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Papers by Nabil Bashir

EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 13.2 (2025): 01-09, 2025

Abstract Several states in Sudan suffer from lack of water, especially during November to June (d... more Abstract
Several states in Sudan suffer from lack of water, especially during November to June (dry-season). Therefore, some states,
including Gedarif, resort to water-harvesting in pond (haffirs), which are used for drinking, agriculture and other domestic needs
and activities. The current paper is one of a series of studies, 3 of them already published covered heavy metals contamination of
the soil, water and the sensitivities of the ICP-OES vs. atomic absorption methods on determining their concentrations. The current
paper covers the presence and levels of pesticides and hydrocarbons as pollutants in the 3 studied haffirs. Soil samples were taken
from the surface of the haffirs, 30 cm and 60 cm depth, in addition to water samples every 2 wk. Samples were prepared as required,
extracted, cleaned, concentrated and the concentrations of pesticides and hydrocarbons (HCs) were determined by GC-MS. The
herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the insecticides carbaryl, lindane, in addition to oils and fuel were detected
at different levels. The study recommended that haffirs site selection, design, facilities, logistics and protection must be given the
required attention by the health authorities, water corporations, the states and the municipalities. Further studies should be carried
out to study the other pollutants, e.g. microorganisms.
Keywords: Water-Harvesting Ponds; Haffirs; Water; Soil; Contamination; Pesticides; Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Gedarif; Sudan

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2019

Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The p... more Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The present study aims to monitor and investigate the susceptibility of the larvae Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) to insecticides in three administrative localities in the GBZ, following WHO standard protocols. These localities were Kolentebay village (west), Selam suburb (Barentu town; center) and Molqui town (East). The study was conducted from Dec. 2017 –May 2018. The larvicide tested, at different concentrations, were temephos (the only larvicide used in the country), bendiocarb (used for indoor residual spraying, IRS) and permethrin (used for insecticide treated nets, ITNs). After mapping the breeding habitats in the three localities, larvae were collected, taken to the laboratory; the 3 and 4 instars (L3 and L4) were separated from the others. A total of 1,350 larvae were used in the bioassay. Results were analyzed by SPSS Programs (V.23). For the populations collected...

EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, 2024

Some areas and states of the Sudan suffer from scarcity of water from November to June, despite t... more Some areas and states of the Sudan suffer from scarcity of water from November to June, despite the high rainfall rates during the Autumn/kharif season (July-October). Therefore, people resort to water-harvesting ponds (haffirs) for drinking, agriculture and the domestic needs and activities. Haffirs store water during the rainy-season to be used from November up to June depending on their sizes and consumption rate. The objectives of the present study, as one of a series of studies on water in general, and haffirs water specifically, was to investigate the possibility of water contamination by heavy metals (HMs), using 2 methods, viz. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES 725 E) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAs). Water was collected from 3 haffirs, representing 3 regions within the Gedarif State (GS), and subjected to analysis. Water samples were taken every 2 wk from July to February. Samples were prepared as required for each method, and the concentrations of the HMs were determined. Precise and accurate measurements are paramount in the field of toxicology and nutrition. Both techniques have advantages, however, the ICP-OES is increasingly favored by scientists around the world.

Original Journal Article

Cucumis melo (var. Ananas) was grown during the autumn and winter seasons of 1996/97 at Shambat. ... more Cucumis melo (var. Ananas) was grown during the autumn and winter seasons of 1996/97 at Shambat. The efficacy of three neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernel (NSK) extracts and one "handal" (Citrullus colocynthis) fruit-extract (HFE) were tested against pestscomplex and natural enemies associated with this crop. Malathion was used as a standard treatment. All extracts significantly reduced infestations of major pests, especially Bemisia tabaci (Genu), Aphis gossypii (Glov.) and Liriomyza spp., compared to the untreated control. The results were always comparable to, or even better than, those of malathion. NSK extracts residual effect extended up to 10 days, which is longer than that of HFE. The latter seems to be attractive to Epilachna elaterii at the applied dosage rate. All extracts showed delayed effect on the populations of this pest towards the end of the season. All treatments, except HFE, significantly reduced the damage by Dacus ciliatus (Lw.). No adverse effects on natural enemies, viz. chrysopids, syrphids, and coccinellids, were detectable as a result of using plant extracts.

EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, 2024

The Sudan is a country of rich water resources, however, some areas and states (Red Sea, Gedarif... more The Sudan is a country of rich water resources, however, some areas and states (Red Sea, Gedarif, Kordofan and Darfur) suffer
from scarcity of water during the dry-season. The wet-season (Autumn/Kharif, about 4 months), extends from July to mid-October.
Therefore, these states resort to water-harvesting in ponds (locally known as haffirs). Haffirs are used for drinking (human and
animal), agriculture, and domestic needs and activities. These haffirs can store water for a few months during the dry-season (7-8
months). The objectives of the present study, as one of a series of studies, was to measure the concentrations of heavy metals (HMs)
in the soils of 3 haffirs of Gedarif as a potential of contaminating the stored water coming from different directions, sources and sites,
including streams, farms, mountains, roads, vehicle emissions, etc. This harvested water is intended for storage during the rainy
season to be used during the dry-season. The haffirs studied were Azaza, Tarfa and Elkafay. Soil samples were taken from 3 layers
before water-storage (June), the surface of the haffirs, 1 - 30 cm and 31 - 60 cm depth. Samples were prepared as required, extracted,
cleaned, and concentrated and the levels (ppm) of the HMs were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission
spectrometer ICP-OES 725 E). The HMs of concern were Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Mn, Ni, Mo, Ti, V, Sr, and Cr. The results showed almost all
that levels of several HMs were higher than the WHO (2004) permissible levels (PLs) in soil. It is concluded that the levels of some
of these pollutants might be behind the incidence of some of the reported cancers and the renal failure cases in the area. The study
recommended that haffirs site selection, design, facilities, logistics and protection must be given the proper attention by researchers,
health authorities, water corporations, the states and the municipalities. The other studies will cover other pollutants like pesticides
and hydrocarbons in the soil and the harvested water

EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, 2019

Water quality is of great concern. The heavy metals (HMs) levels in the water-harvesting ponds (h... more Water quality is of great concern. The heavy metals (HMs) levels in the water-harvesting ponds (haffirs) water may cause serious
health problems, including cancers. This study investigated the concentration of 13 HMs in haffirs water in Gedarif State, Eastern
Sudan where the inhabitants completely dependent on them (drinking, washing, bathing, irrigation, etc.). Three locations and types
of haffirs will were selected for this study, and 24 water samples were collected in plastic bottles were collected from July 2015 to Feb.
2016; preserved by adding of 2 - 3 drops of nitric acid. These samples were subjected to analysis for Cu, Fe, Zn, Mo, Ni, Cr, Pb, Co, V,
Sr and Cd, Mn, Ti by using Inductively Coupled Plasma optical emission (ICP-OE). The obtained concentrations were compared with
drinking water quality limits given by the WHO. This indicated that haffir water is highly toxic for haffir water samples were found
to be enriched and polluted which may as consequence of human and animal activities and Municipal waste. Around 200m from
the stream (khour) in this area. significant differences were detected between haffirs at (p < 0.05). The results for the three haffirs
regarding pb were ranging between 1.08 - .269 ppm), for Cu from 0.462 - 1.49 ppm), Zn from 0.021 - 0.148 ppm, Fe from 2.5 - 9.16
ppm), Co 0.0018 ppm), Cd 0.0009 ppm), Mn+2 from 1.13 - 2.191 ppm), Ni from .0076 - 0.085 ppm, Mo from 0.054 - 0.51 ppm), Sr from
0.4 - 4.37 ppm), V from 0.017 - 0.029 ppm) and Ti from (0.004. - 0.007 ppm, Cr from 0.0013.0 - 0.0031 ppm. Pb, Fe, Mn, V, Ti and Sr
were higher than their permissible limits (PLs) according to WHO (2004) for the three haffirs.

Resistant Pest Management Newsletter, 2012

ABSTRACT As with other insects, resistance to insecticides has become a limiting factor in the us... more ABSTRACT
As with other insects, resistance to insecticides has become a limiting factor in the use of insecticides to control mosquitoes. Mosquito control depended on the use of insecticides for a long time (initially organochlorines, followed by organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids). This study aimed to determine the susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis adult to the public health and agricultural insecticides, viz. DDT 4%, fenitrothion 1%, malathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05% and lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05% at El Rahad Agricultural Corporation (RAC) area, Central Sudan, to provide base-line data about the Anopheles susceptibility, by determining their KDT50 and KDT95. The WHO procedure was adopted. The number of knockdown (Kd) mosquitoes were recorded after 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min. of exposure. The percent mortalities after 24 hrs for each chemical were determined. The KDT50 and KDT95 were calculated with the 95% CL. These were as follows: for DDT 4% (34.84 and 74.41), in fenitrothion 1% (58.96 and 112.44), in malathion 5% (49.37 and 141.25), in bendiocarb 0.1% (97.20 and 292.06), in propoxur 0.1% (38.88 and 138.20), in deltamethrin 0.05% (58.30 and 147.82) and in lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05% (34.80 and 66.65) respectively. Some recommendations were listed: 1-The importance of annual monitoring and evaluation of insecticides commonly used in the area to evaluate the status of resistance. 2-Conducting bioassays for insecticides recommended but not commonly used. 3- Conducting bioassays for insecticides commonly used for other purposes and possibility for mosquitoes to come in contact with them. 4- Screening for new molecules with new modes of action.
Keywords: Anopheles arabiensis, DDT, fenitrothion, malathion, Bendiocarb, Propoxur, delta-methrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, knockdown time, Resistance, El Rahad Agricultural corporation Scheme, Central Sudan

Global Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 1(2): 210-213, 2013

The experiments were conducted during 2009-011 seasons in Gedarif Research Station laboratory, Ag... more The experiments were conducted during 2009-011 seasons in Gedarif Research Station laboratory, Agricultural Research Corporation. To study biology and webbing (spinning) behaviour of sesame webworm, A. catalaunalis Dup. under laboratory conditions during the period of September to November 2006. Eggs incubation period was 2.45 days, while larval period lasted for 10.2± 1.05 days, completing five larval instars. The pupation occurred both inside the webbed leaves and the in the soil, and the average pupal period was 4.9±0.21 days. The average adults longevity was 6.18± 0.2 days. The webbing behaviour revealed that the area of the leaves greatly influenced the webbing process. The larger area of the leaves, the greater number of stitches made and the longer time taken for completing the webbing. The larva changed the position while webbing, if the leaf area was large. Smaller leaves were webbed quickly, even if the length of the larvae was short.

Global Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 1(1): 128-131,, 2013

The experiment was conducted at Gedarif Town, during the 2005\2006 and 2006\2007 seasons. The ses... more The experiment was conducted at Gedarif Town, during the 2005\2006 and 2006\2007 seasons. The sesame variety Kenana Four (K4) was sown on 17and20, July, respectively in both seasons. Plot size was 6×7 meter and the treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. This study was designed to evaluate some natural products against sesame webworm, A. catalunalis (Dup) under field and laboratory conditions. , Neem and Henna at dosages of 10 & 15% were given excellent performance during two seasons in compare with untreated control. Mean number of flowers developing during both seasons was different between treatments. Neem at rate of 15% was recorded highest number of flowers developed 7 DAS) days after spraying (102.1/ plant). Moreover, Dtura at rate of 15%, Henna at rate of 10% and Neem at rate of 10% were also gave high number of flowers (96.5, 96.2, and 93.7 / plant). Neem at rate of 15% was given resulted in 100% mortality under laboratory conditions. The food consumed by the larvae treated with Datura-extract at rate of 15% and 10% was 2.6 mg/ larva (7.3%) and 3.2 mg/larva (9.2%), respectively, whereas that of the untreated control was 3.5 mg/ larva (31.4%). However, the larva treated with Neem at rate of 10% was 2.2 mg/ larva (1.8%) compares to that of the untreated control 3.5 mg/ larva (31.4%).mg/larva.

Canadian Journal of Plant Protection. Volume 2, Number 1, Pages 4-8, 2014

Efficacy of two Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki formulations in the field against sesame w... more Efficacy of two Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki formulations
in the field against sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis (Dup.)
(Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae) on sesame
Abstract
The experiments were conducted in Gedarif State, during 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons. The variety A9 (local
variety) was sown and arranged in randomized complete block design. Seven treatments were tested viz., Agreen at
rate of 5, 10 and 15 g/lit, BTK at rate of 5, 10 and 15 g/lit and untreated control were tested against different instars
larvae of sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis (Dup.) on sesame. The highest mortality rates were obtained
with Agreen and BTK both compared to other treatments. All treatments were applied once during the rainy season
when the crop attends the flowering stage. Significant differences were observed between treatments. However,
Agreen and BTK on different dose rates were gave good flowers development during the season compared to
untreated control. Poorest yield was obtained by untreated control and highest yield was obtained by Agreen and
BTK treatments.
Keywords: Sesame, sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis, insect pests, biological control.

international journal of mosquito research, 2019

Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The p... more Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The present study aims to monitor and investigate the susceptibility of the larvae Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) to insecticides in three administrative localities in the GBZ, following WHO standard protocols. These localities were Kolentebay village (west), Selam suburb (Barentu town; center) and Molqui town (East). The study was conducted from Dec. 2017-May 2018. The larvicide tested, at different concentrations, were temephos (the only larvicide used in the country), bendiocarb (used for indoor residual spraying, IRS) and permethrin (used for insecticide treated nets, ITNs). After mapping the breeding habitats in the three localities, larvae were collected, taken to the laboratory; the 3 rd and 4 th instars (L3 and L4) were separated from the others. A total of 1,350 larvae were used in the bioassay. Results were analyzed by SPSS Programs (V.23). For the populations collected from Kolentebay (K), Selam (S) and Molqui (M), the minimum and maximum ranges of LC50 and LC90 were for temephos from 0.

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2018

Vector-borne diseases account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This is especial... more Vector-borne diseases account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This is especially true for resource-poor countries and poor and marginalized populations. The current study was carried out during May 2016-April 2017 Elfasher Locality, North Darfur State, Sudan to determine to determine seasonal and geographical distribution, and larval habitats of Aedes mosquitoes. A cross-sectional surveys was conducted. The sample size of households (HH) surveyed for the productivity of immature stage was calculated following WHO (2011) in four Almasani, Elsalam, Enasr and Alreef neighborhoods. Larval collection was carried out three days/ month between 07:00-01:00 hr. Larvae and pupae from containers collected identified in the laboratory. Data was analyzed using SPSS version. 20. Ae. aegypti was the predominant species the locality. Out of 480 HH visited, 69 were found positive for larvae (14.4%). A total of 1,724 potential breeding sites were reported and 5.5% proved to be positive. The major breeding containers were the clay jars 1,018 (59.0%), followed by barrels 768 (44.5%). The highly positive containers were the jars (33.2%). followed by the barrels (2.6%) and water tanks/others (0.3%). The highest house index (HI) was 35% during November, followed by September (27.5%). The highest Breteau indices (BI) were 45% during August, followed by September and November (25% for each). The container indices (CI) were as follows: 12% for August, and 11.5% for September. The pupal demographic-index (P/DI) was 20.5% for August and 3% foe September. Significant differences were detected between these indices in the dry-and wet-seasons, except HI. Highly significant differences between number of larvae and pupae in different seasons were detected. Therefore, community mobilization should be a priority in controlling Ae. aegypti populations and risk.

International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 2015

The challenge of securing future water supply and sanitation services for an increasing populatio... more The challenge of securing future water supply and sanitation services for an increasing population requires continued efforts to satisfy the future needs. This paper focuses on water availability and sanitation services under growing population taking Gezira State, Sudan, as the case. Future projection of the population was predicted based on the 2.2% growth rate. Data on water sources, quantities and sanitation was collected from Gezira State Water Corporation and various health and educational reports. The results calculated that the population is increasing by 14% from 2008 to 2014. Water stands are the main source of water in Gezira and yields 84% of the available water. The current consumption rates are 22.5 and 55 Liter per capita per day for rural and urban population, respectively. There is a gab in rural water supply and is expected to increase rapidly by 2025. Sanitation coverage in the state is 80% in schools and 88% in health facilities. The study recommended construction of new water sources to satisfy the rural consumption.

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2018

Resistance to insecticides is a limiting factor in the use of insecticides in controlling mosquit... more Resistance to insecticides is a limiting factor in the use of insecticides in controlling mosquitoes. This cross-sectional study aimed to monitor insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) adults to four commonly used insecticides for indoor residual spraying (deltamethrin 0.05%, bendiocarb 0.1%, DDT 4% and fenitrothion 1%), following WHO protocols. This is one of a series of studies aiming at mapping the resistance of this vector in the Sudan. Two areas (urban and rural) in Ghebeish locality were selected to represent West Kordofan State during the period, July – October 2014. A total of 1,200 females were tested as non-blood-fed using the diagnostic concentrations of the insecticides. The results revealed that the adults were susceptible to bendiocarb 0.1% and fenitrothion 1% in both areas, with mortality rate 100% for bendiocarb, and 100% in rural Ghebeish and 98% in urban Ghebeish for fenitrothion. The adults were also found to be resistant to deltamethrin 0.05% in urban Ghebeish and rural Ghebeish, with 77 and 84% mortalities, respectively. With regard to DDT 4% in the rural Ghebeish 68%mortality was registered, i.e. resistant, and 96% (tolerant) in urban Ghebeish. DDT was not used in the Sudan since 1996.
Keywords: Susceptibility, deltamethrin, fenitrothion, bendiocarb DDT, Anopheles arabiensis, West Kordofan, Sudan

Gezira J. of Agric. Science

The objectives of the first experiment, which was carried out in Rahad Agricultural Corporation (... more The objectives of the first experiment, which was carried out in Rahad Agricultural Corporation (RAC), were to determine the level of the insecticide residues (By the use of GLC type Bye-Unican 304), of those used during the specified period to protect the cotton. The matrices were the soil, the feed, the animal secreta and excreta (rumen fluid, milk, blood, urine and faeces).
Both pyrethriods and organophosphates (OPS) were not detected in any matrix. However, organochlorine (endosulfan) was detected with different levels in all samples. Week1 feed contained a significantly (P<0.05) high level (0.216 mg/kg), while the milk contained a significantly (P<0.05) lower level (0.008 mg/kg). The endosulfan sulphate increased significantly (P<0.05) with time.
In the second experiment the rumen fluid (RF) was treated with different concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm) of insecticides (endosulfan, phosalone and chlorpyrifos). The objective of this experiment was to detect the effects of different concentrations of different insecticides and to explore the maximum effective concentration of these insecticides on rumen fluid fermentative characteristics.
The results showed no significant difference in RF-pH between the insecticides and their different concentrations. The RF-NH3 differed significantly (P<0.05) with the type and the level of insecticides. With exception of phosalone the other two insecticides increased RF-NH3 significantly (P<0.05).
Generally the VFAS decreased significantly. Also the inhibition of rumen protozoa increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing level of the insecticides. However all levels of endosulfan were more potent, with a maximum (60%) inhibition at 15 ppm. The in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) followed the same trend of the rumen protozoa.

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2019

The Sudan has suffered through the last few years from several diseases transmitted by Aedes spec... more The Sudan has suffered through the last few years from several diseases transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). This study was conducted as cross-sectional surveys during Sept. 2017-May 2018 to determine the existence, characterization, geographical distribution and larval habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Singa, Sennar, Elsuki and Aldaly towns, Sennar State, Sudan, using a cluster sample method. A total of 840 households (HHs) were surveyed every 2wk for Aedes, using a specially designed format. All water-holding containers in and around the HHs were inspected for larvae and pupae. Larvae (4 th instar) were mounted for species identification and the pupae were reared to the adult stage for species morphologically identification. The data were analyzed using SPSS. A total of 5,951 water containers were inspected. Of these, 2.7% were found to be positive for larvae or pupae. A total of 1,421 larvae and 358 pupae were collected from different containers. The most important habitat containers were clay-pots (Zeers). Aedes indices were calculated. Total House Index (HI) was 7.02%, container index (CI) was (2.8%), Breteau index (BI) was 19.6, and pupal/ demographic index (P/D) was 0.44. Ae. aegypti was 82.7%, Ae. africanus 14.5%, Ae. vittatus 1.9%, Ae. simpsoni 0.9% and Ae. scatophagoides was found as pupae only (9). Clay-pots were the most preferred breeding habitats for Aedes mosquitoes. Moreover, Ae. aegypti, is the dominant species in the study areas, suggesting a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the study areas. However, effective control strategies aiming to reduce the number of larvae/ pupae will have significant impact in minimizing the risk of arboviral transmission.

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2019

Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae ( are the main vectors of malaria. Innovative approaches... more Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae ( are the main vectors of malaria. Innovative approaches are needed. The use of endectocides, e.g. ivermectin, could be a new addition of antimalarial measures. Some authors reported that Anopheles mosquitoes is particularly sensitive to very low concentrations of ivermectin relative to other vectors. The present work aimed to investigate the possibility of mortality of An. arabiensis adults after feeding on ivermectin-treated rabbits blood at different exposure periods and testing 3 doses (recommended =1ml/50kg body weight, 25% lower and 25% higher), determining the time required for mortality and to the effective dose. Mosquito were starved for 24 hr and fed on the rabbits. Rabbits were divided into group in 4 cages, 2 /cage one of the for the untreated control. To each cage 10 starved females were introduced and with the rabbits inside the cage for 1hr for feeding, then removed. The number of dead adults was recorded at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hr, and 2, 3 and 4 wk. Also, the Knock-down time (KdT) for the different treatments was calculated. The first part of the experiment (1st injection; phase 1) continued for 28 Days, followed by 21 days withdrawal, and the 2nd injection. The same parameters were taken. The experiment was repeated twice. The results showed that the recommended dose was more effective than the other 2 doses in terms of mortality rates during the 1st month, but in the 2nd month the 125% treatment resulted in better effect. However, it is concluded that ivermectin treatment on rabbits did not show promising effects.
Keywords: Rabbit, ivermectin, Anopheles arabiensis, the Sudan

International Journal of Mosquito Research , 2017

Abstract Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae), and the disease is ... more Abstract
Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae), and the disease is a significant health problem in the Sudan, affecting 52% of outpatients and accounting for 9% of all hospital deaths. A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting first to third instar larvae from Barakat area of Wad Medani town, Gezira State, Central Sudan. The third instar (L3) was used for the bioassay. Susceptibility to Basil (Ocimum basilicum), which is an abundant weed during the rainy-season, as a leaf powder, leaves ethanolic –extracts and the standard organophosphate larvicide temephos were investigated. Five concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g/L) of the powder, and 1,2,…,5 mg/L of the extract were tested in a 1L beakers. Ten L3 larvae/beaker were exposed for 24 hr to each of these concentrations. Each concentration was replicated 3X, and the experiment was repeated twice for verification. The results showed that the extract LC50 was 58mg/L and LC90 was 143 mg/L; the slope of log-dose-probability line was 3.04. For the powder, the respective values were 9.19 g/L, 19.88 g/L and 3.82. The temephos resulted in 0.033 mg/L, 0.16 mg/L and 1.85, respectively. It can be concluded that using this natural, botanical extract and its leaf powder are effective, safe, economic and environmentally-sound in controlling the aquatic stages. It can be easily prepared and applied by villagers and others.
Keywords: Anopheles arabiensis, Sudan, Wad Medani. Basil, Ocimum basilicum, ethanolic extract, leaf powder, temephos, mosquitoes, Sudan

Journal of Applied Entomologist, 2023; 3(4):12-15, 2023

Abstract Malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is dominated by 3 widespread vectors: A... more Abstract Malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is dominated by 3 widespread vectors: Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles, An. arabiensis Patton, and An. funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Malaria is caused by the parasite Plasmodium, transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles. A Cross- sectional study was conducted from April 2020 to March 2021 in Kodok locality (KL), Upper Nile State (UNS), Republic of South Sudan (RSS), to determine the larval and indoor resting density of adults, their seasonal changes, and relate them to the number of malaria cases in each KL area (hai), these are: Bilpam, Ochugi, Nevasha and Salam. These areas are surrounded with swamps and man-made ponds. The number of Anopheles and other mosquito adults in a given room was determined by using pyrethrum spray sheet (PSS) collection and the dipping method was used for larval collection from swamps and waste-water. The collected adults were identified as follows: An. gambiae s.s. (67 %), An. arabiensis (27.1%) and other mosquitoes (An. funestus, Culex and Aedes; 5.9%). The density/HH was determined, in the rainy-season (April-Oct.) and the dry- season (Nov. to March). An. gambiae larvae formed 85.4 % and other mosquitoes formed 14.6%. Malaria cases registered within 12 months in KL were 1,956, ranging from 96 to 271 case/month. The highest was during April and the lowest was that of August. It is concluded that 3 Anopheles species are present in the study area. An. gambiae is the dominant species during both seasons. All detected species densities and malaria cases were higher in the wet- season than the dry-season. This information must be seriously considered during the vector control programs. Keywords: kodok locality, upper nile state, republic of south sudan, An. gambiae s.s, An. arabiensis, Anopheles density, seasonal change, malaria

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2017

Anopheles and Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes are two of the major medically important pest... more Anopheles and Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes are two of the major medically important pests in the Sudan. The present work objectives was to explore the larvicidal activity of local plants, viz. Nerium oleander L, Calotropis procera L. and Ricinus communis (khirwie) powders and aqueous-extracts of leaves and flowers of the first-two, and seeds of castor tested aganist 3rd and 4th instar larvae of A. arabiensis and C. quinquefasciatus, according to the standard methodes of WHO for rearing and assessment of mosquitoes susceptibility. Powder (3g) was suspended in 1L of tap water in a beaker (Replicate). Larvae (20/beaker) from both species were added separately to each replicate. Each treatment was replicated 3x, and the experiment was repeated twice. Mortality % was recoded after 24 hr. New set of 20 larvae was added to the same beaker every day after removing the previous group; the removal and addition was continued until 0% mortality was obtained. Regarding the aqueous-extra...

EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 13.2 (2025): 01-09, 2025

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2019

EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, 2024

Original Journal Article

EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, 2024

EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, 2019

Resistant Pest Management Newsletter, 2012

Global Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 1(2): 210-213, 2013

Global Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 1(1): 128-131,, 2013

Canadian Journal of Plant Protection. Volume 2, Number 1, Pages 4-8, 2014

international journal of mosquito research, 2019

Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The p... more Gash Barka Zones (GBZ; western Eritrea) is one of the malaria endemic areas of the country. The present study aims to monitor and investigate the susceptibility of the larvae Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) to insecticides in three administrative localities in the GBZ, following WHO standard protocols. These localities were Kolentebay village (west), Selam suburb (Barentu town; center) and Molqui town (East). The study was conducted from Dec. 2017-May 2018. The larvicide tested, at different concentrations, were temephos (the only larvicide used in the country), bendiocarb (used for indoor residual spraying, IRS) and permethrin (used for insecticide treated nets, ITNs). After mapping the breeding habitats in the three localities, larvae were collected, taken to the laboratory; the 3 rd and 4 th instars (L3 and L4) were separated from the others. A total of 1,350 larvae were used in the bioassay. Results were analyzed by SPSS Programs (V.23). For the populations collected from Kolentebay (K), Selam (S) and Molqui (M), the minimum and maximum ranges of LC50 and LC90 were for temephos from 0.

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2018

International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 2015

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2018

Gezira J. of Agric. Science

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2019

International Journal of Mosquito Research , 2017

Journal of Applied Entomologist, 2023; 3(4):12-15, 2023

International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2017

Makkah (western Saudi Arabia) is one of the endemic areas of dengue fever. The efficacy of outdoo... more Makkah (western Saudi Arabia) is one of the endemic areas of dengue fever. The efficacy of outdoor Ultra-low Volume (UL) with cyfluthrin 5% EW, and indoor thermal fogging (TF) with deltamethrin 2% EW as space spraying (SS), at the recommended and higher dose for controlling of Aedes aegypti were evaluated in Alsharayie area of the city, following WHO standard protocols. Bioassay tests for females were carried out for sugar-fed adults upon emergence (1-5) days. The efficacy of UL at different distances from the spray path (5, 15, 25, 40 and 50 m), and TF at 5 locations inside the house (center, corner, dark, window and hall) was also investigated. The data showed that the SS efficacy was significantly affected by the dose applied of pyrethroid. Tested distances from the spray path did not affect UL efficacy. Similarly, the locations of the cages indoor showed no difference on the performance of TF. However, it was observed that the TF efficiency was affected by the volume/size of the sprayed area, i.e. ≤20 m 2 inside the rooms (73.8 to 96.6 %), compared with ≥30 m 2 hall (57.7 to 79.7%). Regarding KdT, adults were rapidly knocked-down with UL (cyfluthrin) 29 min, when compared to TF (deltamethrin) 40 min. The results revealed that the LC50 and LC90 values for cyfluthrin against Ae. aegypti were 0.026 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L, respectively. While the respective values for deltamethrin were 0.008 mg/L and 0.015 mg/L. It can be concluded that the two pyrethroids are not effective at currently recommended doses SS against adult. Doses 300mg/L of cyfluthrin, and 160mg/L of deltamethrin proved to be more effective and recommended for the control of this vector.