Norbert Maliszewski - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Norbert Maliszewski
Transport Miejski i Regionalny, 2019
How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? I... more How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? In Study 1, smokers ’ negative implicit attitudes and positive explicit attitudes towards smoking were activated. Then emotions were measured. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes that the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Study 2 showed that cognitive capacity allows for this conflict, as positive explicit and negative implicit attitudes may be applied simultaneously. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Smokers resolved the conflict through the inhibition of implicit attitudes (by smoking cigarettes). Without cognitive capacity, only implicit attitudes were applied, and thus no conflict was aroused. Study 3 confirmed that smoking cigarettes inhibited negative implicit attitudes.
Personality and Individual Differences, 2018
To date, self-concept clarity has been conceptualized as a conscious belief about oneself. The ai... more To date, self-concept clarity has been conceptualized as a conscious belief about oneself. The aim of the study was to explore whether self-concept clarity is related to implicit self-concept clarity and whether implicit selfconcept clarity is related to psychological adjustment. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was adapted to measure implicit self-concept clarity. The explicit and implicit self-concept clarity measures were administered along with explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and psychological distress measures to 111 Polish students aged 19-35. No relationship between explicit and implicit self-concept clarity was found. There was no association between implicit self-concept clarity and implicit-explicit clarity interaction and adjustment variables. Implications of the results are discussed.
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
The question of roadside advertisement's influence on road safety is complex and multi-faceted. T... more The question of roadside advertisement's influence on road safety is complex and multi-faceted. The list of advertisements characteristics which may play significant role for road safety includes: the size, colours, shape, luminance, contrast, localization, and many more. One of the aspects is advertisement's content. Advertising industry uses emotional and cognitive mechanisms which are likely to engage the addressees' attention and therefore make the brand/product more salient for their minds. As far as such a strategy might be effective for advertisers, it may be dangerous for road safety, when used in roadside advertisement. Cognitive, especially attentional, resources play key role in vehicle driving, which requires constant maintenance of situational awareness. Attention distraction, both visual and cognitive, is a proven safety-decreasing factor in vehicle driving. A method for measuring the influence of different advertisement content on attentional resources management-a short, version of the ANT, Brief-ANT, was developed. The results of a nationwide study conducted, revealed that reaction time in Brief-ANT differed significantly depending on the type of content used as the fixation cue, which leads us to a conclusion that Brief-ANT might be a good measure of the content's influence on attentional resources management.
Current Psychology, 2018
The purpose of this project was to verify whether slogans displayed on roadside advertisements cr... more The purpose of this project was to verify whether slogans displayed on roadside advertisements created a distraction for drivers. In order to explain the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, Study 1 examined the impact of slogan length on attentional processing efficiency. Study 2 investigated the relationship between the length of the slogan and the motor behavior of respondents driving a car simulator. We assumed that slogan length would decrease the drivers’ task performance in both studies. Study 1 was conducted on a group of 70 participants, who completed a modified version of the Attention Network Test (ANT; Fan et al. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(3), 340–347, 2002). The task consisted of visual ads intended to distract respondents from the primary task. Reaction times were significantly longer when ads had longer slogans compared to shorter slogans. Study 2, involving a car simulator, was conducted on a group of 53 drivers performing a task of driving in a convoy. ...
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017
Public opinion is not always consistent with expert opinion. A nationwide CAWI research project w... more Public opinion is not always consistent with expert opinion. A nationwide CAWI research project was conducted in order to verify Polish drivers' opinion on roadside advertising and their experience concerning distraction and loss of situational awareness. Research results show that although many drivers have experienced partial loss of situational awareness, most of them are not convinced of the need to restrict roadside advertising. Nonetheless, on the basis of the results, we can identify the most distracting characteristics of roadside advertising as well as socially acceptable rule changes.
Frontiers in Psychology, 2017
The purpose of the project was to assess whether the first spontaneous movements of a computer mo... more The purpose of the project was to assess whether the first spontaneous movements of a computer mouse, when making an assessment on a scale presented on the screen, may express a respondent's implicit attitudes. In Study 1, the altruistic behaviors of 66 students were assessed. The students were led to believe that the task they were performing was also being performed by another person and they were asked to distribute earnings between themselves and the partner. The participants performed the tasks under conditions with and without distractors. With the distractors, in the first few seconds spontaneous mouse movements on the scale expressed a selfish distribution of money, while later the movements gravitated toward more altruism. In Study 2, 77 Polish students evaluated a painting by a Polish/Jewish painter on a scale. They evaluated it under conditions of full or distracted cognitive abilities. Spontaneous movements of the mouse on the scale were analyzed. In addition, implicit attitudes toward both Poles and Jews were measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). A significant association between implicit attitudes (IAT) and spontaneous evaluation of images using a computer mouse was observed in the group with the distractor. The participants with strong implicit in-group favoritism of Poles revealed stronger preference for the Polish painter's work in the first few seconds of mouse movement. Taken together, these results suggest that spontaneous mouse movements may reveal egoism (in-group favoritism), i.e., processes that were not observed in the participants' final decisions (clicking on the scale).
Frontiers in Psychology, 2016
The goal of this project was to investigate whether consumer ethnocentrism is purely conscious me... more The goal of this project was to investigate whether consumer ethnocentrism is purely conscious mechanism based on ideology, as suggested by Shimp and Sharma (1987), or rather is an automatic, unconscious process. The aim of the project was an introduction of the Implicit Consumer Ethnocentrism (ICE) concept, measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The goal of the four studies conducted was to investigate the following issues: (a) whether ICE-an automatic mechanism underlying the preference for local products over foreign-this could be observed next to the more ideologically based classic consumer ethnocentrism; (b) what happens when the consumer's automatic preference for local products (ICE) is confronted by objective evidence of the superiority of foreign products or by the inferiority of local products. It was assumed that ICE could be reduced when foreign products were associated with a higher level of competence than local products, and this could explain the preference for foreign products over local often observed in less developed countries. In study 1 the ICE for different product categories of existing brands was tested, and in study 2 the ICE was measured in the context of non-existent brands. Both studies showed a strong in-group brand preference and confirmed the existence of new phenomena-ICE. The results of studies 3 and 4 again indicated a strong, automatic in-group brand favoritism effect as measured by IAT-participants preferred local brands over foreign. However, the inclusion of well-known foreign brands associated with high competence reduced the IAT effect (in-group preference).
Roczniki Psychologiczne, 2015
Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na dwa pytania: (1) Czy opisane na gruncie psychoanalizy zjawisko p... more Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na dwa pytania: (1) Czy opisane na gruncie psychoanalizy zjawisko przeniesienia znajduje potwierdzenie w badaniach? (2) Jaka jest użyteczność pracy z przeniesieniem w świetle badań? W artykule przedstawiono wątpliwości wobec realności przeniesienia i zasadności jego stosowania. Dokonano przeglądu badań podstawowych z zakresu psychologii społecznego poznania dotyczących przeniesienia oraz badań poświęconych temu zjawisku w psychoterapii, prowadzonej zarówno w podejściu psychodynamicznym, jak i innym niż psychodynamiczne. Badania z pierwszej grupy potwierdzają istnienie zjawiska przeniesienia. Badania z drugiej grupy wskazują na warunki, w których techniki pracy z przeniesieniem okazują się skuteczne. Sformułowano wskazówki dla praktyki psychoterapeutycznej.
Problemy Zarzadzania, 2014
Celem projektu by o zbadanie jawnej i utajonej potrzeby w adzy kobiet i m czyzn ró ni cych si kie... more Celem projektu by o zbadanie jawnej i utajonej potrzeby w adzy kobiet i m czyzn ró ni cych si kierunkiem wykszta cenia (psychologiczne vs ekonomiczne). Przewidywano, e cho m czy ni (a tak e osoby wybieraj ce studia ekonomiczne) b d jawnie deklarowa silniejsz potrzeb w adzy, to na poziomie utajonym nie b d istotnie ró ni si od kobiet (psychologów) wielko ci tej potrzeby. 40 studentów ekonomii i 40 studentów psychologii, dobranych w równych proporcjach pod wzgl dem p ci, wype nia o kwestionariusz do pomiaru trzech wymiarów jawnej potrzeby w adzy: przywództwa (leadership), rozg osu (visibilty) oraz pomagania (helping). Test Utajonych Skojarze by wska nikiem utajonej potrzeby w adzy. Studenci psychologii deklarowali silniejsz ni ekonomi ci jawn potrzeb w adzy wyra an poprzez zachowania pomocowe (helping) i z tym wymiarem by a zwi zana ich utajona potrzeba. Z kolei studenci ekonomii cz ciej ni psycholodzy deklarowali, i potrzeb w adzy zaspokajaj poprzez posiadanie wp ywu i rozg os.
PLOS ONE, 2019
Sexual appeals are widely used in advertising to attract consumers' attention. It has already bee... more Sexual appeals are widely used in advertising to attract consumers' attention. It has already been proved that they influence the addressee's cognitive processing, which in turn raises the question if sexual appeals may pose a serious threat for road safety when used in roadside advertising. Three studies were designed to answer this question. Study I was a nationwide survey (N = 1095) which revealed that drivers subjectively perceive sexual contents in roadside advertising as distracting and dangerous. Study II was a modified version of the Attentional Network Test (N = 1063) which proved that in cognitive tasks reaction time increases in line with the sexual content of advertisements. Study III was a simulator study (N = 55) which confirmed that driving characteristics change when sexually-oriented advertisements are located along the road. These studies have led us to a conclusion that sexually appealing cues in roadside advertising may pose a threat for road safety.
The goal of this project was to investigate whether consumer ethnocentrism is purely conscious me... more The goal of this project was to investigate whether consumer ethnocentrism is purely conscious mechanism based on ideology, as suggested by Shimp and Sharma (1987), or rather is an automatic, unconscious process. The aim of the project was an introduction of the Implicit Consumer Ethnocentrism (ICE) concept, measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The goal of the four studies conducted was to investigate the following issues: (a) whether ICE – an automatic mechanism underlying the preference for local products over foreign – this could be observed next to the more ideologically based classic consumer ethnocentrism; (b) what happens when the consumer's automatic preference for local products (ICE) is confronted by objective evidence of the superiority of foreign products or by the inferiority of local products. It was assumed that ICE could be reduced when foreign products were associated with a higher level of competence than local products, and this could explain the preference for foreign products over local often observed in less developed countries. In study 1 the ICE for different product categories of existing brands was tested, and in study 2 the ICE was measured in the context of non-existent brands. Both studies showed a strong in-group brand preference and confirmed the existence of new phenomena – ICE. The results of studies 3 and 4 again indicated a strong, automatic in-group brand favoritism effect as measured by IAT – participants preferred local brands over foreign. However, the inclusion of well-known foreign brands associated with high competence reduced the IAT effect (in-group preference).
The purpose of the project was to assess whether the first spontaneous movements of a computer mo... more The purpose of the project was to assess whether the first spontaneous movements of a computer mouse, when making an assessment on a scale presented on the screen, may express a respondent's implicit attitudes. In Study 1, the altruistic behaviors of 66 students were assessed. The students were led to believe that the task they were performing was also being performed by another person and they were asked to distribute earnings between themselves and the partner. The participants performed the tasks under conditions with and without distractors. With the distractors, in the first few seconds spontaneous mouse movements on the scale expressed a selfish distribution of money, while later the movements gravitated toward more altruism. In Study 2, 77 Polish students evaluated a painting by a Polish/Jewish painter on a scale. They evaluated it under conditions of full or distracted cognitive abilities. Spontaneous movements of the mouse on the scale were analyzed. In addition, implicit attitudes toward both Poles and Jews were measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). A significant association between implicit attitudes (IAT) and spontaneous evaluation of images using a computer mouse was observed in the group with the distractor. The participants with strong implicit in-group favoritism of Poles revealed stronger preference for the Polish painter's work in the first few seconds of mouse movement. Taken together, these results suggest that spontaneous mouse movements may reveal egoism (in-group favoritism), i.e., processes that were not observed in the participants' final decisions (clicking on the scale).
Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2000
How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? I... more How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? In Study 1, smokers' negative implicit attitudes and positive explicit attitudes towards smoking were activated. Then emotions were measured. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes that the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Study 2 showed that cognitive capacity allows for this conflict, as positive explicit and negative implicit attitudes may be applied simultaneously. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Smokers resolved the conflict through the inhibition of implicit attitudes (by smoking cigarettes). Without cognitive capacity, only implicit attitudes were applied, and thus no conflict was aroused. Study 3 confirmed that smoking cigarettes inhibited negative implicit attitudes.
The paper is aimed at finding answers to the following questions: (1) Is there empirical evidence... more The paper is aimed at finding answers to the following questions: (1) Is there empirical evidence for the psychoanalytic concept of transference? (2) Is there empirical evidence for the usefulness of working with transference in psychotherapy? Objections concerning the reality and practical value of transference have been summarized. A review of research dedicated to transference has been conducted, covering fundamental research in the psychology of social cognition as well as research on psychotherapy using both psychodynamic and nonpsychodynamic approaches. Studies from the first group confirm the existence of transference. Studies from the second group indicate conditions in which working with transference in psychotherapy seems to be efficient. Implications for psychotherapy practice have been formulated.
Celem projektu by o zbadanie jawnej i utajonej potrzeby w adzy kobiet i m czyzn ró ni cych si kie... more Celem projektu by o zbadanie jawnej i utajonej potrzeby w adzy kobiet i m czyzn ró ni cych si kierunkiem wykszta cenia (psychologiczne vs ekonomiczne). Przewidywano, e cho m czy ni (a tak e osoby wybieraj ce studia ekonomiczne) b d jawnie deklarowa silniejsz potrzeb w adzy, to na poziomie utajonym nie b d istotnie ró ni si od kobiet (psychologów) wielko ci tej potrzeby. 40 studentów ekonomii i 40 studentów psychologii, dobranych w równych proporcjach pod wzgl dem p ci, wype nia o kwestionariusz do pomiaru trzech wymiarów jawnej potrzeby w adzy: przywództwa (leadership), rozg osu (visibilty) oraz pomagania (helping). Test Utajonych Skojarze by wska nikiem utajonej potrzeby w adzy. Studenci psychologii deklarowali silniejsz ni ekonomi ci jawn potrzeb w adzy wyra an poprzez zachowania pomocowe (helping) i z tym wymiarem by a zwi zana ich utajona potrzeba. Z kolei studenci ekonomii cz ciej ni psycholodzy deklarowali, i potrzeb w adzy zaspokajaj poprzez posiadanie wp ywu i rozg os.
Transport Miejski i Regionalny, 2019
How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? I... more How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? In Study 1, smokers ’ negative implicit attitudes and positive explicit attitudes towards smoking were activated. Then emotions were measured. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes that the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Study 2 showed that cognitive capacity allows for this conflict, as positive explicit and negative implicit attitudes may be applied simultaneously. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Smokers resolved the conflict through the inhibition of implicit attitudes (by smoking cigarettes). Without cognitive capacity, only implicit attitudes were applied, and thus no conflict was aroused. Study 3 confirmed that smoking cigarettes inhibited negative implicit attitudes.
Personality and Individual Differences, 2018
To date, self-concept clarity has been conceptualized as a conscious belief about oneself. The ai... more To date, self-concept clarity has been conceptualized as a conscious belief about oneself. The aim of the study was to explore whether self-concept clarity is related to implicit self-concept clarity and whether implicit selfconcept clarity is related to psychological adjustment. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was adapted to measure implicit self-concept clarity. The explicit and implicit self-concept clarity measures were administered along with explicit self-esteem, implicit self-esteem and psychological distress measures to 111 Polish students aged 19-35. No relationship between explicit and implicit self-concept clarity was found. There was no association between implicit self-concept clarity and implicit-explicit clarity interaction and adjustment variables. Implications of the results are discussed.
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
The question of roadside advertisement's influence on road safety is complex and multi-faceted. T... more The question of roadside advertisement's influence on road safety is complex and multi-faceted. The list of advertisements characteristics which may play significant role for road safety includes: the size, colours, shape, luminance, contrast, localization, and many more. One of the aspects is advertisement's content. Advertising industry uses emotional and cognitive mechanisms which are likely to engage the addressees' attention and therefore make the brand/product more salient for their minds. As far as such a strategy might be effective for advertisers, it may be dangerous for road safety, when used in roadside advertisement. Cognitive, especially attentional, resources play key role in vehicle driving, which requires constant maintenance of situational awareness. Attention distraction, both visual and cognitive, is a proven safety-decreasing factor in vehicle driving. A method for measuring the influence of different advertisement content on attentional resources management-a short, version of the ANT, Brief-ANT, was developed. The results of a nationwide study conducted, revealed that reaction time in Brief-ANT differed significantly depending on the type of content used as the fixation cue, which leads us to a conclusion that Brief-ANT might be a good measure of the content's influence on attentional resources management.
Current Psychology, 2018
The purpose of this project was to verify whether slogans displayed on roadside advertisements cr... more The purpose of this project was to verify whether slogans displayed on roadside advertisements created a distraction for drivers. In order to explain the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, Study 1 examined the impact of slogan length on attentional processing efficiency. Study 2 investigated the relationship between the length of the slogan and the motor behavior of respondents driving a car simulator. We assumed that slogan length would decrease the drivers’ task performance in both studies. Study 1 was conducted on a group of 70 participants, who completed a modified version of the Attention Network Test (ANT; Fan et al. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(3), 340–347, 2002). The task consisted of visual ads intended to distract respondents from the primary task. Reaction times were significantly longer when ads had longer slogans compared to shorter slogans. Study 2, involving a car simulator, was conducted on a group of 53 drivers performing a task of driving in a convoy. ...
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017
Public opinion is not always consistent with expert opinion. A nationwide CAWI research project w... more Public opinion is not always consistent with expert opinion. A nationwide CAWI research project was conducted in order to verify Polish drivers' opinion on roadside advertising and their experience concerning distraction and loss of situational awareness. Research results show that although many drivers have experienced partial loss of situational awareness, most of them are not convinced of the need to restrict roadside advertising. Nonetheless, on the basis of the results, we can identify the most distracting characteristics of roadside advertising as well as socially acceptable rule changes.
Frontiers in Psychology, 2017
The purpose of the project was to assess whether the first spontaneous movements of a computer mo... more The purpose of the project was to assess whether the first spontaneous movements of a computer mouse, when making an assessment on a scale presented on the screen, may express a respondent's implicit attitudes. In Study 1, the altruistic behaviors of 66 students were assessed. The students were led to believe that the task they were performing was also being performed by another person and they were asked to distribute earnings between themselves and the partner. The participants performed the tasks under conditions with and without distractors. With the distractors, in the first few seconds spontaneous mouse movements on the scale expressed a selfish distribution of money, while later the movements gravitated toward more altruism. In Study 2, 77 Polish students evaluated a painting by a Polish/Jewish painter on a scale. They evaluated it under conditions of full or distracted cognitive abilities. Spontaneous movements of the mouse on the scale were analyzed. In addition, implicit attitudes toward both Poles and Jews were measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). A significant association between implicit attitudes (IAT) and spontaneous evaluation of images using a computer mouse was observed in the group with the distractor. The participants with strong implicit in-group favoritism of Poles revealed stronger preference for the Polish painter's work in the first few seconds of mouse movement. Taken together, these results suggest that spontaneous mouse movements may reveal egoism (in-group favoritism), i.e., processes that were not observed in the participants' final decisions (clicking on the scale).
Frontiers in Psychology, 2016
The goal of this project was to investigate whether consumer ethnocentrism is purely conscious me... more The goal of this project was to investigate whether consumer ethnocentrism is purely conscious mechanism based on ideology, as suggested by Shimp and Sharma (1987), or rather is an automatic, unconscious process. The aim of the project was an introduction of the Implicit Consumer Ethnocentrism (ICE) concept, measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The goal of the four studies conducted was to investigate the following issues: (a) whether ICE-an automatic mechanism underlying the preference for local products over foreign-this could be observed next to the more ideologically based classic consumer ethnocentrism; (b) what happens when the consumer's automatic preference for local products (ICE) is confronted by objective evidence of the superiority of foreign products or by the inferiority of local products. It was assumed that ICE could be reduced when foreign products were associated with a higher level of competence than local products, and this could explain the preference for foreign products over local often observed in less developed countries. In study 1 the ICE for different product categories of existing brands was tested, and in study 2 the ICE was measured in the context of non-existent brands. Both studies showed a strong in-group brand preference and confirmed the existence of new phenomena-ICE. The results of studies 3 and 4 again indicated a strong, automatic in-group brand favoritism effect as measured by IAT-participants preferred local brands over foreign. However, the inclusion of well-known foreign brands associated with high competence reduced the IAT effect (in-group preference).
Roczniki Psychologiczne, 2015
Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na dwa pytania: (1) Czy opisane na gruncie psychoanalizy zjawisko p... more Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na dwa pytania: (1) Czy opisane na gruncie psychoanalizy zjawisko przeniesienia znajduje potwierdzenie w badaniach? (2) Jaka jest użyteczność pracy z przeniesieniem w świetle badań? W artykule przedstawiono wątpliwości wobec realności przeniesienia i zasadności jego stosowania. Dokonano przeglądu badań podstawowych z zakresu psychologii społecznego poznania dotyczących przeniesienia oraz badań poświęconych temu zjawisku w psychoterapii, prowadzonej zarówno w podejściu psychodynamicznym, jak i innym niż psychodynamiczne. Badania z pierwszej grupy potwierdzają istnienie zjawiska przeniesienia. Badania z drugiej grupy wskazują na warunki, w których techniki pracy z przeniesieniem okazują się skuteczne. Sformułowano wskazówki dla praktyki psychoterapeutycznej.
Problemy Zarzadzania, 2014
Celem projektu by o zbadanie jawnej i utajonej potrzeby w adzy kobiet i m czyzn ró ni cych si kie... more Celem projektu by o zbadanie jawnej i utajonej potrzeby w adzy kobiet i m czyzn ró ni cych si kierunkiem wykszta cenia (psychologiczne vs ekonomiczne). Przewidywano, e cho m czy ni (a tak e osoby wybieraj ce studia ekonomiczne) b d jawnie deklarowa silniejsz potrzeb w adzy, to na poziomie utajonym nie b d istotnie ró ni si od kobiet (psychologów) wielko ci tej potrzeby. 40 studentów ekonomii i 40 studentów psychologii, dobranych w równych proporcjach pod wzgl dem p ci, wype nia o kwestionariusz do pomiaru trzech wymiarów jawnej potrzeby w adzy: przywództwa (leadership), rozg osu (visibilty) oraz pomagania (helping). Test Utajonych Skojarze by wska nikiem utajonej potrzeby w adzy. Studenci psychologii deklarowali silniejsz ni ekonomi ci jawn potrzeb w adzy wyra an poprzez zachowania pomocowe (helping) i z tym wymiarem by a zwi zana ich utajona potrzeba. Z kolei studenci ekonomii cz ciej ni psycholodzy deklarowali, i potrzeb w adzy zaspokajaj poprzez posiadanie wp ywu i rozg os.
PLOS ONE, 2019
Sexual appeals are widely used in advertising to attract consumers' attention. It has already bee... more Sexual appeals are widely used in advertising to attract consumers' attention. It has already been proved that they influence the addressee's cognitive processing, which in turn raises the question if sexual appeals may pose a serious threat for road safety when used in roadside advertising. Three studies were designed to answer this question. Study I was a nationwide survey (N = 1095) which revealed that drivers subjectively perceive sexual contents in roadside advertising as distracting and dangerous. Study II was a modified version of the Attentional Network Test (N = 1063) which proved that in cognitive tasks reaction time increases in line with the sexual content of advertisements. Study III was a simulator study (N = 55) which confirmed that driving characteristics change when sexually-oriented advertisements are located along the road. These studies have led us to a conclusion that sexually appealing cues in roadside advertising may pose a threat for road safety.
The goal of this project was to investigate whether consumer ethnocentrism is purely conscious me... more The goal of this project was to investigate whether consumer ethnocentrism is purely conscious mechanism based on ideology, as suggested by Shimp and Sharma (1987), or rather is an automatic, unconscious process. The aim of the project was an introduction of the Implicit Consumer Ethnocentrism (ICE) concept, measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The goal of the four studies conducted was to investigate the following issues: (a) whether ICE – an automatic mechanism underlying the preference for local products over foreign – this could be observed next to the more ideologically based classic consumer ethnocentrism; (b) what happens when the consumer's automatic preference for local products (ICE) is confronted by objective evidence of the superiority of foreign products or by the inferiority of local products. It was assumed that ICE could be reduced when foreign products were associated with a higher level of competence than local products, and this could explain the preference for foreign products over local often observed in less developed countries. In study 1 the ICE for different product categories of existing brands was tested, and in study 2 the ICE was measured in the context of non-existent brands. Both studies showed a strong in-group brand preference and confirmed the existence of new phenomena – ICE. The results of studies 3 and 4 again indicated a strong, automatic in-group brand favoritism effect as measured by IAT – participants preferred local brands over foreign. However, the inclusion of well-known foreign brands associated with high competence reduced the IAT effect (in-group preference).
The purpose of the project was to assess whether the first spontaneous movements of a computer mo... more The purpose of the project was to assess whether the first spontaneous movements of a computer mouse, when making an assessment on a scale presented on the screen, may express a respondent's implicit attitudes. In Study 1, the altruistic behaviors of 66 students were assessed. The students were led to believe that the task they were performing was also being performed by another person and they were asked to distribute earnings between themselves and the partner. The participants performed the tasks under conditions with and without distractors. With the distractors, in the first few seconds spontaneous mouse movements on the scale expressed a selfish distribution of money, while later the movements gravitated toward more altruism. In Study 2, 77 Polish students evaluated a painting by a Polish/Jewish painter on a scale. They evaluated it under conditions of full or distracted cognitive abilities. Spontaneous movements of the mouse on the scale were analyzed. In addition, implicit attitudes toward both Poles and Jews were measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT). A significant association between implicit attitudes (IAT) and spontaneous evaluation of images using a computer mouse was observed in the group with the distractor. The participants with strong implicit in-group favoritism of Poles revealed stronger preference for the Polish painter's work in the first few seconds of mouse movement. Taken together, these results suggest that spontaneous mouse movements may reveal egoism (in-group favoritism), i.e., processes that were not observed in the participants' final decisions (clicking on the scale).
Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2000
How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? I... more How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? In Study 1, smokers' negative implicit attitudes and positive explicit attitudes towards smoking were activated. Then emotions were measured. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes that the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Study 2 showed that cognitive capacity allows for this conflict, as positive explicit and negative implicit attitudes may be applied simultaneously. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Smokers resolved the conflict through the inhibition of implicit attitudes (by smoking cigarettes). Without cognitive capacity, only implicit attitudes were applied, and thus no conflict was aroused. Study 3 confirmed that smoking cigarettes inhibited negative implicit attitudes.
The paper is aimed at finding answers to the following questions: (1) Is there empirical evidence... more The paper is aimed at finding answers to the following questions: (1) Is there empirical evidence for the psychoanalytic concept of transference? (2) Is there empirical evidence for the usefulness of working with transference in psychotherapy? Objections concerning the reality and practical value of transference have been summarized. A review of research dedicated to transference has been conducted, covering fundamental research in the psychology of social cognition as well as research on psychotherapy using both psychodynamic and nonpsychodynamic approaches. Studies from the first group confirm the existence of transference. Studies from the second group indicate conditions in which working with transference in psychotherapy seems to be efficient. Implications for psychotherapy practice have been formulated.
Celem projektu by o zbadanie jawnej i utajonej potrzeby w adzy kobiet i m czyzn ró ni cych si kie... more Celem projektu by o zbadanie jawnej i utajonej potrzeby w adzy kobiet i m czyzn ró ni cych si kierunkiem wykszta cenia (psychologiczne vs ekonomiczne). Przewidywano, e cho m czy ni (a tak e osoby wybieraj ce studia ekonomiczne) b d jawnie deklarowa silniejsz potrzeb w adzy, to na poziomie utajonym nie b d istotnie ró ni si od kobiet (psychologów) wielko ci tej potrzeby. 40 studentów ekonomii i 40 studentów psychologii, dobranych w równych proporcjach pod wzgl dem p ci, wype nia o kwestionariusz do pomiaru trzech wymiarów jawnej potrzeby w adzy: przywództwa (leadership), rozg osu (visibilty) oraz pomagania (helping). Test Utajonych Skojarze by wska nikiem utajonej potrzeby w adzy. Studenci psychologii deklarowali silniejsz ni ekonomi ci jawn potrzeb w adzy wyra an poprzez zachowania pomocowe (helping) i z tym wymiarem by a zwi zana ich utajona potrzeba. Z kolei studenci ekonomii cz ciej ni psycholodzy deklarowali, i potrzeb w adzy zaspokajaj poprzez posiadanie wp ywu i rozg os.