NORMAN HELGESON - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by NORMAN HELGESON
Experimental measurements are reported for total and partial heats-of-vaporization for the n-prop... more Experimental measurements are reported for total and partial heats-of-vaporization for the n-propane/n-decane system. Results are given for the 100, 130 and 160°F. isotherms and cover the entire composition range. It is shown that the temperature and concentration gradients which develop within the system during the vaporization process may, in some cases, cause a significant c~o.4%) deviation in the calculated results. A method is provided for introducing a correction for this effect. Based on the partial heat-of-vaporization of n-propane, heats-of-mixing for the liquid solution are calculated. The results are in qualitative agreement with predictions from theories for n-alkane liquid mixtures.
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 1967
Abstract : The severe operating environment associated with advanced supersonic and hypersonic fl... more Abstract : The severe operating environment associated with advanced supersonic and hypersonic flight causes conditions which may significantly reduce the fire safety of these flight systems. The new problem areas arise, in part, from the high temperature produced by supersonic flight through the atmosphere and also from new design concepts. The nature and causes of new fire hazard problems were described in detail in Ref. 1 and those areas requiring further study were pointed out in that survey report. The purpose of this work was to supplement survey reports which could only postulate problem areas but could not define absolute limits. This was accomplished by carrying out experiments which determined the actual conditions for which a potential fire hazard might exist.
Chromium electroplating is an essential DOD process. Chromium has a combination of qualities that... more Chromium electroplating is an essential DOD process. Chromium has a combination of qualities that are very difficult to substitute, however, the process itself is inefficient, resulting in the production of byproduct gases that rise and create a mist of chromic acid (strongly regulated as an air pollutant) above the plating tank. Venturi/Vortex Scrubber Technology (VVST) was designed to control chromium electroplating emissions by collecting the gas bubbles before they burst at the solution`s surface. This project demonstrated the Venturi/Vortex Scrubber Technology at the Marine Corps Logistics Base (MCLB) in Albany, GA. This study concluded that the PLRS was able to reduce the flow rate of the current conventional ventilation system at the one tank chromium electroplating facility at MCLB Albany by 63 percent. If new ventilation and control equipment were to be installed at MCLB Albany, this system would offer a 25 percent reduction in capital costs and a 48 percent reduction in annual costs, representing 36 percent in life-cycle cost savings. This study also presented a strong case for the use of Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for monitoring real-time chromium emissions above a chromium electroplating tank.
Target emission levels for nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) for Mobile Utility Suppo... more Target emission levels for nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) for Mobile Utility Support Equipment (MUSE) boilers were established at 30 and 400 ppm (at 3 percent O2), respectively. It was recommended that new MUSE boilers be acquired with natural-gas-firing, low NOx burners and that existing boilers be evaluated for burning methanol (natural gas was not a viable option) to achieve environmentally limited target emission levels. A methanol fuel storage and supply system was constructed, and tests were undertaken to evaluate boiler operations and the resulting exhaust emissions. Test results showed that target NOx emission levels could be met with methanol fuel using pressure- atomizing nozzles (the standard MUSE type), but that target CO emission levels would not be met. Upon changing to air-atomizing nozzles, both NOx and CO target emission levels were met over a useful boiler operating range. It is recommended that methanol be specified along with air atomizing nozzles for bringing the existing MUSE boilers into compliance with target NOx and CO emission levels. Data from the literature supported the interpretation that the use of volatile fuels (methanol, in this case) can lead to reduced rates of fuel/air mixing, lowered combustion efficiency, and increased CO emissions. more » The latter was correctable, here, by the change to air atomization. « less
Experimental measurements are reported for total and partial heats-of-vaporization for the n-prop... more Experimental measurements are reported for total and partial heats-of-vaporization for the n-propane/n-decane system. Results are given for the 100, 130 and 160°F. isotherms and cover the entire composition range. It is shown that the temperature and concentration gradients which develop within the system during the vaporization process may, in some cases, cause a significant (~0.4%) deviation in the calculated results. A method is provided for introducing a correction for this effect. Based on the partial heat-of-vaporization of n-propane, heats-of-mixing for the liquid solution are calculated. The results are in qualitative agreement with predictions from theories for n-alkane liquid mixtures.
: The severe operating environment associated with advanced supersonic and hypersonic flight caus... more : The severe operating environment associated with advanced supersonic and hypersonic flight causes conditions which may significantly reduce the fire safety of these flight systems. The new problem areas arise, in part, from the high temperature produced by supersonic flight through the atmosphere and also from new design concepts. The nature and causes of new fire hazard problems were described in detail in Ref. 1 and those areas requiring further study were pointed out in that survey report. The purpose of this work was to supplement survey reports which could only postulate problem areas but could not define absolute limits. This was accomplished by carrying out experiments which determined the actual conditions for which a potential fire hazard might exist.
Abstract : Limits on environmental emissions from motor vehicles continue to be reduced by both f... more Abstract : Limits on environmental emissions from motor vehicles continue to be reduced by both federal and local regulatory bodies. 1990 legislation has established requirements for the use of alternatively-fueled fleet vehicles by 1994 in some parts of the country. Also, the availability of petroleum-based vehicular fuels is again being questioned. To address these concerns the Navy undertook experimental operation of a five-vehicle, compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle fleet. Experience gained in operation of that fleet along with other data available has been used to prepare this User Data Package. This package provides background information procedures whereby Naval activities can assess the desirability and economic feasibility for implementing a CNG-fueled vehicle fleet. It also provides procedures and recommendations for the design, procurement, and maintenance of both CNG fleet vehicles and CNG refueling stations.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2004
In-service diesel engines are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) emissions, and they... more In-service diesel engines are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) emissions, and they have been subjected to increasingly strict emissions standards. Consequently, the wide-scale use of some type of particulate filter is expected. This study evaluated the effect of an Engelhard catalyzed soot filter (CSF) and a Rypos electrically heated soot filter on the emissions from in-service diesel engines in terms of PM mass, black carbon concentration, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration, and size distribution. Both filters capture PM. The CSF relies on the engine's exhaust to reach the catalyst regeneration temperature and oxidize soot, whereas the electrically heated filter contains a heating element to oxidize soot. The filters were installed on several military diesel engines. Particle concentrations and compositions were measured before and after installation of the filter and again after several months of operation. Generally, the CSF removed at least 90% of total PM, and the removal efficiency improved or remained constant after several months of operation. In contrast, the electrical filters removed 44-69% of PM mass. In addition to evaluating the soot filters, the sampling team also compared the results of several real-time particle measurement instruments to traditional filter measurements of total mass.
Atmospheric Environment, 2007
This research is one of the largest studies of biodiesel in both on-road and off-road uses. The t... more This research is one of the largest studies of biodiesel in both on-road and off-road uses. The testing was conducted for the military and encompassed a wide range of application types including two medium-duty trucks, two Humvees, a heavy heavy-duty diesel truck, a bus, two stationary backup generators (BUGs), a forklift, and an airport tow vehicle. The full range of fuels tested included a California ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel, different blend ratios of two different yellow-grease biodiesels and one soy-based biodiesel, JP-8, and yellow-grease biodiesel blends with two different NO x reduction additives. The B20-YGA, B20-YGB, and B20-Soy did not show trends relative to ULSD that were consistent over all applications tested. Higher biodiesel blends were tested on only one vehicle, but showed a tendency for higher total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and lower particulate matter (PM) emissions. The JP-8 showed increases in THC and CO relative to the ULSD.
Chromium electroplating is an essential DOD process. Chromium has a combination of qualities that... more Chromium electroplating is an essential DOD process. Chromium has a combination of qualities that are very difficult to substitute, however, the process itself is inefficient, resulting in the production of byproduct gases that rise and create a mist of chromic acid (strongly regulated as an air pollutant) above the plating tank. Venturi/Vortex Scrubber Technology (VVST) was designed to control chromium electroplating emissions by collecting the gas bubbles before they burst at the solution`s surface. This project demonstrated the Venturi/Vortex Scrubber Technology at the Marine Corps Logistics Base (MCLB) in Albany, GA. This study concluded that the PLRS was able to reduce the flow rate of the current conventional ventilation system at the one tank chromium electroplating facility at MCLB Albany by 63 percent. If new ventilation and control equipment were to be installed at MCLB Albany, this system would offer a 25 percent reduction in capital costs and a 48 percent reduction in an...
Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per resp... more Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2004
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per res... more Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
Experimental measurements are reported for total and partial heats-of-vaporization for the n-prop... more Experimental measurements are reported for total and partial heats-of-vaporization for the n-propane/n-decane system. Results are given for the 100, 130 and 160°F. isotherms and cover the entire composition range. It is shown that the temperature and concentration gradients which develop within the system during the vaporization process may, in some cases, cause a significant c~o.4%) deviation in the calculated results. A method is provided for introducing a correction for this effect. Based on the partial heat-of-vaporization of n-propane, heats-of-mixing for the liquid solution are calculated. The results are in qualitative agreement with predictions from theories for n-alkane liquid mixtures.
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 1967
Abstract : The severe operating environment associated with advanced supersonic and hypersonic fl... more Abstract : The severe operating environment associated with advanced supersonic and hypersonic flight causes conditions which may significantly reduce the fire safety of these flight systems. The new problem areas arise, in part, from the high temperature produced by supersonic flight through the atmosphere and also from new design concepts. The nature and causes of new fire hazard problems were described in detail in Ref. 1 and those areas requiring further study were pointed out in that survey report. The purpose of this work was to supplement survey reports which could only postulate problem areas but could not define absolute limits. This was accomplished by carrying out experiments which determined the actual conditions for which a potential fire hazard might exist.
Chromium electroplating is an essential DOD process. Chromium has a combination of qualities that... more Chromium electroplating is an essential DOD process. Chromium has a combination of qualities that are very difficult to substitute, however, the process itself is inefficient, resulting in the production of byproduct gases that rise and create a mist of chromic acid (strongly regulated as an air pollutant) above the plating tank. Venturi/Vortex Scrubber Technology (VVST) was designed to control chromium electroplating emissions by collecting the gas bubbles before they burst at the solution`s surface. This project demonstrated the Venturi/Vortex Scrubber Technology at the Marine Corps Logistics Base (MCLB) in Albany, GA. This study concluded that the PLRS was able to reduce the flow rate of the current conventional ventilation system at the one tank chromium electroplating facility at MCLB Albany by 63 percent. If new ventilation and control equipment were to be installed at MCLB Albany, this system would offer a 25 percent reduction in capital costs and a 48 percent reduction in annual costs, representing 36 percent in life-cycle cost savings. This study also presented a strong case for the use of Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for monitoring real-time chromium emissions above a chromium electroplating tank.
Target emission levels for nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) for Mobile Utility Suppo... more Target emission levels for nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) for Mobile Utility Support Equipment (MUSE) boilers were established at 30 and 400 ppm (at 3 percent O2), respectively. It was recommended that new MUSE boilers be acquired with natural-gas-firing, low NOx burners and that existing boilers be evaluated for burning methanol (natural gas was not a viable option) to achieve environmentally limited target emission levels. A methanol fuel storage and supply system was constructed, and tests were undertaken to evaluate boiler operations and the resulting exhaust emissions. Test results showed that target NOx emission levels could be met with methanol fuel using pressure- atomizing nozzles (the standard MUSE type), but that target CO emission levels would not be met. Upon changing to air-atomizing nozzles, both NOx and CO target emission levels were met over a useful boiler operating range. It is recommended that methanol be specified along with air atomizing nozzles for bringing the existing MUSE boilers into compliance with target NOx and CO emission levels. Data from the literature supported the interpretation that the use of volatile fuels (methanol, in this case) can lead to reduced rates of fuel/air mixing, lowered combustion efficiency, and increased CO emissions. more » The latter was correctable, here, by the change to air atomization. « less
Experimental measurements are reported for total and partial heats-of-vaporization for the n-prop... more Experimental measurements are reported for total and partial heats-of-vaporization for the n-propane/n-decane system. Results are given for the 100, 130 and 160°F. isotherms and cover the entire composition range. It is shown that the temperature and concentration gradients which develop within the system during the vaporization process may, in some cases, cause a significant (~0.4%) deviation in the calculated results. A method is provided for introducing a correction for this effect. Based on the partial heat-of-vaporization of n-propane, heats-of-mixing for the liquid solution are calculated. The results are in qualitative agreement with predictions from theories for n-alkane liquid mixtures.
: The severe operating environment associated with advanced supersonic and hypersonic flight caus... more : The severe operating environment associated with advanced supersonic and hypersonic flight causes conditions which may significantly reduce the fire safety of these flight systems. The new problem areas arise, in part, from the high temperature produced by supersonic flight through the atmosphere and also from new design concepts. The nature and causes of new fire hazard problems were described in detail in Ref. 1 and those areas requiring further study were pointed out in that survey report. The purpose of this work was to supplement survey reports which could only postulate problem areas but could not define absolute limits. This was accomplished by carrying out experiments which determined the actual conditions for which a potential fire hazard might exist.
Abstract : Limits on environmental emissions from motor vehicles continue to be reduced by both f... more Abstract : Limits on environmental emissions from motor vehicles continue to be reduced by both federal and local regulatory bodies. 1990 legislation has established requirements for the use of alternatively-fueled fleet vehicles by 1994 in some parts of the country. Also, the availability of petroleum-based vehicular fuels is again being questioned. To address these concerns the Navy undertook experimental operation of a five-vehicle, compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle fleet. Experience gained in operation of that fleet along with other data available has been used to prepare this User Data Package. This package provides background information procedures whereby Naval activities can assess the desirability and economic feasibility for implementing a CNG-fueled vehicle fleet. It also provides procedures and recommendations for the design, procurement, and maintenance of both CNG fleet vehicles and CNG refueling stations.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2004
In-service diesel engines are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) emissions, and they... more In-service diesel engines are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) emissions, and they have been subjected to increasingly strict emissions standards. Consequently, the wide-scale use of some type of particulate filter is expected. This study evaluated the effect of an Engelhard catalyzed soot filter (CSF) and a Rypos electrically heated soot filter on the emissions from in-service diesel engines in terms of PM mass, black carbon concentration, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration, and size distribution. Both filters capture PM. The CSF relies on the engine's exhaust to reach the catalyst regeneration temperature and oxidize soot, whereas the electrically heated filter contains a heating element to oxidize soot. The filters were installed on several military diesel engines. Particle concentrations and compositions were measured before and after installation of the filter and again after several months of operation. Generally, the CSF removed at least 90% of total PM, and the removal efficiency improved or remained constant after several months of operation. In contrast, the electrical filters removed 44-69% of PM mass. In addition to evaluating the soot filters, the sampling team also compared the results of several real-time particle measurement instruments to traditional filter measurements of total mass.
Atmospheric Environment, 2007
This research is one of the largest studies of biodiesel in both on-road and off-road uses. The t... more This research is one of the largest studies of biodiesel in both on-road and off-road uses. The testing was conducted for the military and encompassed a wide range of application types including two medium-duty trucks, two Humvees, a heavy heavy-duty diesel truck, a bus, two stationary backup generators (BUGs), a forklift, and an airport tow vehicle. The full range of fuels tested included a California ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel, different blend ratios of two different yellow-grease biodiesels and one soy-based biodiesel, JP-8, and yellow-grease biodiesel blends with two different NO x reduction additives. The B20-YGA, B20-YGB, and B20-Soy did not show trends relative to ULSD that were consistent over all applications tested. Higher biodiesel blends were tested on only one vehicle, but showed a tendency for higher total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and lower particulate matter (PM) emissions. The JP-8 showed increases in THC and CO relative to the ULSD.
Chromium electroplating is an essential DOD process. Chromium has a combination of qualities that... more Chromium electroplating is an essential DOD process. Chromium has a combination of qualities that are very difficult to substitute, however, the process itself is inefficient, resulting in the production of byproduct gases that rise and create a mist of chromic acid (strongly regulated as an air pollutant) above the plating tank. Venturi/Vortex Scrubber Technology (VVST) was designed to control chromium electroplating emissions by collecting the gas bubbles before they burst at the solution`s surface. This project demonstrated the Venturi/Vortex Scrubber Technology at the Marine Corps Logistics Base (MCLB) in Albany, GA. This study concluded that the PLRS was able to reduce the flow rate of the current conventional ventilation system at the one tank chromium electroplating facility at MCLB Albany by 63 percent. If new ventilation and control equipment were to be installed at MCLB Albany, this system would offer a 25 percent reduction in capital costs and a 48 percent reduction in an...
Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per resp... more Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2004
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per res... more Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.