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Papers by Samuel NLEND

IEEE Conference Proceedings, 2019

This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible li... more This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible light outdoors communications. The technique consists of assigning to each symbol, through a Miller coding combined with a correlative level technique, an elementary signal within the same signaling bit duration. The resulting asymmetric signals are differentiated by (M-1)-time transition levels to produce M-ary On-Off Keying (OOK) signals. An analytical investigation conducted on the 4-ary (quaternary) OOK (4-OOK) using duo-binary technique and Miller's coding technique over an OOC difference family pattern has resulted in a better data rate and an increase at an acceptable level of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is then compared to the ordinary binary OOK NRZ signaling.

IEEE Conference Proceedings, 2019

This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible li... more This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible light outdoors communications. The technique consists of assigning to each symbol, through a Miller coding combined with a correlative level technique, an elementary signal within the same signaling bit duration. The resulting asymmetric signals are differentiated by (M-1)-time transition levels to produce M-ary On-Off Keying (OOK) signals. An analytical investigation conducted on the 4-ary (quaternary) OOK (4-OOK) using duo-binary technique and Miller's coding technique over an OOC difference family pattern has resulted in a better data rate and an increase at an acceptable level of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is then compared to the ordinary binary OOK NRZ signaling.

ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications, Oct 15, 2022

A method for modeling aggregated heavy Markov bursty Ethernet traffic from different sources is p... more A method for modeling aggregated heavy Markov bursty Ethernet traffic from different sources is proposed in this paper, particularly that prevailing between gateway services and internet routing devices, with the aim of achieving rate accommodation. In other words, to accommodate different rates while filtering out delays in the queue, to achieve access network convergence. Although gateway functions can be used to achieve this by adapting service rates, as many gateways as services are required. Instead of considering the distributed gateway services method, statistical multiplexing is chosen for this study for cost efficiency in network resources. Unfortunately, statistical multiplexing exhibits greater packet variation (jitter) and transfer delay. These delays, basically resulting from positive correlations or time dependency in the queue system, are addressed through infinitesimal queue modeling, based on the diffusion process approximated by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, which deals with infinitesimal changes in the Markov queue. The related analysis has resulted in an exponential queueing model for univariate and/or multivariate servers obtained through Markov Gaussian approximation. An experiment based on two different voice algorithms shows rate accommodation, and a fluid solution, which is dynamically outputted according to the transmission link availability during each transition time, without any significant delay. Hence, better transfer delay and rate control is obtained through the proposed two multiplexing levels within an Ethernet LAN.

Physics essays, Mar 15, 2024

Physics Essays

In this paper, we propose that the density of the aether is a universal constant and is the same ... more In this paper, we propose that the density of the aether is a universal constant and is the same in all inertial frames of reference. We suggest that other physical phenomena, such as the speed of light, Maxwell's equations, and gravity, which are the same in all inertial frames of reference, behave in this manner, because they all depend on the density of the aether. We discuss the origin of mass in terms of aether displacement by subatomic particles with mass. Explanations of Newton's laws of motion, based on the aether, are given. The fundamental causes of kinetic energy and momentum are explained in relation to the aether. We offer an explanation for the constant speed of light. Einstein's special theory of relativity is explained in relation to the constancy of the aether density, and the famous equations in his theory are derived using basic aether dynamics. We suggest that aether particles are fundamental particles behaving like tiny springs as proposed by Hooke&#...

ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications, Oct 15, 2022

In this paper, a parametric prediction model is proposed for a queuing system driven by the Marko... more In this paper, a parametric prediction model is proposed for a queuing system driven by the Markov process. The aim of the model is to minimize the packet loss caused by time dependency characterized by the queue tail being too long, resulting in a time-out during the transfer of a large dataset. The proposed technique requires the key parameters influencing the queue content to be determined prior to its occupation regardless of the server capacity definition, using Bayesian inference. The subsequent time elapsing between the arrival and departure of a packet in the system is given, as well as the system load. This queue content planning is considered as the Markov birth-death chain; a type of discretization that characterizes almost all queuing systems, leading to an exponential queue, and captured herein using beta distribution. The inference results obtained using this exponential queue indicate that the queue with predictive parameters employing beta distribution, even when dealing with a loss system queue, involves less transition time and a greater load than a queue with coarse parameters; hence, preventing a long tail in the queue which is the cause of packet loss.

ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications

A method for modeling aggregated heavy Markov bursty Ethernet traffic from different sources is p... more A method for modeling aggregated heavy Markov bursty Ethernet traffic from different sources is proposed in this paper, particularly that prevailing between gateway services and internet routing devices, with the aim of achieving rate accommodation. In other words, to accommodate different rates while filtering out delays in the queue, to achieve access network convergence. Although gateway functions can be used to achieve this by adapting service rates, as many gateways as services are required. Instead of considering the distributed gateway services method, statistical multiplexing is chosen for this study for cost efficiency in network resources. Unfortunately, statistical multiplexing exhibits greater packet variation (jitter) and transfer delay. These delays, basically resulting from positive correlations or time dependency in the queue system, are addressed through infinitesimal queue modeling, based on the diffusion process approximated by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, which deals with...

Physics Essays

The aether theory of gravity basically states that the gravity produced by a large object such as... more The aether theory of gravity basically states that the gravity produced by a large object such as the earth is that aether is destroyed or modified within the earth. This results in a fall in aether pressure within the earth. Aether then accelerates into the earth from outer space in order to keep the aether pressure within the earth constant. The aether accelerating into the earth exerts a force on all objects caught in the accelerating aether flow. We have modified the existing theories of what aether is, and using these modifications and existing published figures on the structure of atomic nuclei, we have been able to calculate the aether pressure at the surface of the earth, as well as calculating the gravitational force per nucleon at the surface of the earth. We calculated the aether pressure at the surface of the earth as being 3311 N/m2 or 337.66 kg/m2. The gravitational force per nucleon is 1.627 × 10−26 N/nucleon. We present an entirely new way to calculate the gravitatio...

2017 IEEE AFRICON, 2017

This paper suggests an adaptive 2-D Optical CDMA coding system based on one-coincidence frequency... more This paper suggests an adaptive 2-D Optical CDMA coding system based on one-coincidence frequency hopping (OCFH) code combined with an optical orthogonal code (OOC) in the format OCFH/OOC, suitable for the fast frequency hopping optical code division multiple access (FFH-OCDMA) channel, encoded by the Bragg gratings encoder with an aim to optimize the access network in terms of number of users and transmitted power. As wavelength hopping (WH) code, the OCFH code is herein adapted to the constraints of the encoder: the Bragg gratings chain put on the optical fiber. As the time spreading (TS) code, the code length bounds of the OOC and its new extended sequence derived from the introduction of run length constraints are given. The multiple access interference (MAI) of the resulting combined sequence is evaluated based on the number of coincidences and a performance comparison is made between the new congruence class of (9, 3,1)-OOC obtained and the previous well-known congruence class of (7, 3,1)-OOC.

2017 IEEE AFRICON, 2017

The complexity of big data structures and networks demands more research in terms of analysing an... more The complexity of big data structures and networks demands more research in terms of analysing and representing data for a better comprehension and usage. In this regard, there are several types of model to represent a structure. The aim of this article is to use a social network topology to analyse road network for the following States in the United States (US): California, Pennsylvania and Texas. Our approach mainly focuses on clustering of road network data in order to create "communities".

ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications, 2022

This paper investigates a new combinatorial construction approach based on cyclic difference pack... more This paper investigates a new combinatorial construction approach based on cyclic difference packings for the construction of an optical orthogonal code that is suitable as a time spreading sequence for fast frequency hopping optical code division multiple access (OCDM) systems. The proposed construction provides a solution to the electrical decoding delay problem when compared to its optical counterpart, as well as other optimization issues. The criteria for optimizing the performance of such an OCDMA system are provided, namely: the flexibility and simplicity in constructing the optimal code for any length and weight, a reduction in the encoding/decoding complexity that complies with changes in the fast frequency hopping system, and the provision of system transfer transparency, a decoding rule that exploits the embedded asymmetric error correcting capability of the code. Our neighbor difference approach refers to the partition of different solutions into sub-classes, given in the...

2019 IEEE AFRICON, 2019

This paper suggests an enhanced performance of the 3-D optical code division multiple access (OCD... more This paper suggests an enhanced performance of the 3-D optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) codes, a space/wavelength/time spreading family of codes. The initial codes are in the format wavelength hopping/time sequence (WH/TS), selected according to their performance requirements and the TS sequence is constructed to achieve a linear spacetime complexity. The asymmetric run length constraints are introduced in that regard, such that the positive bit positions align with the encoder/decoder frequency spacing pattern, yielding a 3-D WH/WS/TS. The selected 2-D OCDMA codes are onecoincidence frequency hopping codes (OCFHC) and optical orthogonal codes (OOC). As a time sequence code, the OOC code length is extended with a code rate of 0.04. The complexity and the bit error rate (BER) are herein given and compared with previous work. The results of the performance show not only an improvement in the number of simultaneous users due to the code length extension, but better correlation properties and hence a better signal-to-noise ratio. Index Terms-Optical orthogonal code (OOC), optical code division multiple access (OCDMA), difference of position (DoP), neighbor difference, asymmetric run length constraints.

2019 Fifth International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP), 2019

This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible li... more This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible light outdoors communications. The technique consists of assigning to each symbol, through a Miller coding combined with a correlative level technique, an elementary signal within the same signaling bit duration. The resulting asymmetric signals are differentiated by (M-1)-time transition levels to produce M-ary On-Off Keying (OOK) signals. An analytical investigation conducted on the 4-ary (quaternary) OOK (4-OOK) using duo-binary technique and Miller's coding technique over an OOC difference family pattern has resulted in a better data rate and an increase at an acceptable level of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is then compared to the ordinary binary OOK NRZ signaling.

Without any doubt, the entire range of voice and TV signals will migrate to the packet network. T... more Without any doubt, the entire range of voice and TV signals will migrate to the packet network. The universal addressable mode of Internet protocol (IP) and the interfacing framing structure of Ethernet are the main reasons behind the success of TCP/IP and Ethernet as a packet network and network access scheme mechanisms. Unfortunately, the success of the Internet has been the problem for real-time traffic such as voice, leading to more studies in the domain of Teletraffic Engineering; and the lack of a resource reservation mechanism in Ethernet, which constitutes a huge problem as switching system mechanism, have raised enough challenges for such a migration. In that context, ITU-T has released a series of Recommendation under the umbrella of H.323 to guarantee the required Quality of Service (QoS) for such services. Although the "utilisation" is not a good parameter in terms of traffic and QoS, we are here in proposing a multiplexing scheme with a queuing solution that takes into account the positive correlations of the packet arrival process experienced at the multiplexer input with the aim to optimize the utilisation of the buffer and bandwidth on the one hand; and the ITU-T H.323 Endpoints and Terminals configuration that can sustain such a multiplexing scheme on the other hand. We take into account the solution of the models from the M/M/1 up to G/G/1 queues based on Kolmogorov's analysis as our solution to provide a better justification of our approach. This solution, the Diffusion approximation, is the limit of the Fluid process that has not been used enough as queuing solution in the domain of networking. Driven by the results of the Fluid method, and the resulting Gaussian distribution from the Diffusion approximation, the application of the asymptotic properties of the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) as the central limit theorem allowed capturing the fluctuations and therefore filtering out the positive correlations in the queue system. This has resulted in a queue system able to serve 1 erlang (100% of transmission link capacity) of traffic intensity without any extra delay and a queue length which is 60% of buffer utilization when compared to the ordinary Poisson queue length. VII 6-6-3) Diffusion Approximation for ON-OFF voice packet sources.…………………………….. 82 6-6-4) The queue Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………… 84 6-7) LEVEL 2 MULTIPLEXING DESIGN.………………………………………………………………………………. 85 6-7-1) The traffic model and scale.……………………………………………………………………………… 86 6-7-2) Multivariate Diffusion model..………………………………………………………………………….. 87 6-7-3) Multivarate Gaussian properties……………………………………………………………………… 89 6-7-4) Queue Analysis.………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93 6-8) CONCLUSION.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96 CHAPTER 7.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96 EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS.…………………………………………………………………………………… 97 7-1) INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97 7-2) EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN……………………………………………………………………………………………. 97 7-2-1) Experiment 1: level 1 multiplexer………………………………………………………………….. 98 7-2-2) Experiment 2: Level 2 multiplexer………………………………………………..………………… 7-2-3) The experimental results….…………………………………………………………………………….. 7-3) QUEUE IMPLEMENTATION………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-3-1) Queue Implementation algorithm in MATLAB…………………………………………………. 7-3-2) Diffusion queue simulation and comparison with MM1 queue………………………… 7-3-3) A workable solution….……………………………………………………………………………………… 7-4) PROJECT RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-5) CRITICAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………... 7-6) CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. CHAPTER 8……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK…………………………………………………………………………………………… 8-1) INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8-2) RESEARCH QUESTION ANSWER.……………………………………………………………………………..

IEEE Africon '11, 2011

We suggest a method of optimizing resource allocation for real time protocol traffic in general, ... more We suggest a method of optimizing resource allocation for real time protocol traffic in general, and VoIP in particular, within an H.323 environment. There are two options in the packet network to allocate resources: aggregate peak demand and statistical multiplexing. Statistical multiplexing, our choice for this case, allows the efficient use of the network resources but however exhibits greater packet delay variation and packet transfer delay. These delays are often the result of correlations or time dependency experienced by the system's queue due to the variations observed in different point processes that occur at a point of time. To address these issues, we suggest a queuing method based on the diffusion process approximated by Orstein-Ulenbeck and the non-validated results of Ren and Kobayashi.

Physics Essays, 2022

This paper proposes a new theory of gravity based on aether destruction. In the case of the earth... more This paper proposes a new theory of gravity based on aether destruction. In the case of the earth, aether is destroyed within the earth. Aether then accelerates into the earth in an attempt to keep the aether pressure in the earth constant. Any object caught in the accelerating aether flow will be accelerated in the direction of the accelerating aether flow. We suggest a mathematical model to demonstrate that there is a correlation between the aether acceleration and the force of gravity. The mathematical model assumes a porous-like atomic nucleus, in which the nucleons are fixed in position, and a fluid-like aether that can infiltrate between the nucleons but is excluded from their interiors. This theory of gravity assumes that the aether particle interactions are perfectly elastic, and aether can easily penetrate the nucleus of atoms, as they are not affected by electromagnetic or nuclear forces. The effect of gravity is almost entirely due to the fact that aether cannot penetrate...

IEEE Conference Proceedings, 2019

This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible li... more This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible light outdoors communications. The technique consists of assigning to each symbol, through a Miller coding combined with a correlative level technique, an elementary signal within the same signaling bit duration. The resulting asymmetric signals are differentiated by (M-1)-time transition levels to produce M-ary On-Off Keying (OOK) signals. An analytical investigation conducted on the 4-ary (quaternary) OOK (4-OOK) using duo-binary technique and Miller's coding technique over an OOC difference family pattern has resulted in a better data rate and an increase at an acceptable level of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is then compared to the ordinary binary OOK NRZ signaling.

IEEE Conference Proceedings, 2019

This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible li... more This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible light outdoors communications. The technique consists of assigning to each symbol, through a Miller coding combined with a correlative level technique, an elementary signal within the same signaling bit duration. The resulting asymmetric signals are differentiated by (M-1)-time transition levels to produce M-ary On-Off Keying (OOK) signals. An analytical investigation conducted on the 4-ary (quaternary) OOK (4-OOK) using duo-binary technique and Miller's coding technique over an OOC difference family pattern has resulted in a better data rate and an increase at an acceptable level of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is then compared to the ordinary binary OOK NRZ signaling.

ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications, Oct 15, 2022

A method for modeling aggregated heavy Markov bursty Ethernet traffic from different sources is p... more A method for modeling aggregated heavy Markov bursty Ethernet traffic from different sources is proposed in this paper, particularly that prevailing between gateway services and internet routing devices, with the aim of achieving rate accommodation. In other words, to accommodate different rates while filtering out delays in the queue, to achieve access network convergence. Although gateway functions can be used to achieve this by adapting service rates, as many gateways as services are required. Instead of considering the distributed gateway services method, statistical multiplexing is chosen for this study for cost efficiency in network resources. Unfortunately, statistical multiplexing exhibits greater packet variation (jitter) and transfer delay. These delays, basically resulting from positive correlations or time dependency in the queue system, are addressed through infinitesimal queue modeling, based on the diffusion process approximated by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, which deals with infinitesimal changes in the Markov queue. The related analysis has resulted in an exponential queueing model for univariate and/or multivariate servers obtained through Markov Gaussian approximation. An experiment based on two different voice algorithms shows rate accommodation, and a fluid solution, which is dynamically outputted according to the transmission link availability during each transition time, without any significant delay. Hence, better transfer delay and rate control is obtained through the proposed two multiplexing levels within an Ethernet LAN.

Physics essays, Mar 15, 2024

Physics Essays

In this paper, we propose that the density of the aether is a universal constant and is the same ... more In this paper, we propose that the density of the aether is a universal constant and is the same in all inertial frames of reference. We suggest that other physical phenomena, such as the speed of light, Maxwell's equations, and gravity, which are the same in all inertial frames of reference, behave in this manner, because they all depend on the density of the aether. We discuss the origin of mass in terms of aether displacement by subatomic particles with mass. Explanations of Newton's laws of motion, based on the aether, are given. The fundamental causes of kinetic energy and momentum are explained in relation to the aether. We offer an explanation for the constant speed of light. Einstein's special theory of relativity is explained in relation to the constancy of the aether density, and the famous equations in his theory are derived using basic aether dynamics. We suggest that aether particles are fundamental particles behaving like tiny springs as proposed by Hooke&#...

ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications, Oct 15, 2022

In this paper, a parametric prediction model is proposed for a queuing system driven by the Marko... more In this paper, a parametric prediction model is proposed for a queuing system driven by the Markov process. The aim of the model is to minimize the packet loss caused by time dependency characterized by the queue tail being too long, resulting in a time-out during the transfer of a large dataset. The proposed technique requires the key parameters influencing the queue content to be determined prior to its occupation regardless of the server capacity definition, using Bayesian inference. The subsequent time elapsing between the arrival and departure of a packet in the system is given, as well as the system load. This queue content planning is considered as the Markov birth-death chain; a type of discretization that characterizes almost all queuing systems, leading to an exponential queue, and captured herein using beta distribution. The inference results obtained using this exponential queue indicate that the queue with predictive parameters employing beta distribution, even when dealing with a loss system queue, involves less transition time and a greater load than a queue with coarse parameters; hence, preventing a long tail in the queue which is the cause of packet loss.

ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications

A method for modeling aggregated heavy Markov bursty Ethernet traffic from different sources is p... more A method for modeling aggregated heavy Markov bursty Ethernet traffic from different sources is proposed in this paper, particularly that prevailing between gateway services and internet routing devices, with the aim of achieving rate accommodation. In other words, to accommodate different rates while filtering out delays in the queue, to achieve access network convergence. Although gateway functions can be used to achieve this by adapting service rates, as many gateways as services are required. Instead of considering the distributed gateway services method, statistical multiplexing is chosen for this study for cost efficiency in network resources. Unfortunately, statistical multiplexing exhibits greater packet variation (jitter) and transfer delay. These delays, basically resulting from positive correlations or time dependency in the queue system, are addressed through infinitesimal queue modeling, based on the diffusion process approximated by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck, which deals with...

Physics Essays

The aether theory of gravity basically states that the gravity produced by a large object such as... more The aether theory of gravity basically states that the gravity produced by a large object such as the earth is that aether is destroyed or modified within the earth. This results in a fall in aether pressure within the earth. Aether then accelerates into the earth from outer space in order to keep the aether pressure within the earth constant. The aether accelerating into the earth exerts a force on all objects caught in the accelerating aether flow. We have modified the existing theories of what aether is, and using these modifications and existing published figures on the structure of atomic nuclei, we have been able to calculate the aether pressure at the surface of the earth, as well as calculating the gravitational force per nucleon at the surface of the earth. We calculated the aether pressure at the surface of the earth as being 3311 N/m2 or 337.66 kg/m2. The gravitational force per nucleon is 1.627 × 10−26 N/nucleon. We present an entirely new way to calculate the gravitatio...

2017 IEEE AFRICON, 2017

This paper suggests an adaptive 2-D Optical CDMA coding system based on one-coincidence frequency... more This paper suggests an adaptive 2-D Optical CDMA coding system based on one-coincidence frequency hopping (OCFH) code combined with an optical orthogonal code (OOC) in the format OCFH/OOC, suitable for the fast frequency hopping optical code division multiple access (FFH-OCDMA) channel, encoded by the Bragg gratings encoder with an aim to optimize the access network in terms of number of users and transmitted power. As wavelength hopping (WH) code, the OCFH code is herein adapted to the constraints of the encoder: the Bragg gratings chain put on the optical fiber. As the time spreading (TS) code, the code length bounds of the OOC and its new extended sequence derived from the introduction of run length constraints are given. The multiple access interference (MAI) of the resulting combined sequence is evaluated based on the number of coincidences and a performance comparison is made between the new congruence class of (9, 3,1)-OOC obtained and the previous well-known congruence class of (7, 3,1)-OOC.

2017 IEEE AFRICON, 2017

The complexity of big data structures and networks demands more research in terms of analysing an... more The complexity of big data structures and networks demands more research in terms of analysing and representing data for a better comprehension and usage. In this regard, there are several types of model to represent a structure. The aim of this article is to use a social network topology to analyse road network for the following States in the United States (US): California, Pennsylvania and Texas. Our approach mainly focuses on clustering of road network data in order to create "communities".

ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications, 2022

This paper investigates a new combinatorial construction approach based on cyclic difference pack... more This paper investigates a new combinatorial construction approach based on cyclic difference packings for the construction of an optical orthogonal code that is suitable as a time spreading sequence for fast frequency hopping optical code division multiple access (OCDM) systems. The proposed construction provides a solution to the electrical decoding delay problem when compared to its optical counterpart, as well as other optimization issues. The criteria for optimizing the performance of such an OCDMA system are provided, namely: the flexibility and simplicity in constructing the optimal code for any length and weight, a reduction in the encoding/decoding complexity that complies with changes in the fast frequency hopping system, and the provision of system transfer transparency, a decoding rule that exploits the embedded asymmetric error correcting capability of the code. Our neighbor difference approach refers to the partition of different solutions into sub-classes, given in the...

2019 IEEE AFRICON, 2019

This paper suggests an enhanced performance of the 3-D optical code division multiple access (OCD... more This paper suggests an enhanced performance of the 3-D optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) codes, a space/wavelength/time spreading family of codes. The initial codes are in the format wavelength hopping/time sequence (WH/TS), selected according to their performance requirements and the TS sequence is constructed to achieve a linear spacetime complexity. The asymmetric run length constraints are introduced in that regard, such that the positive bit positions align with the encoder/decoder frequency spacing pattern, yielding a 3-D WH/WS/TS. The selected 2-D OCDMA codes are onecoincidence frequency hopping codes (OCFHC) and optical orthogonal codes (OOC). As a time sequence code, the OOC code length is extended with a code rate of 0.04. The complexity and the bit error rate (BER) are herein given and compared with previous work. The results of the performance show not only an improvement in the number of simultaneous users due to the code length extension, but better correlation properties and hence a better signal-to-noise ratio. Index Terms-Optical orthogonal code (OOC), optical code division multiple access (OCDMA), difference of position (DoP), neighbor difference, asymmetric run length constraints.

2019 Fifth International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP), 2019

This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible li... more This paper investigates a multi-level optical line code using the On-Off technique for visible light outdoors communications. The technique consists of assigning to each symbol, through a Miller coding combined with a correlative level technique, an elementary signal within the same signaling bit duration. The resulting asymmetric signals are differentiated by (M-1)-time transition levels to produce M-ary On-Off Keying (OOK) signals. An analytical investigation conducted on the 4-ary (quaternary) OOK (4-OOK) using duo-binary technique and Miller's coding technique over an OOC difference family pattern has resulted in a better data rate and an increase at an acceptable level of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is then compared to the ordinary binary OOK NRZ signaling.

Without any doubt, the entire range of voice and TV signals will migrate to the packet network. T... more Without any doubt, the entire range of voice and TV signals will migrate to the packet network. The universal addressable mode of Internet protocol (IP) and the interfacing framing structure of Ethernet are the main reasons behind the success of TCP/IP and Ethernet as a packet network and network access scheme mechanisms. Unfortunately, the success of the Internet has been the problem for real-time traffic such as voice, leading to more studies in the domain of Teletraffic Engineering; and the lack of a resource reservation mechanism in Ethernet, which constitutes a huge problem as switching system mechanism, have raised enough challenges for such a migration. In that context, ITU-T has released a series of Recommendation under the umbrella of H.323 to guarantee the required Quality of Service (QoS) for such services. Although the "utilisation" is not a good parameter in terms of traffic and QoS, we are here in proposing a multiplexing scheme with a queuing solution that takes into account the positive correlations of the packet arrival process experienced at the multiplexer input with the aim to optimize the utilisation of the buffer and bandwidth on the one hand; and the ITU-T H.323 Endpoints and Terminals configuration that can sustain such a multiplexing scheme on the other hand. We take into account the solution of the models from the M/M/1 up to G/G/1 queues based on Kolmogorov's analysis as our solution to provide a better justification of our approach. This solution, the Diffusion approximation, is the limit of the Fluid process that has not been used enough as queuing solution in the domain of networking. Driven by the results of the Fluid method, and the resulting Gaussian distribution from the Diffusion approximation, the application of the asymptotic properties of the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) as the central limit theorem allowed capturing the fluctuations and therefore filtering out the positive correlations in the queue system. This has resulted in a queue system able to serve 1 erlang (100% of transmission link capacity) of traffic intensity without any extra delay and a queue length which is 60% of buffer utilization when compared to the ordinary Poisson queue length. VII 6-6-3) Diffusion Approximation for ON-OFF voice packet sources.…………………………….. 82 6-6-4) The queue Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………… 84 6-7) LEVEL 2 MULTIPLEXING DESIGN.………………………………………………………………………………. 85 6-7-1) The traffic model and scale.……………………………………………………………………………… 86 6-7-2) Multivariate Diffusion model..………………………………………………………………………….. 87 6-7-3) Multivarate Gaussian properties……………………………………………………………………… 89 6-7-4) Queue Analysis.………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93 6-8) CONCLUSION.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 96 CHAPTER 7.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 96 EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS.…………………………………………………………………………………… 97 7-1) INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97 7-2) EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN……………………………………………………………………………………………. 97 7-2-1) Experiment 1: level 1 multiplexer………………………………………………………………….. 98 7-2-2) Experiment 2: Level 2 multiplexer………………………………………………..………………… 7-2-3) The experimental results….…………………………………………………………………………….. 7-3) QUEUE IMPLEMENTATION………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-3-1) Queue Implementation algorithm in MATLAB…………………………………………………. 7-3-2) Diffusion queue simulation and comparison with MM1 queue………………………… 7-3-3) A workable solution….……………………………………………………………………………………… 7-4) PROJECT RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7-5) CRITICAL ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………... 7-6) CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. CHAPTER 8……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK…………………………………………………………………………………………… 8-1) INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8-2) RESEARCH QUESTION ANSWER.……………………………………………………………………………..

IEEE Africon '11, 2011

We suggest a method of optimizing resource allocation for real time protocol traffic in general, ... more We suggest a method of optimizing resource allocation for real time protocol traffic in general, and VoIP in particular, within an H.323 environment. There are two options in the packet network to allocate resources: aggregate peak demand and statistical multiplexing. Statistical multiplexing, our choice for this case, allows the efficient use of the network resources but however exhibits greater packet delay variation and packet transfer delay. These delays are often the result of correlations or time dependency experienced by the system's queue due to the variations observed in different point processes that occur at a point of time. To address these issues, we suggest a queuing method based on the diffusion process approximated by Orstein-Ulenbeck and the non-validated results of Ren and Kobayashi.

Physics Essays, 2022

This paper proposes a new theory of gravity based on aether destruction. In the case of the earth... more This paper proposes a new theory of gravity based on aether destruction. In the case of the earth, aether is destroyed within the earth. Aether then accelerates into the earth in an attempt to keep the aether pressure in the earth constant. Any object caught in the accelerating aether flow will be accelerated in the direction of the accelerating aether flow. We suggest a mathematical model to demonstrate that there is a correlation between the aether acceleration and the force of gravity. The mathematical model assumes a porous-like atomic nucleus, in which the nucleons are fixed in position, and a fluid-like aether that can infiltrate between the nucleons but is excluded from their interiors. This theory of gravity assumes that the aether particle interactions are perfectly elastic, and aether can easily penetrate the nucleus of atoms, as they are not affected by electromagnetic or nuclear forces. The effect of gravity is almost entirely due to the fact that aether cannot penetrate...