, students obtain enough skills and knowledge. However, medical ethics accomplishes its goals when, together with training medical courses, it guides students behavior towards morality so that ethics-oriented medical practice is internalized. Medical ethics is a branch of applied ethics which tries to introduce ethics into physicians' practice and ethical decisions; thus, it necessitates the behavior to be ethical. Therefore, when students are being trained, they need to be supplied with those guidelines which turn ethical instructions into practice to the extent possible. The current text discusses the narrowing of the gap between ethical theory and practice, especially in the field of medical education. The current study was composed using analytical review procedures. Thus, classical ethics philosophy, psychology books, and related articles were used to select the relevant pieces of information about internalizing behavior and medical education. The aim...
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Aug 15, 2013
Presumption of innocence is one of the fundamental principles of criminal law that has its roots ... more Presumption of innocence is one of the fundamental principles of criminal law that has its roots in moral and religious principles. Presumption of innocence is consistent with human nature, and special attention has been paid to it in Islam. For this reason it has been included in our constitutional law as well as in the constitutions and ordinary laws of other nations, and this indicates its significance. In Shiite jurisprudence there are two major theories on the responsibility of physicians as "daman al-tabib". Most jurists (famous) consider the physician responsible even if he or she has committed no fault. Only a minority of jurists (lessknown) consider the physician to have no responsibility. Islamic criminal law believes the physician to have absolute liability, although medical practices have become more sensitive than in the past and medical incidents have increased as a result of new technology and new methods of treatment. The present study intends to adopt a new approach to rules and principles of jurisprudence, and study the necessity of using them according to the requirements of time in solving everyday problems. Moreover, the study seeks ways to prevent the regression of those rules. Therefore, it seems essential that the golden principle of presumption of innocence be applied to physicians as the manifestation of God's healing, and more attention be paid to it.
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Nov 15, 2014
Recent provisions to the Islamic Penal Code have provided favorable regulations that absolve the ... more Recent provisions to the Islamic Penal Code have provided favorable regulations that absolve the skilled physician from absolute liability and adjust liability according to fault. The revised code adopts a new approach by allowing physicians more freedom while providing added protection, which is consistent with ethical standards and Jurisprudential principles. The present paper aimed to investigate the development process of statutory laws in Iran regarding medical liability and at the same time analyze articles of the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 on the subject. Some articles have been found to contain ambiguities that need to be modified. As an instance there seems to be a conflict between Article 492 and Clause 1 of Article 496 that should be resolved as it pertains to a case of the cause and the perpetrator (physician and nurse). In these situations the doctor orders and the nurse acts, and it is therefore necessary and proper that physicians not be absolved from liability.
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 2014
Background: Oncostatin M (OSM) is an interlukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine secreted by diverse immune cell... more Background: Oncostatin M (OSM) is an interlukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine secreted by diverse immune cells in-order to moderate cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and inflammation by effecting gp-130 cell surface receptors. Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the common type of MS influencing 85% of MS patients. It seems that upregulation of cytokines has an undeniable role in arising autoimmune mechanisms and symptoms. Isfahan province, Iran, is an area with an alarming increase in incidence and prevalence of MS in recent years. Thus, we focused on the investigation of OSM as an immune-dependent risk factor in disease patho-physiology in Isfahan RRMS patients. Objectives: To measure the association between OSM plasma level in MS patients and the healthy subjects. To evaluate the correlation between the demographic info such as age, sex, EDSS, drugs, and OSM concentration in cases. Methods: Blood sample from 60 RRMS patients and 30 healthy subjects between 15 and 40 years was gathered on EDTA and the evaluation on OSM in their plasma was achieved by EASTBIOPHARMA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The statistical analysis was performed utilizing SPSS software. Results: Data showed a significant higher OSM plasma level in the cases than the healthy donors (P valueo0.05). Conclusions: As the first step of studying IL-6 cytokine family in autoimmune diseases in Iranian population, we accomplished to approve the OSM active role in RRMS patients of Isfahan province. Further future investigation of IL-6 family such as "studying IL-6 in central nervous system (CNS) plaques", "genetic polymorphisms in association with MS", and "revealing newer aspects of their implications in cellular pathways" might result in development of immunotherapy and diagnosis in chronic autoimmune diseases of the CNS.
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 2014
Life quality, being of utmost significance, has been studied for years through the investigations... more Life quality, being of utmost significance, has been studied for years through the investigations regarding chronic diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Sleeping is one of the indices that seriously affect human life quality. Given that doctors pay less attention to the sleeping disorders in comparison with the other serious complications in MS patients, the later consequences remain untreated. This study is aimed at investigating sleeping disorder in MS patients in order to improve the patients׳ life quality owing to the little knowledge concerned with the treatment of the most chronic diseases. The current research is a descriptive/analytic study being conducted periodically in 2013 in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. One hundred and fifty two patients were randomly selected using inclusion-exclusion criteria among the patients of West Azerbaijan center of MS. Patients filled the sleeping quality related questionnaire (PSQI) voluntarily after being served with sufficient information. This questionnaire was qualified for several times by retranslating into English from the regional language and subsequently comparing it with the original version. It was then evaluated and modified by sociologist/linguist, psychotherapist, and neurologist. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software applying the following tests: t-test, Fisher׳s exact test and chi-square. For validity qualification of the questionnaire, α Chronbach was employed. In this research, 105 patients (69.1%) had PSQI≥5 (bad quality of sleeping) and 47 patients (30.9%) had PSQI<5 (good quality of sleeping) resulting in the average of 9.28±1.12 for PSQI among them. Table. Absolute and relative frequency distribution of useful life in patients with good and bad quality of life according to PSQI score will be presented. The obtained results indicated that sleeping disorder in MS patients had a high percentage expressing that more than half of the patients had a bad quality of sleeping. This high prevalence can reinforce the role of MS in the development of sleeping disorders in patients.
Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 2014
Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that is responsible for causing several diseases in humans. Parvovi... more Parvovirus B19 is a DNA virus that is responsible for causing several diseases in humans. Parvovirus B19-induced persistent anemia is one of its manifestations that is relatively common in transplant recipients. This study was aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 among kidney transplant recipients. Ninety-one transplant recipients were selected randomly and were investigated for several variables including age, gender, educational status, history of hemodialysis (HD), history of blood transfusion and immunosuppressive therapy. Two milliliters of blood samples were collected via venipuncture and evaluated for anti-Parvovirus B19 IgG antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All recipients were anemic, with 72.5% of them suffering from severe anemia (Hb ≤ 11 in men and ≤ 10 in women). Sixty-three patients (69.2%) were seropositive for Parvovirus B19. There was no significant difference in age, sex, educational status, history of blood transfusion, history of HD and immunosuppressive therapy between seropositive and seronegative groups. The seroprevalence of Parvovirus B19 was relatively high in kidney transplant recipients in Urmia, Iran. Our study failed to find a correlation between the severity of anemia and the seropositivity of Parvovirus B19.
Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 2016
Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 2017
Background: Humans have made various efforts to overcome infertility since ancient times. One of ... more Background: Humans have made various efforts to overcome infertility since ancient times. One of the modern assisted reproductive techniques is surrogacy which in this way; a woman agrees to become pregnant and carry a baby for another couple and give them the resulting offspring after birth so that they take paternal and maternal responsibility. The content of the contracts between the owner of the uterus and the applying couples is delivery of the baby to the intended couples that is usually determined by indicating the time "immediately after birth" or "as soon as birth" or "upon birth" when the nutritional status of the child by breastfeeding is not determined and even in other articles it has not even been considered. In Iran, according to the articles of the written surrogacy contract, surrogate has to deliver the baby to the intended couples immediately after birth, too. Therefore breastfeeding of newborn infant has been missed in surrogacy agreement. Objectives: In this study, we have attempted to defend the right to be breast-fed for the child of surrogacy and the right of the breast-feeding for the surrogate mother as rights that make others obligation in Iran. In addition, we propose an altruistic way and the acceptance of two motherly perspectives in surrogacy for the realization of this right. Methods: This study is a theoretical, review, library and content analysis study. First, a combination of key words such as Surrogacy Act, Ethics, Surrogacy Arrangement, and Breastfeeding was searched in the valid databases. Due to lack of the theme of breastfeeding in surrogacy contracts, in the second part of the study, the importance of breast milk was investigated from the medical and Islamic perspectives by searching keywords in medical database, verses of Quran and valid juridical sources and the related extracted information were categorized and their content was analyzed. Then, the right to breastfeed the baby in surrogacy was examined from the rights perspective and how to exercise this right. Results: Consideration of the importance of breastfeeding from the medical, Islamic points of view and legal perspective, breastfeeding is recognized as a right of newborn and mother's right or obligation. Surrogacy develops a mother-child relationship and is therefore liable to mother and child benefits. On the other hand, the breastfeeding right is not mentioned explicitly in surrogacy contract and this right has been missed. Conclusions: It is suggested that in surrogacy both the intended parents and the owner of the womb be provided with the necessary information about the advantages of the breast milk for the child and for the mother at the time of consulting before signing the contract. In addition, the breastfeeding right should be given to the surrogate mother and it should be stated that this right is not considered as the custody right.